Politics

Author(s):  
Robin Hanson

Who is higher status in an em world? Humans are much less competent than ems in most jobs, and so ems see humans and styles and habits associated with humans as lower status. As ems must retire when they can no longer compete with younger workers, retirees are also lower status, as are styles and habits associated with retirees. Also, we have long treated places where people congregate more densely, and the people who congregate there, as higher status. Humans, retirees, and ems away from urban centers all tend to be slower. These features help to make slow speed seem low status to ems. In addition, faster ems tend to have many other features that are today treated as markers of higher status. Faster ems tend to be bosses, to embody more wealth, to host meetings, and to sit at premium locations. Faster ems find it easier to coordinate with each other in contests with slower ems. Fast ems hear of and react to news first, and so more quickly adopt new fashions. As faster em brains embody more capital, impoverished ems are often forced to run at slower speeds. Also, the lives of slower ems seem more like “death,” in the sense that they have a larger chance of ending sooner because of civilization instability. For example, if the em era lasts for 2 objective years, a micro-em experiences only 1 subjective minute during that period. Thus slower ems can naturally seem nearer to death, which seems low status. Thus we have many reasons to expect that ems who run faster are usually seen as higher status. Similarly, during meetings the more centrally located ems, for whom signal delays are smallest, may usually appear to be more central and powerful. Note that as em speeds will tend to clump, this creates a class system of distinct status levels. Today, residents of bigger cities tend to be seen as higher status, and their higher status isn’t much lost when they temporarily visit rural areas. Similarly, em status may not change much during temporary speed changes. It might instead be the typical speed of their clan or subclan that matters most. Slow ems can have the status mark of taking a longer-term bigger-picture view, and a few of them are trusted to manage capital for long-term payoffs.

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-295
Author(s):  
Vishwambhar Prasad Sati

This study examines the types, reasons, and consequences of out-migration in the Uttarakhand Himalaya. Data were collected from secondary sources, mainly from an interim report on the status of migration in revenue villages of Uttarakhand, published by the ‘Rural Development and Migration Commission, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand’ in 2018. The district-wise analysis was carried out on the types of migration, reasons for migration, age-wise migration, the destination of migrants, and migration’s consequences in terms of depopulation in rural areas. Further, a case study of a village was carried out. The study reveals that in three districts – Pauri, Tehri, and Almora, more than 10% population out-migrated after 2011. Similarly, an exodus migration took place from more than 10% of villages of the same districts. This study further shows that migration is mainly internal – from the mountainous districts to urban centers, within the districts or within the state. About 734 villages are depopulated, and in 367 villages, the population has decreased by more than 50%. Unemployment is the major problem in rural areas as more than 50% of out-migration occurred for employment. 


Author(s):  
Alexander Cowan

Urban centers had an influence on the development of Renaissance Europe disproportionate to their overall demographic importance. Most of the population continued to live and work in the countryside, but towns and cities functioned as key centers of production, consumption and exchange, political control, ecclesiastical organization, and cultural influence. Historians still debate the relative roles of urban and rural areas in facilitating the development of capitalism in the long term. Writing on urban history has a very long pedigree dating back to the 16th century, but as an academic discipline it began to flourish in the late 19th century. Since the 1960s, the range of approaches to the field has widened considerably from concerns with political and economic organization to take in issues of governance, social structure, and, most recently, overlapping urban cultures. The role of religious belief, particularly in the context of the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation, runs as a thread throughout the history of the urban experience.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teddy Torres ◽  
Jose Caraballo

