Blast from the Past

2019 ◽  
pp. 316-329
Author(s):  
Patrik N. Juslin
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
External World ◽  
Personal Memory ◽  
The Past ◽  
Psychological Mechanism ◽  
Experiential Content ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Original Event

This chapter considers the psychological mechanism known as episodic memory. Episodic memory is defined as a process whereby an emotion is induced in a listener because the music evokes a personal memory of a specific event in the person's life; when the memory is evoked, so is also the emotion associated with the event. The emotion can be intense, perhaps because the physiological response pattern to the original event is stored in memory, together with the experiential content. Episodic memory requires detached mental representations (i.e. representations of events or objects that are not currently sensed in the external world) and a sense of self, which ties together the individual episodes. Episodic memory is also an important aspect of what it means to be human.

scholarly journals Episodic memory and autonoetic consciousness: a first–person approach

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1413) ◽  
pp. 1351-1361 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Gardiner
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
First Person ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Memory Response ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
The Past ◽  
Autonoetic Consciousness

Episodic memory is identified with autonoetic consciousness, which gives rise to remembering in the sense of self–recollection in the mental re–enactment of previous events at which one was present. Autonoetic consciousness is distinguished from noetic consciousness, which gives rise to awareness of the past that is limited to feelings of familiarity or knowing. Noetic consciousness is identified not with episodic but with semantic memory, which involves general knowledge. A recently developed approach to episodic memory makes use of ‘first–person’ reports of remembering and knowing. Studies using this approach have revealed many independent variables that selectively affect remembering and others that selectively affect knowing. These studies can also be interpreted in terms of distinctiveness and fluency of processing. Remembering and knowing do not correspond with degrees of confidence in memory. Nor does remembering always control the memory response. There is evidence that remembering is selectively impaired in various populations, including not only amnesic patients and older adults but also adults with Asperger's syndrome. This first–person approach to episodic memory represents one way in which that most elusive aspect of consciousness, its subjectivity, can be investigated scientifically. The two kinds of conscious experiences can be manipulated experimentally in ways that are systematic, replicable and intelligible theoretically.

scholarly journals Prosthetic Nostalgia: History and Memory in “Art Deco Napier”

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Moon
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Personal Memory ◽  
History And Memory ◽  
Art Deco ◽  
The Past ◽  
Actual Experience ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City

The New Zealand city of Napier is a major international destination for visitors interested in art deco architecture and the 1930s era. This work explores how nostalgia for this period in Napier’s history has evolved, and subsequently been commodified as part of the city’s heritage. The consequence of this commodification is the increasing standardisation of nostalgic evocations of 1930s Napier, which now serve as prescriptive guidelines for visitors to the city. As a corollary of this, the notion of prosthetic nostalgia is examined. This is a nostalgic longing for a period or place that the individual experiencing it has no personal memory of, yet which has the same effect as nostalgic memories derived from actual experience. Although dismissed as imaginative and inaccurate forms of history, nostalgia generally warrants attention for the extent to which it shapes popular perceptions of the past, and how it interacts both with commercial imperatives and sociological forces.

Decolonizing the knowledges of young children through the temporal arts

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Arculus
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Philosophical Thinking ◽  
Human Identity ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
The Past ◽  
Improvised Music ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Original Event

In this article I take a new materialist and posthuman approach to ask: how can improvisation in the temporal arts reconceptualize and broaden our adult understandings of young children’s communication and knowledge? I draw on two filmed events from the recent SALTmusic project. This filmed event data has been returned to many times to illustrate unique and particular events that took place in the past, but ‐ when re-viewed and retold ‐ constitute a new and particular happening or entanglements between the original event, the video technology that brings the past into the present, and the philosophical thinking that the events inspire. In the first part of this article, I critique the fixation on young children being made to talk as early as possible, and call for improvised music and arts practices as decolonizing pedagogies where children’s own knowledges are able to inform and shape their education. By revisiting Trevarthen and Malloch’s Communicative Musicality and Stern’s ideas on vitality affect and the present moment to see how they entangle and transform within new materialist and posthuman philosophy, I question and critique the developmental discourses that conceptualize young children’s musical behaviours as proto-music and, instead, frame the temporal arts, within a posthumanism, as having the potential to cut through the subject/object binary. I explore children’s porous and entangled subjectivities, through the posthuman idea that human identity and human thought connect and are made and remade beyond the individual, bounded human subject, and that children’s relationship with the present moment is a vital capability or knowledge at the heart of what it means to improvise and much more than a developmental stage.

POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AS AN EVOLUTIONARY SYSTEM (TO THE THEORY OF COGNITIVE-IDEOLOGICAL MATRICES)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Konstantinov
Keyword(s):  
Political Ideology ◽  
Evolutionary System ◽  
Consciousness Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
Morphological Approach ◽  
Main Gene ◽  
Individual Consciousness ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sociological Studies

The aim of the article is to concretize the concept of political ideology in the aspect of its matrix structure and in the context of the cognitive-evolutionary approach. Based on Michael Frieden's morphological approach to the analysis of ideological consciousness, the concept of cognitive-ideological matrices is introduced, which allows us to describe the process of transition from proto-ideological to ideological concepts proper, especially at the level of individual consciousness. The identification of the ideological concept as the main “gene” of conceptual variability and inheritance made it possible to describe the main parameters of the evolution of political ideologies and associate it with changes taking place at the individual consciousness level. The described concept was tested in a series of sociological studies of youth consciousness conducted in 2015-2016 and 2018-2020. As a result of the study, it was possible to first identify the “zero level” of ideology, at which the minds of young respondents are potentially open to the influence of diverse and often mutually exclusive ideological orientations, and second, to pinpoint the changes that have occurred in the cognitive ideological matrices of Rostov-on-Don students over the past five years. This study was conducted by scientists from the southern Federal University.

Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Plant Derived Natural Products – A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (24) ◽  
pp. 4506-4536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris E. Allijn ◽  
René P. Brinkhuis ◽  
Gert Storm ◽  
Raymond M. Schiffelers
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Reference Compound ◽  
Individual Molecular Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Natural Medicines

Traditionally, natural medicines have been administered as plant extracts, which are composed of a mixture of molecules. The individual molecular species in this mixture may or may not contribute to the overall medicinal effects and some may even oppose the beneficial activity of others. To better control therapeutic effects, studies that characterized specific molecules and describe their individual activity that have been performed over the past decades. These studies appear to underline that natural products are particularly effective as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. In this systematic review we aimed to identify potent anti-inflammatory natural products and relate their efficacy to their chemical structure and physicochemical properties. To identify these compounds, we performed a comprehensive literature search to find those studies, in which a dose-response description and a positive control reference compound was used to benchmark the observed activity. Of the analyzed papers, 7% of initially selected studies met these requirements and were subjected to further analysis. This analysis revealed that most selected natural products indeed appeared to possess anti-inflammatory activities, in particular anti-oxidative properties. In addition, 14% of the natural products outperformed the remaining natural products in all tested assays and are attractive candidates as new anti-inflammatory agents.

Remembering from the Outside

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher McCarroll
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Perceptual Content ◽  
Visual Perspective ◽  
Personal Memory ◽  
External Observer ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Past Event ◽  
Observer Perspective ◽  
Ways Of Thinking ◽  
Original Event

When recalling events that one personally experienced, one often visualizes the remembered scene as one originally saw it: from an internal visual perspective. Sometimes, however, one sees oneself in the remembered scene: from an external “observer perspective.” In such cases one remembers from-the-outside. This book is about such memories. Remembering from-the-outside is a common yet curious case of personal memory: one views oneself from a perspective one seemingly could not have had at the time of the original event. How can past events be recalled from a detached perspective? How is it that the self is observed? And how can we account for the self-presence of such memories? Indeed, can there be genuine memories recalled from-the-outside? If memory preserves past perceptual content then how can one see oneself from-the-outside in memory? This book disentangles the puzzles posed by remembering from-the-outside. The book develops a dual-faceted approach for thinking about memory, which acknowledges constructive and reconstructive processes at encoding and at retrieval, and it uses this approach to defend the possibility of genuine memories being recalled from-the-outside. In so doing it also elucidates the nature of such memories and sheds light on the nature of personal memory. The book argues that field and observer perspectives are different ways of thinking about a particular past event. Further, by exploring the ways we have of getting outside of ourselves in memory and other cognitive domains, the book sheds light on the nature of our perspectival minds.

