Striving

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-70
Author(s):  
D. G. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Good Life ◽  
Moral Life ◽  
Jonathan Edwards ◽  
Christian Life ◽  
Moral Perfection ◽  
Print Shop

Chapter 3 traces Benjamin Franklin’s early development—purchasing equipment to open his own print shop and editing a Philadelphia newspaper. His work provided him with an outlet for advice about living a moral life. Sometimes he wrote under pseudonyms, such as Silence Dogood, and reprinted material that reinforced his own efforts to live a good life, creating a Plan for Attaining Moral Perfection. The chapter discusses Jonathan Edwards, whose views were substantially in agreement with Franklin’s, though much of Franklin’s moralism attracted criticism from twentieth-century writers such as D. H. Lawrence. Franklin’s thoughts about virtue emerged from similar concerns that Puritans had for the Christian life as one of sanctity.

scholarly journals A Vindication of Desire: St Anselm, with C. S. Lewis

2021 ◽  
pp. 001258062110167
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Christian Life ◽  
Gregory The Great ◽  
Moral Perfection ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Anselm Of Canterbury ◽  
The World ◽  
Mutual Interest

Despite different starting points, in the cloister and the world respectively, Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109) and C. S. Lewis (1898–1963) enjoyed a mutual interest in the concept and experience of spiritual desire. Inspired by Lewis’ famous sermon, ‘The Weight of Glory’ (1941), but principally guided by Anselm’s reflections, this essay argues that desire exists in a dynamic relationship with love and that, as a journey of desire, the Christian life is extremely challenging, since it is a journey into mystery and towards moral perfection, but also contains and ultimately fulfils God’s promise of eternal joy. It is hoped that one by-product of this exploration may be to accord greater recognition to Anselm as a spiritual, even mystical, theologian, recognising him in Jean Leclercq’s description of an earlier monastic leader, Gregory the Great (d. 604), as a ‘doctor of desire’.

Liturgy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen B. Westerfield Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Liturgical Music ◽  
World Council Of Churches ◽  
Christian Life ◽  
Liturgical Movement ◽  
Ecumenical Movement ◽  
The World ◽  
Liturgical Texts ◽  
World Council

From their emergence early in the twentieth century, the liturgical movement and the ecumenical movement, the latter particularly represented by the deliberations of the Faith and Order Commission of the World Council of Churches, both called for and shaped ecumenical discourse on the nature of worship, the content and shape (ordo) of liturgy, sacraments and sacramentality, the practices of worship, and liturgical leadership and participation. This chapter highlights the history and contributions of both of these movements and notes the confluence of the two streams in the recognition of the centrality of worship for Christian life and mission. Attention also focuses on the ecumenical sharing of liturgical music, common liturgical texts, and lectionaries, and the ongoing question of ecumenical worship.

Eudaimonia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.C.W. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Good Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Moral Life ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
The Good Life ◽  
Philosophical Theory ◽  
Literal Sense ◽  
Human Good ◽  
External Goods ◽  
Satisfactory Life

The literal sense of the Greek word eudaimonia is ‘having a good guardian spirit’: that is, the state of having an objectively desirable life, universally agreed by ancient philosophical theory and popular thought to be the supreme human good. This objective character distinguishes it from the modern concept of happiness: a subjectively satisfactory life. Much ancient theory concerns the question of what constitutes the good life: for example, whether virtue is sufficient for it, as Socrates and the Stoics held, or whether external goods are also necessary, as Aristotle maintained. Immoralists such as Thrasymachus (in Plato’s Republic) sought to discredit morality by arguing that it prevents the achievement of eudaimonia, while its defenders (including Plato) argued that it is necessary and/or sufficient for eudaimonia. The primacy of eudaimonia does not, however, imply either egoism (since altruism may itself be a constituent of the good life), or consequentialism (since the good life need not be specifiable independently of the moral life). The gulf between ‘eudaimonistic’ and ‘Kantian’ theories is therefore narrower than is generally thought.

Educator Insights: Early Development of Collegiate Education in International Marketing

1997 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy Cunningham ◽  
D.G. Brian Jones
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Early Development ◽  
International Marketing ◽  
University Courses ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Programs Of Study

This article sheds light on some of the early roots of international marketing thought; it describes some of the earliest university courses offered in international marketing in North America. It presents evidence that international marketing was the subject of academic endeavor early in the twentieth century. It compares and contrasts topics covered in the earliest courses with those used in modern programs of study.