The decline of Puerto Rico’s economy has been inextricably linked to the federal government’s phasing out and ultimate elimination of tax incentives that made it attractive for U.S. companies to establish operations on the island. One unsurprising consequence of these tax incentives is that they made the economy heavily dependent on both U.S. policies and the actions of U.S. companies. Thus, when the federal government repealed the incentives, including the well-known section 936, a major economic decline on the island was virtually inevitable, particularly in the absence of any alternative program to fill the vacuum left by the departure of U.S. firms. The consequence has been the creation of crippling debt, sky-rocketing unemployment, and the reversal of economic growth. The historical problems with the island’s fragile and outdated energy sector and power grid -- which are heavily dependent on expensive, imported fossil fuels, has been exacerbated by the economic decline.  One viable solution in this critical sector is a transition to clean renewable energy, which would spur economic growth by increasing employment and enabling reduction of the debt.  Execution of such a strategic option, however, is compromised by Puerto Rico’s status as a commonwealth rather than a U.S. state or independent sovereign state.  Any long-term, meaningful reforms or programs for economic development are thus largely dependent on resolution of the status issue, which requires a decision by both the U.S. Congress and the people of Puerto Rico to determine on statehood or independence. 


2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepika Saxena ◽  
Navneet Joshi

Digitalization is the need of the era, and the Government of India has been taking numerous initiatives in this direction. The present case is about the Akodara Village in Gujarat which is known as the ‘first Indian digital village’. The ICICI Bank adopted this village and made it 100 per cent digital with proper infrastructure facilities which have been leading the village in the direction of electronic/digital payments. The purpose of the case is to make the people aware about the digitalization initiatives taken by the Government and banks and the possibilities of bringing technology to the rural areas of India. This has been seen from the case that if proper infrastructure is made available and there is a strong will power to plan and implement to challenge the status quo, nothing is impossible. ICICI Bank has actually converted impossible to possible. This case focuses on various initiatives taken in this direction to make this achievement possible.


2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Booysen

The contemporary condition of the African National Congress (ANC) of South Africa, viewed through the lens of hegemony and by means of four sets of correlates of decline and potential renewal, reveals an organisation that has turned away from lethal decline, yet by 2018 was battling to reconstitute a powerful, united historical bloc to underpin a new hegemony. The assessment is executed across the outward fronts of the ANC in relation to the people, the state, and elections, and on the inward side, the ANC organisationally. The ANC, up to late 2017, had undergone a process of hegemonic decline that appeared irreversible. Manifold morbid symptoms of hegemonic decline were evident. In late 2017 the ANC secured a leadership change that held the potential to reverse the decline and reinvigorate the ANC's prospects for hegemonic hold, even if at best it would be a long-term, incremental process. Yet, at the centre, the organisation remained riven with factionalism that pivoted around power and control over public resources; those entrenched in the status quo ante were fighting back, and the new order was struggling to emerge. By drawing together these symptoms (correlates) of decline and possible reversals, the article synthesises the state of ANC hegemony as the movement approaches 25 years in political power.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12888
Author(s):  
Liette Vasseur ◽  
Heather VanVolkenburg ◽  
Isabelle Vandeplas ◽  
Katim Touré ◽  
Safiétou Sanfo ◽  
...  

The purpose of this paper was to show the effects of the Ebola and COVID-19 pandemics on food security vulnerability in West Africa. The methodology is based on a scoping literature review using the PRISMA method. The study showed that food security was affected by the restrictive measures in the different West African countries. In addition, it shows that this region is highly vulnerable to such crises, which can combine their effects with those of other events such as climate change and civil unrest. In both pandemics, all pillars of food security were affected. The effects on urban and rural centers may be very different. The study suggests a better understanding of the differences between rural and urban centers and between men and women and how long-term restraint measures can affect rural areas where agriculture is the main lever for reducing food insecurity. Food security must be seriously considered by governments when implementing restrictive measures during a pandemic. Consideration of health factors alone at the expense of food security can greatly exacerbate health problems and even increase cases of disease.


