Disentangling the Long- and Short-Term Determinants of the Reforms of Core Democratic Rules

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Bedock
Keyword(s):  
Political Support ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Electoral Uncertainty

The aim of this fourth chapter is to understand the determinants of reforms of core democratic rules through a macro-analysis taking into account both long-term and short-term factors of change. Two dependent variables are examined: first, the total number of reforms adopted per country between 1990 and 2010; and second, the number of institutional reforms adopted by legislature. In the long term, polities with a lack of political support and majoritarian polities experience more reforms. Focusing on short-term determinants, the results show that rising electoral uncertainty, as measured by volatility, along with the changing preferences of actors in power as measured by the advent of new forces in government, lead to the adoption of greater numbers of institutional reforms in following legislatures.

scholarly journals Short-term matters: the determinants of reforms of the core democratic rules

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Bedock
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Change ◽  
Electoral Reform ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
The Core ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Electoral Uncertainty

Current theories on institutional change tend to interpret it either as the result of long-term gradual trends, or of disrupting shocks following periods of punctuated equilibrium. Less is known about the moments in which change is more frequent. Focusing on the short-term determinants of reforms of core democratic rules in consolidated democracies, the article shows that proximate shifts in the electoral arena have a distinctive impact on the number of institutional reforms that are adopted in a legislature. Using the empirical and theoretical findings of the literature on electoral reform, the article develops a model tested in statistical analyses aggregating a large sample of institutional reforms in Western European democracies between 1990 and 2010. The results show that rising electoral uncertainty measured by volatility, and the change of preferences of the actors in power measured by the advent of new forces in government lead to the adoption of more institutional reforms. These results appear consistent when some categories of reform are added or subtracted, giving confidence that this model can be applied to a wide range of institutional reforms.

QEEG Prognostic Value in Acute Stroke

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Cuspineda ◽  
C. Machado ◽  
L. Galán ◽  
E. Aubert ◽  
M. A. Alvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Cerebral Stroke ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Outcome Scores ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Short And Long Term

The objective of our study is to determine the predictive value of QEEG in patients suffering from an acute ischemic cerebral stroke. Twenty-eight patients were studied within the first 72 hours of clinical evolution of middle cerebral artery territory ischemic stroke. Thirty-seven QEEG recordings were obtained: 13 in the first 24 hours after cerebral stroke onset, 9 between 24–48 hours and 15 between 48–72 hours. Absolute Energies (AE) were the QEEG selected variables for statistical analysis: first, AE Z values were calculated using the Cuban QEEG norms, then the maximum and minimum AE Z values were selected within each frequency band and total power. The medians of the five neighboring Z values were also chosen. Regression models were estimated using the RANKIN scores as dependent variables and the selected QEEG variables as independent, then outcome predictions at hospital discharge and 3 months later were calculated. Percentages of concordance and errors between the estimated and real outcome scores were obtained. Alpha and theta AE were the best predictor for short-term outcome and delta AE for long-term outcome. We conclude that QEEG performed within the first 72 hours of ischemic stroke might be a powerful tool predicting short-and long-term outcome.

scholarly journals Footprint of Personality Characteristics on Financing Objectives: The Arbitrating capacity of Risk Attitude and the Moderating capacity of Investment Savvy

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 163-169
Author(s):  
Javed Hussain ◽  
Tariq Mehmood Dar ◽  
Neelofer Tariq
Keyword(s):  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

The following study clarifies the role of risk attitude in revolving the relationship between Financing Objectives and personality characteristics and the moderating role of investment savvy between risk attitude and financing objectives by the particular sample size of 200 students. The participants of the study belonged from finance background. To simplify the collected data, the regression analyses was utilized in a flow to implicate the effect upon the dependent variables of the independent variables. To get more enhanced results, the mediator and the moderator were uplifted. Hence by, the results revealed that individuals who are activity, determined, and sympathy towards others are more willing to opt for STFO (short term financing objectives). Whilst, in long run extraversion, openness to experience and agreeableness, and conscientiousness traits are more inclined towards LTFO (long term financing objectives). Moreover, the study further mentions that STFO and LTFO are not much affected by investment savvy of an individuals. Nonetheless, the investment savvy is not really bothered by the relationship of financing objectives and risk attitude.

scholarly journals The Incoherence of Institutional Reform: Decentralization as a Structural Solution to Immediate Political Needs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Paul Faguet ◽  
Mahvish Shami
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Institutional Reform ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Structural Solution

AbstractInstitutional reforms are structural changes in the rules and norms of authority, with effects that are long-term and unpredictable on government, politics, and society. But leaders may undertake them to solve unrelated, discrete, short-term political problems. Understanding the latter is key to understanding the characteristics of many real reforms, and hence their fate. We introduce the concept of instrumental incoherence and use it to construct a theory of decentralization where reform is motivated by orthogonal objectives. We show that reformers’ incentives map onto the specifics of reform design via their side effects, not their main effects, which in turn lead to the medium- and long-term consequences eventually realized. We characterize downwardly accountable decentralization, which ties the hands of the center to empower local voters, vs. upwardly accountable decentralization, which ties the hands of local government to empower the center. We use these ideas to explain highly divergent outcomes in two extreme cases, Bolivia and Pakistan, using detailed, original evidence. Our analysis likely extends to a broader class of reforms where the incentives of agents pursuing a change, and the effects of that change, are highly asymmetric in time and dimension.

