scholarly journals Adolescent and adult laryngotracheal stenosis: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Johan Klopper ◽  
Oladele Vincent Adeniyi ◽  
Kate Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Laryngotracheal Stenosis ◽  
Airway Protection ◽  
Interventional Pulmonology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Airway Emergency ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background The larynx has multiple composite functions which include phonation, airway protection, and sensory control of respiration. Stenosis of the larynx and trachea were first recorded by O’Dwyer in 1885 and by Colles in 1886, respectively. Initially, the aetiology of laryngotracheal stenosis was predominantly infective. Currently, the leading cause is iatrogenic injury to the laryngotracheal complex secondary to prolonged ventilation in an intensive care unit. Main body Laryngotracheal stenosis is a complex and diverse disease. It poses a major challenge to the surgeon and can present as an airway emergency. Management typically demands the combined involvement of various disciplines including otorhinolaryngology, cardiothoracic surgery, anaesthesiology, interventional pulmonology, and radiology. Both the disease and its management can impact upon respiration, voice, and swallowing. The incidence of iatrogenic laryngotracheal stenosis has reflected the evolution of airway and intensive care whilst airway surgery has advanced concurrently over the past century. Correction of laryngotracheal stenosis requires expansion of the airway lumen; this is achieved by either endoscopic or open surgery. We review the relevant basic science, aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and treatment outcomes of LTS. Conclusion The choice of surgical procedure in the management of laryngotracheal stenosis is often dictated by the individual anatomy and function of the larynx and trachea, together with patient factors and available facilities. Regardless of how the surgeon chooses to approach these lesions, prevention of iatrogenic laryngotracheal damage remains of primary importance.

Psychiatry, Psychology, and Human Sterilization Then and Now: “Therapeutic” or in the Social Interest?

2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
Deborah V. Dolan
Keyword(s):  
Social Interest ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Individual Potential ◽  
The Individual

Practitioners of psychiatry and psychology have played an important role in the sterilization of tens of thousands of Americans throughout the past century. This article examines a number of questions relating to the origin and continuation of sterilization as a treatment and preventive. What social and medical beliefs lead to the use of sterilization as a treatment and preventive for both the individual and society? What ills are being treated and prevented? Who becomes a candidate for sterilization? To what degree are ethical concerns raised, and what is the response to these concerns? And finally, Who is the client—the individual, potential children, or society?—and how do practitioners distinguish the interest of the individuals from that of their potential children and society?

Not-Minster? Australia’s Bespoke System of Government

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis C. Grube
Keyword(s):  
Past Century ◽  
Parliamentary Democracy ◽  
The Past ◽  
System A ◽  
American Style ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Federal Structure

Australia’s system of government has inherited traditions from both sides of the Atlantic. The institutions of a representative parliamentary democracy of the British type sit side by side with an American-style senate and a federal structure that shares power between the states and the Commonwealth. How to accurately describe and categorize these arrangements has vexed scholars for much of the past century. Is it a Westminster system, a Washminster system, or something else entirely? This chapter suggests that these arguments over categorization flounder because the Australian model is in fact unique—a bespoke creation that reflects all the individual aspects of Australia’s history and approach to democracy.

scholarly journals The Advance Care Compass– A New Mechanics for Digitally Transforming Advance Directives

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikola Biller-Andorno ◽  
Armin Biller
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Advance Directives ◽  
Treatment Preferences ◽  
Care Planning ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future State ◽  
Limited Success ◽  
Advance Care ◽  
The Individual

Advance directives allow people to declare their treatment preferences for a potential future state of incompetency. Covid-19, with its high numbers of quickly deteriorating patients requiring intensive care, has acutely demonstrated how helpful it would be for clinicians to have reliable, readily available, up-to-date information at hand to be able to act in accordance with what the individual patient would have wanted. Yet for the past few decades advance directives have fallen short of their potential, for various reasons. At worst, advance directives are perceived as unwieldy legal documents that put excessive demands on patients without providing useful guidance for better care. Recent efforts such as advance care planning have tried to remedy some of these shortcomings but have so far met with limited success. We suggest a new concept—the Advance Care Compass—that harnesses the potential of digitalization in healthcare to overcome many of difficulties encountered so far.

scholarly journals Evolution of the share capital function, as a tool for overcoming economic turmoil

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
Luigi Lai
Keyword(s):  
Limited Liability ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Share Capital ◽  
Financial Autonomy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Formal Element ◽  
Additional Burden ◽  
Legitimate Expectations ◽  
Fresh Starts ◽  
And Function

The paper aims at showing that a lower share capital in limited liability companies can be a successful tool for overcoming the consequences of an economic crisis. In a period of economic turmoil insolvency is more than a simple risk. For such a reason the limited liability company shareholders, thanks to the complete financial autonomy given by the share capital, have a shield from the legitimate expectations of the creditors. The share capital protects the entrepreneur and at the same time allows faster fresh starts; nevertheless, in order for that to happen, the share capital cannot be an additional burden, instead has to be a simple formal element. The article demonstrates that in the last 50 years is visible a shift in the concept and function of the share capital. During the 50’s of the past century, the share capital was considered as a guarantee for the company’s creditors. Nowadays the European legislators across Europe are heading to consider the share capital as a mere formal element disconnected by any due quantity.