Temporal Focus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbie J. Shipp
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Psychology Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
The Future ◽  
Behavior Based ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Temporal Focus

Temporal focus is the individual tendency to characteristically think more or less about the past, present, and future. Although originally rooted in early work from psychology, research on temporal focus has been steadily growing in a number of research areas, particularly since Zimbardo and Boyd’s (1999) influential article on the topic. This chapter will review temporal focus research from the past to the present, including how temporal focus has been conceptualized and measured, and which correlates and outcomes have been tested in terms of well-being and behavior. Based on this review, an agenda for research is created to direct temporal focus research in the future.

scholarly journals Adolescent and adult laryngotracheal stenosis: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Johan Klopper ◽  
Oladele Vincent Adeniyi ◽  
Kate Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Laryngotracheal Stenosis ◽  
Airway Protection ◽  
Interventional Pulmonology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Airway Emergency ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background The larynx has multiple composite functions which include phonation, airway protection, and sensory control of respiration. Stenosis of the larynx and trachea were first recorded by O’Dwyer in 1885 and by Colles in 1886, respectively. Initially, the aetiology of laryngotracheal stenosis was predominantly infective. Currently, the leading cause is iatrogenic injury to the laryngotracheal complex secondary to prolonged ventilation in an intensive care unit. Main body Laryngotracheal stenosis is a complex and diverse disease. It poses a major challenge to the surgeon and can present as an airway emergency. Management typically demands the combined involvement of various disciplines including otorhinolaryngology, cardiothoracic surgery, anaesthesiology, interventional pulmonology, and radiology. Both the disease and its management can impact upon respiration, voice, and swallowing. The incidence of iatrogenic laryngotracheal stenosis has reflected the evolution of airway and intensive care whilst airway surgery has advanced concurrently over the past century. Correction of laryngotracheal stenosis requires expansion of the airway lumen; this is achieved by either endoscopic or open surgery. We review the relevant basic science, aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and treatment outcomes of LTS. Conclusion The choice of surgical procedure in the management of laryngotracheal stenosis is often dictated by the individual anatomy and function of the larynx and trachea, together with patient factors and available facilities. Regardless of how the surgeon chooses to approach these lesions, prevention of iatrogenic laryngotracheal damage remains of primary importance.

scholarly journals Contributions of Hypoxia-Awareness Training to the Familiarization of Personal Symptoms for Occupational Safety in the Flight Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2904
Author(s):  
Kwo-Tsao Chiang ◽  
Min-Yu Tu ◽  
Chao-Chien Cheng ◽  
Hsin-Hui Chen ◽  
Wun-Wei Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Safety Issue ◽  
Hot Flashes ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Flight Safety ◽  
Awareness Training ◽  
The Past ◽  
Individual Memory ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Poor Concentration

Hypoxia remains a flight-safety issue in terms of aviation medicine. Hypoxia-awareness training has been used to help aircrew members recognize personal hypoxia symptoms. There is still no study, as yet, to establish the association of within-subject data between inflight hypoxia events and the altitude chamber. The main purpose of our study was to use paired subjects’ data on inflight hypoxia symptoms compared with those experienced during training. A questionnaire was developed to obtain information on military aircrew members in 2018. Among 341 subjects, 46 (13.49%) suffered from inflight hypoxia. The majority of the subjects detected ongoing inflight hypoxia on the basis of their previous experience with personal hypoxia symptoms or sensations in previous chamber flights. Of the top five hypoxia symptoms, the data revealed that hot flashes, poor concentration, and impaired cognitive function appeared both during the inflight events and during the hypoxia-awareness training. The occurrence rate of hypoxia symptoms was found to not be significantly different between the in-flight events and the past chamber flights through an analysis of within-subject data. Because the individual memory had faded away over time, fresher hypoxia awareness training is still mandatory and valuable to recall personal hypoxia experience for military aircrew members.

scholarly journals Recent progress understanding pathophysiology and genesis of brain AVM—a narrative review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Jakob Steiger
Keyword(s):  
Large Degree ◽  
Advanced Imaging ◽  
Genetic Origin ◽  
The Past ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Brain Avm ◽  
Pubmed Search ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Arterial Aneurysms

AbstractConsiderable progress has been made over the past years to better understand the genetic nature and pathophysiology of brain AVM. For the actual review, a PubMed search was carried out regarding the embryology, inflammation, advanced imaging, and fluid dynamical modeling of brain AVM. Whole-genome sequencing clarified the genetic origin of sporadic and familial AVM to a large degree, although some open questions remain. Advanced MRI and DSA techniques allow for better segmentation of feeding arteries, nidus, and draining veins, as well as the deduction of hemodynamic parameters such as flow and pressure in the individual AVM compartments. Nonetheless, complete modeling of the intranidal flow structure by computed fluid dynamics (CFD) is not possible so far. Substantial progress has been made towards understanding the embryology of brain AVM. In contrast to arterial aneurysms, complete modeling of the intranidal flow and a thorough understanding of the mechanical properties of the AVM nidus are still lacking at the present time.

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