The Nexus Between Infrastructure and Export: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faheem Ur Rehman ◽  
Yibing Ding ◽  
Abul Ala Noman ◽  
Muhammad Asif Khan
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Domestic Spending ◽  
Catch Up

This research, by using the autoregressive distributive lag method, examines the long- and short-term causal relationship between infrastructure and exports in Pakistan over the period 1990–2017. The empirical results revealed the existence of short- and long-term bi-directional causality concerning infrastructure and export in Pakistan. The results demonstrated that infrastructure strongly improves export in the short and long run. Conversely, export encourages the quality and availability of infrastructure in Pakistan in the long run. Furthermore, this study also uses sub-indices of infrastructure individually as dependent and independent variables. The study result demonstrated that the long- and short-term effects of infrastructure and its sub-indices (transport, electricity, communication, finance) on export is positive and significant. Also, when infrastructure sub-indices are used as dependent variables, the results indicate that the effect of export on sub-indices is positive and significant in the long run; however, in the short run, it is insignificant. The bi-directional linkage between infrastructure and export suggests that improving the quality and increasing the availability of infrastructure would enable Pakistan’s economy to catch up with the advanced economies, specifically in export. Furthermore, control variables of per-capita GDP, exchange rates, human capital, and domestic spending also expand the bi-directional causal relationship between Pakistan’s infrastructure and exports.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF THE SOLVENCY TO THE FINANCIAL INDEPENDENCE LEVEL IN LISTED COMPANIES: EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAM

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
NGUYEN THI NGOC LAN ◽  
NGUYEN VAN CONG
Keyword(s):  
Listed Companies ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
Financial Leverage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Financial Independence ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Financial Autonomy ◽  
Dependent Variables

The research focuses on the relationship between solvency and financial independence level of 3261 listed companies in Vietnam. To prove and analyse the influence among 5 independent variables that measure the solvency level, both EVIEW 10.0 and SPSS version 22.0.0.0 were used. The 5 independent variables mentioned above are the general payment ability ratio, long-term payment ability, short-term payment ability, quick ratio, and financial leverage. The two dependent variables including financial autonomy and financial security represent the financial independence level of Vietnamese listed firms. The results show that financial autonomy is influenced by 89.5% of the general payment ability ratio. While general payment ability ratio is a variable that has the greatest positive influence on financial independence, neither quick ratio nor financial leverage has any impact or if there is, very little to other remaining dependent variables. From the collected results, the listed firms need to prioritize using permanent capital to invest their long-term assets instead of using short-term debts with high interest. Doing so could result in losing financial security and put the firms at risk of bankruptcy. The conclusion is that for Vietnamese firms to want to perform effectively, financial independence must be ensured first.

scholarly journals Cointegração e previsibilidade de abordagens VECM para o Ibovespa

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Marcos Vinicius Lopes Pereira ◽  
Leonardo Carneiro De Araújo ◽  
Robert Aldo Iquiapaza
Keyword(s):  
Explanatory Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
Cointegration Tests ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
The Impact

<p>The present research compares multivariate models applied to the IBovespa time series analysis. Macroeconomic variables, commodities and market indices are regressors suggested by the literature. The chosen approach uses a vector error correction model (VECM) alongside unit root and cointegration tests, robust under heteroskedasticity. The impact of national and international economic instability was controlled. To accomplish this, recessive cycles, in Brazil or in the United States, and the Brazilian electoral period were taken into account. In general, the evaluated models failed to meet the estimation’s assumptions, have low explanatory power and do not present significant relationship between IBOVESPA and dependent variables. However, evidence indicates that long-term relationships could exist, although this may not imply accuracy<br />in short-term predictions.</p>

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

Ultrastructural investigations of MDL 19,660-induced effects on the canine platelet and megakaryocyte

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
D.E. Loudy ◽  
J. Sprinkle-Cavallo ◽  
J.T. Yarrington ◽  
F.Y. Thompson ◽  
J.P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Internal Architecture

Previous short term toxicological studies of one to two weeks duration have demonstrated that MDL 19,660 (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-2,4-dimethyl-3Hl, 2,4-triazole-3-thione), an antidepressant drug, causes a dose-related thrombocytopenia in dogs. Platelet counts started to decline after two days of dosing with 30 mg/kg/day and continued to decrease to their lowest levels by 5-7 days. The loss in platelets was primarily of the small discoid subpopulation. In vitro studies have also indicated that MDL 19,660: does not spontaneously aggregate canine platelets and has moderate antiaggregating properties by inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation. The objectives of the present investigation of MDL 19,660 were to evaluate ultrastructurally long term effects on platelet internal architecture and changes in subpopulations of platelets and megakaryocytes.Nine male and nine female beagle dogs were divided equally into three groups and were administered orally 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day of MDL 19,660 for three months. Compared to a control platelet range of 353,000- 452,000/μl, a doserelated thrombocytopenia reached a maximum severity of an average of 135,000/μl for the 15 mg/kg/day dogs after two weeks and 81,000/μl for the 30 mg/kg/day dogs after one week.

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