2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 406-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Turnbull ◽  
M. C. Ryan

Seasonal and long-term water quality changes downstream of urban and agricultural land uses were compared using chloride, fecal coliform (FC), Escherichia coli and discharge from five long-term river monitoring sites in the Bow and Oldman watersheds in southern Alberta. Water quality data from up- and downstream locations of two major urban centers (Calgary and Lethbridge) and single sampling locations downstream of three agricultural sites were evaluated. Significant monotonic, decadal increases in chloride mass fluxes observed downstream of both urban areas were consistent with increasing chloride fluxes in wastewater effluent from increasing populations. Significant step function decreases in FC concentrations downstream of the two urban centers (89% at Calgary, 70% at Lethbridge) observed after UV disinfection were introduced at upstream wastewater treatment plants, suggesting wastewater disinfection improved river water quality. Significant monotonic decreases in pathogen indicators were found at only one of the three agricultural sampling locations. Seasonal variations in indicator bacteria were consistent with a constant source at the urban downstream sites, while variable seasonal loading patterns at the agricultural sites were attributed to seasonally changing land use. This suggests that the urban centers are more significantly mitigating pathogens in rivers than rural areas despite their significant growth.


Author(s):  
Anilton Da Silva Estevam ◽  
Sérgio Luiz Malta de Azevedo

This article deals with the contributions that the principles of the Chicago School, proposed for the urban centers, can bring in the analysis of the problems existing in the rural space. For the theoretical basis, the discussion of these concepts was carried out; of traditional peoples and communities, of the communities that exist in the northeastern semi-arid region, such as the Caiçara I Population. It discusses the process of urbanization of rural areas and their consequences; on the fragility of existing studies, especially on critical rural sociology and its role in the elaboration of concepts specific to the rural area. It is observed the elements that approach rural areas in the process of urbanization the emergence of segregated communities and if rural communities can be the new "ghettos" of urban centers. The identification and discussion of the principles of the Chicago School in the rural community under study is carried out. The methodological proposal used is the bibliographical research, performed through the systemic review of literature that dialogues with the use of methods of critical ethnography. It concludes with the suggestion of a model for the development of the public policy agenda aimed at identifying and meeting the real needs of these communities.


2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodoros Iosifides ◽  
Thanasis Kizos ◽  
Elektra Petracou ◽  
Ekaterini Malliotaki ◽  
Konstantina Katsimantou ◽  
...  

This paper aims at an investigation of factors of differentiation of basic social and economic characteristics of foreign immigrants in the Region of Western Greece. The paper explores whether the thesis of urban-rural divide is relevant for the differentiation of immigrants’ socio-economic characteristics in a typical Region of Greece, where there is a strong interplay between major urban centers and large rural areas. Findings show that spatial factors play a very limited role in the differentiation of socio-economic characteristics of immigrants and indicate that other factors are more important. Thus, and as regards socio-economic characteristics of immigrants, the overall picture is that of urban-rural continuum rather than divide. 


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 1343-1354
Author(s):  
Dr. Sakreen Hasan

The urban centers offering diverse employment opportunities and means of livelihood are the main centers of attraction for migration. But the availability of infrastructure is low to accommodate the invariably growing population. The access to basic amenities like electricity, drinking water, toilet facility, wastewater outlet and clean fuel are critical determinants of quality of urbanization. And if it lacks, then it would facilitates the growth of slum.  In this paper it being tried to capture the interdependent relationship between basic amenities and slum population residing in the class I towns in Maharashtra; largest slum populated state of India. As the slum is all about the situation or condition in which the people of medium and lower strata are living. A detailed analysis of proportion of slum population and availability of amenities which includes good housing condition, treated tap water as the source of drinking water, electricity as the source of lightning, households having latrine and bathing facility within the premises, waste water outlet connected to closed drainage, and households availing the banking facilities. This may be a limitation of the study that only these indicators have been taken to assess the availability of amenities and to calculate the amenity index of class I towns of the state of Maharashtra. To achieve the sustainable development goal (Sustainable cities and communities), we have to control the growth of slum population and to combat the formation of slum; we have to analyze the situation of basic infrastructure provided in urban centers. Amenities and slum population has policy implications as to reduce the slum population, provide basic amenities to the households which will improve their standard of living and ultimately lead to reduction in growth of slum and check the future slum formation.


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