The Expansion of Melanesian Pidgin

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger M. Keesing
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
New Guinea

A substantial pidgin text recorded in the western Solomons in 1893 is analyzed and placed in historical context. Showing complex syntactic pat-terns, the text is strikingly similar to twentieth century Solomons Pijin. It corresponds closely to an earlier text from the same area and to contem-poraneous texts from New Guinea, lending support to arguments for an early expansion of pidgin and for a monolectal origin for modern Melane-sian Pidgin dialects. The text, including hem i sequences and the "predi-cate marker" i, attests to the early development of an Oceanic pronominal pattern in the Solomons.

Pere Pionnier and Late Nineteenth-Century Bislama

1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-226
Author(s):  
Terry Crowley
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Characteristic Features

Recent years have seen the questioning of a number of widely held views about the early development of Melanesian Pidgin, with some writers debating Mühlhäusler's claim that many of the characteristic features of modern Tok Pisin represent later, twentieth-century, innovations, rather than retentions from what others would argue was a more modern-looking Melanesian Pidgin spoken in the late nineteenth century. This paper argues in support of the contention that many of the lexical and grammatical features that today seem to suggest that Tok Pisin has innovated relatively recently are in fact older retentions, and that these features were recorded in an important grammatical sketch of Bislama published by Père Pionnier in 1913 on the basis of information that he gathered in the 1890s in Vanuatu.

Plato's Counsel on Education

Philosophy ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMÉLIE OKSENBERG RORTY
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Good Life ◽  
Chronological Sequence ◽  
Platonic Dialogue

Plato's dialogues can be read as a carefully staged exhibition and investigation of paideia, education in the broadest sense, including all that affects the formation of character and mind. The twentieth century textbook Plato — the Plato of the Myth of the Cave and the Divided Line, the ascent to the Good through Forms and Ideas — is but one of his elusive multiple authorial personae, each taking a different perspective on his investigations. As its focused problems differ, each Platonic dialogue exhibits a somewhat different model for learning; each adds a distinctive dimension to Plato's fully considered counsel for education. Setting aside the important difficult questions about the chronological sequence in which the dialogues were written and revised, we can trace the argumentative rationale of Plato's fully considered views on paideia, on who should be educated by whom for what, on the stages and presuppositions of different kinds of learning. Those views are inextricably connected with his views about the structure of the soul, about the virtues and the politeia that can sustain a good life; and about cosmology and metaphysics.

scholarly journals Reflections on the old and new developmentalism

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-75
Author(s):  
JAN KREGEL
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future

ABSTRACT New Developmentalism provides a view out how it incorporates the positive contributions of early development theorists concerned with to the past of development theory as well as a view to the future. This assessment points the similar problems of the importance of exchange rates in the development process to provide a contemporary version of the theory adapted to the twentieth century world of globalization and financialization .

Cancan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Parfitt-Brown
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Mass Culture ◽  
Modern Art ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Social Dance ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Modern Mass

The cancan is a popular dance form closely associated with the Parisian setting in which it emerged and underwent much of its early development. From its origins as a French social dance practice in the early nineteenth century, the dance shifted to a more performative mode of presentation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The nineteenth-century cancan involved both male and female dancers performing either solo or in couples, improvising around the quadrille form. The dance attracted the attention of the writers and artists of an incipient Parisian modernism in the 1830s and 1840s, and this connection was reinvigorated in the 1880s and 1890s, particularly within the bohemian culture that centered on the Moulin Rouge. The familiar stereotype of the cancan as a female kick-line refers primarily to the form of the dance that emerged in the early twentieth century, echoing the development of modern mass culture. Later representations of the cancan, particularly in American films of the 1950s, referenced the Moulin Rouge of the 1890s and its connections with both the cancan and the post-Impressionist modern art of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.

The Question of Moral Philosophy

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Søndergaard Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Moral Theory ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Moral Life ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Short Summary ◽  
Moral Importance

This chapter provides the motivation for the book by arguing for a need to address the question of the role and status of moral philosophy in light of the criticisms directed against the theory-based understanding of moral philosophy of the twentieth century. The chapter also presents the three main aims of the book, to discuss what form of moral theory—if any—can be a fruitful part of moral philosophy; to investigate the moral importance of the particular; and to offer an alternative descriptive, pluralistic, and elucidatory conception of moral philosophy. In addition, it identifies the context of the discussion which is that of contemporary analytical moral philosophy, broadly conceived, and it determines the central categories of the book, moral philosophy, moral theory, and moral life; all chosen to avoid the ambiguity of ‘ethics’ which covers both moral philosophy and what is investigated in moral philosophy, the moral. Finally, the chapter clarifies the philosophical approach adopted in the book which is modelled on an understanding of the dialogical structure and the conception of philosophy found in Ludwig Wittgenstein’s later writings. The final section of the chapter offers a short summary of the remaining chapters and an overview of the overall argument of the book.

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