The nice-of-you construction and its fragments

Linguistics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-318
Author(s):  
Adele E. Goldberg ◽  
Thomas Herbst
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Unique Function ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Function

Abstract This article argues that a usage-based construction (a conventional pairing of form and function) is required to account for a certain pattern of English exemplified by e.g., it’s nice of you to read this. Contemporary corpus and survey data reveal that the construction is strongly associated with certain adjectives (e.g., nice, good) over others, while diachronic data demonstrate that the construction’s overall frequency has systematically waxed and waned over the past century. The construction’s unique function – namely to concisely convey a judgment regarding how an action reflects on the agent of the action – enables us to predict many observations about its distribution without stipulation. These include restrictions on the interpretation of adjectives that occur in the construction, its infinitive complement, the modal verbs that may appear in it and its ability to be embedded. We further observe that certain conventional fragments of the construction evoke the semantics of the entire construction. Finally, we situate the construction within a network of related constructions, as part of a speaker’s “construct-i-con”.

What Is This Thing Called Love? Emotional Scenarios in Historical Perspective

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary M. Gergen ◽  
Kenneth J. Gergen
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Social Constructionist ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Simultaneous Loss ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Gender Variations

Abstract From a social-constructionist standpoint, emotional expressions are constitu-ents of lived narratives, and gain their meaning from their position within these narratives. These special forms of narrative, termed emotional scenarios, are themselves lodged within a broader cultural and historical landscape. This article compares major features of romantic love scenarios as they have changed from 19th century romanticist culture, through 20th century modern-ism, and into the contemporary postmodern context. We identify major ways in which the individual participant in romantic scenarios may identify the self, gender variations in performance, the character of sequencing in the scenario, and the vocabulary of emotional expression as these have evolved over the past century. Such transformations allow enormous freedom of expression to the contemporary "romantic," but also result in simultaneous loss in both the sense of authenticity and security. (Social Psychology)

Eastern Mediterranean Drying: Projected Changes in Dynamics and Thermodynamics and Their Relation to Large-Scale Processes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eilat Elbaum ◽  
Chaim Garfinkel ◽  
Ori Adam ◽  
Efrat Morin
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Intercomparison Project ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Projected Changes ◽  
Precipitation Changes

<p>Observations from the past century and projections for the end of this century exhibit a decrease in precipitation over the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and surrounding land areas, but the magnitude of the expected drying is unknown. Changes in precipitation are controlled by both thermodynamic (moist) and dynamic (dry) processes, but the relative contributions of these processes, in particular on regional scales, is not well understood. Previous studies have analyzed the ability of the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) multi-model mean to represent the spatial and seasonal patterns of the Mediterranean hydroclimate. A wide spread exists among the individual models, which can be exploited to better understand the factors controlling future climate. Garfinkel et al. (2020)<sup>[i]</sup> found that large-scale mechanisms contribute about 50% of the model spread in Eastern Mediterranean drying. This study further explores the variance across models in projected changes of the moisture budget by decomposing them into mean dynamic, mean thermodynamic and transient components. These components are then related to the variance across models in projected large-scale processes. Through these analyses, uncertainties regarding future changes in precipitation can be reduced.</p><p><sup>[i]</sup> Garfinkel, C. I. et al. (2020) ‘The role of zonally averaged climate change in contributing to inter-model spread in CMIP5 predicted local precipitation changes’, Journal of Climate, 33, pp. 1141–1154. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0232.1.</p>

7 Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 239-248
Author(s):  
Claudia Nelson ◽  
Anne Morey
Keyword(s):  
Past Century ◽  
Short List ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Classical World ◽  
Spatial Metaphors ◽  
Classical Mythology ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Working Out

As we conclude this examination of texts that use particular topologies of the past in their redeployment of the classical world, one of the more pressing questions might be why the combination of the classical world and this short list of spatial metaphors constitutes such an attractive matrix for the working out of concerns about citizenship, agency, suffering, and the place of the individual within the family. While the power and perdurability of classical mythology is clearly part of the allure of neoclassical settings and characters, it does not by itself completely explain the utility of these frameworks to our various authors’ projects. After all, a number of the authors with whom our work has engaged—including Rick Riordan, Tony Abbott, Alan Garner, Caroline Dale Snedeker, and N. M. Browne, among others—have shown similar interest in other kinds of mythological or historical settings, in some cases emphasizing the position of the classical as merely one segment of a vast interconnected web of myth/history. Nor is it possible to say that that the privileged place of the remnants of the classical world within the canon of the West by itself explains the reliance of authors over the past century upon its familiarity or prestige....

scholarly journals INTERCONNECTION OF FASHION AND GENDER AS MECHANISMS OF SELF-EXPRESSION AND SELF-IDENTIFICATION IN MODERN SOCIETY

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (48) ◽  
pp. 221-232
Author(s):  
Dmitriy Andreevich Zhukov
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Rich People ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
Gender Characteristics ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Gender System ◽  
Internet Development

Problem setting. The problem is that modern society focuses on politics of multiculturalism and tolerance. The main reason of this tendency is globalization process that grows rapidly because of Internet development. In this situation, we consider that Institute of Culture changed the most. Nowadays, such phenomena as gender and fashion affect our global society more than it was at the past century. Recent research and publications analysis. Separately from gender, phenomenon of fashion have been considered from the 20th century to the present in the works of T. Veblen, G. Simmel, P. Blumer, P. Burdeau, R. Bart, J. Baudrillard. As well as phenomenon of gender considered separately from fashion in the works of E. Durkheim, T. Parsons, K. Bales, R. Connell and I. Goffman. As we can see, nobody from aforementioned didn’t connect fashion and gender in their works, ignoring obvious interconnection of these phenomena. Paper objective. The objective of the article is to identify the interconnection between mechanisms of fashion functioning and gender’s dimension of society that forms gender’s priorities of modern fashion. Paper main body. The classic paradigm of fashion as a socio-cultural phenomenon created by T. Veblen and G. Simmel doesn’t match modern challenges in society. Because of active development of mechanisms such as mass-market and digital technologies we can’t say that modern fashion is only for rich people. That’s why the most appealing concept to us is M. G. Pakhomova’s sight of fashion like “the mirror of epoch that shows us current mood dominating in society, socio-political situation and the level of production’s development”. Considering gender, in this article we focus on the concept of social construction of gender as a certain system of interpersonal actions that create understanding of “masculine” and “feminine” as a social order’s basic categories. Analyzing modern theories of fashion created by H. Blumer, R. Bart, P. Bourdieu and J. Baudrillard we came to idea that gender is an integral part of any fashion tendency. Nowadays, every tendency in fashion forms across mechanism of collective selection that include many social groups. One of these groups will become a referent for an individual. That’s why we should consider that this kind of social group has certain standards broadcasting specific norms and patterns of behavior that unite actors among themselves. Conclusions of the research. Thus, summarizing, we should note that fashion and gender in modern society are interdependent phenomena. Also, fashion includes the tendency for social subjects to demonstrate gender characteristics to some extent, deliberately emphasizing them and giving them the opportunity to realize their identity to the fullest, as they wish. Modern fashion is designed to provide an individual with a variety of choices, aesthetic pleasure, non-standard stylistic solutions, which provokes the individual to actively search for his place in this world and a unique way of socialization. In many ways, all of the above elements add up to a single gender system, which gives us full grounds to synthesize two areas of sociological thought: gender studies and the sociology of fashion.

scholarly journals Identifying an Archetype: The Hipponion Tablet and Regional Variations in the Orphic Gold Lamellae

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shellie Smith
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Regional Variations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Magna Graecia ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Holy Book

Over the past century and a half, about 40 Orphic gold lamellae have been discovered throughout the Mediterranean. These tablets were buried with initiates of the Orphic Mysteries, and served as indicators of the deceased’s elevated status in both this life and the afterlife. Many of the lamellae contained instructions for the deceased, guiding them to the blessed area of the Underworld that was promised to them by becoming initiates of the Orphic tradition. Orphism as a cult had no set structure; rather, the practices seemed to have varied from region to region. The cult did not worship in a temple, but via itinerant priests, who traversed his respective area with holy book in hand, preaching to those who wished to achieve a more blessed state. This marginalized sect was not officially recognized by the state, yet in some regions, it gained some level of respect. By analyzing the individual variances in these itinerant priests’ practices, it is possible to identify individual strands of Orphic worship. One of these strands is the Hipponion tablet, which is the oldest extant example for many of the other lamellae throughout the Mediterranean. Dating to about 400 BCE, it is among the earliest of the gold lamellae in existence. The Hipponion tablet was found at Hipponion, in the region of Magna Graecia in Italy, in an inhumation burial of a female. There are some errors in the text, which indicate that the scribe was working with a damaged or inaccurate model; however, without any earlier texts, we are only able to rely on conjecture at this point in time. What is clear is that this text served as a model for the other extant lamellae, which were found throughout Italy, mainland Greece, and the Greek islands, particularly Crete. This study focuses on the influence of the Hipponion tablet, tracing its trajectory throughout the Mediterranean. It also analyzes other examples found in the lamellae, tracking their respective influences.

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