What’s in a View?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel King
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Pain Experience ◽  
Emotional Context ◽  
Cognitive Reactions ◽  
Imperial Period

This chapter draws together the main themes of the last three analyses of viewing culture in the Imperial period. Viewing the traumatized body is important because it speaks to this culture’s shared assumptions about what one imagines in the destroyed bodies of others. It shows how different formulations of viewing constructed, interrogated, and contested different aspects of pain experience. These discussions of viewing have shaped how those who are physically violated are imagined to feel on the basis of the viewer’s interpretation of their emotional context, and the characteristics of the body. In addition, they are asked to navigate their own emotional and cognitive reactions to what they see. Viewing shapes both the imagined experience of the viewed, and their relationship with the viewed.

Diagnosing and Treating the Pained Body

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel King
Keyword(s):  
Medical Anthropology ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Pain Experience ◽  
Diagnosis And Therapy ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Imperial Medicine ◽  
The Way

This chapter argues that rational Greek medicine was underpinned by its understanding of pain experience. It focuses especially on the nature of diagnosis and therapy in the Imperial period, showing that this combined specific anatomical thought about the body with a more holistic view of the patient. Employing tools from medical anthropology, this chapter shows that a central (and hitherto downplayed) aspect of the diagnostic process was the narration and explanation of symptoms and experiences: diagnosis and therapy were embedded in narrative practices of Imperial society. The way in which pain is described moulds its significance for Imperial medicine, allowing it to be effectively integrated into medical knowledge and understanding and treatment.

Experiencing Pain in Imperial Greek Culture

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel King
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Art Criticism ◽  
Cultural Theory ◽  
Embodied Experience ◽  
Physical Pain ◽  
Pain Experience ◽  
Emotional Context ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Greek Culture ◽  
Christian Society

Much of the Western intellectual tradition’s interest in pain can be traced back to Greek material. This book investigates one theme in the interest in physical pain in Greek culture under the Roman Empire. Traditional accounts of pain in the Roman Empire have either focused on philosophical or medical theories of pain or on Christian notions of ‘suffering’; and fascination with the pained body has often been assumed to be a characteristic of Christian society, rather than ancient culture in general. The book uses ideas from medical anthropology, as well as contemporary philosophical discussions and cultural theory, to help unpack the complex engagement with pain in the ancient world. It argues, centrally, that pain was approached as a type of embodied experience, in which ideas about the body’s physiology, its representation, and communication, as well as its emotional and cognitive impact on those who felt pain and others around them, were important aspects of what it meant to be in pain. The formulation of this sense of pain experience is examined across a range of important areas of Imperial Greek culture, including rational medicine, rhetoric, and literature, as well as ancient art criticism. What is common across these disparate areas of cultural activity is the notion that pain must be understood within its broad personal, social, and emotional context.

scholarly journals Constellations of pain: a qualitative study of the complexity of women’s endometriosis-related pain

2020 ◽  
pp. 204946372096141
Author(s):  
Sarah J Drabble ◽  
Jaqui Long ◽  
Blessing Alele ◽  
Alicia O’Cathain
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Encounter ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Pain Experience ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Type Pattern ◽  
Emotional Aspects ◽  
Pain Experiences

Introduction: Prior research into endometriosis-related pain has focused on specific aspects of the pain experience such as cyclical pain, emotional aspects of pain and certain types of pain such as dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia. However, research has paid less attention to the diversity and complexity of women’s pain experiences, which can lead to failure to recognise some symptoms as part of endometriosis and poor symptom management. Methods: We conducted qualitative semi-structured face-to-face interviews with 20 women in the United Kingdom recruited from an endometriosis self-help group with a diagnosis of endometriosis via laparoscopy. A topic guide framed questions around experiences of pain. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: Women experienced multiple types of pain that they felt were caused by endometriosis and affected many different parts of the body including bowel, bladder, lungs, kidneys, nerves, upper body, lower limbs and head. These pains consisted of different conceptual categories: type, pattern and intensity. These categories came together to create a complex, interrelated experience for each individual that we termed ‘constellations of pain’ because each woman had a complex set of pain categories and no two individuals appeared to have the same pain experience. Conclusion: The complexity and diversity of endometriosis-related pain found in this study has implications for improving diagnosis, medical and non-medical pain management and improving the clinical encounter between women and healthcare professionals.

scholarly journals Superficial Ballistic Trauma and Subjective Pain Experienced during Force-on-Force Training and the Observed Recovery Pattern

2019 ◽  
Vol 184 (11-12) ◽  
pp. e611-e615
Author(s):  
Adam Biggs ◽  
Matthew Doubrava
Keyword(s):  
Military Training ◽  
The Body ◽  
Training Environment ◽  
Pain Experience ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Recovery Pattern ◽  
Stressful Environment ◽  
Subjective Pain ◽  
Visual Record ◽  
Ballistic Trauma

Abstract Introduction Military training involves preparing individuals for combat, yet applying the stressors of combat while maintaining a safe training environment is exceedingly difficult. One method to induce significant anxiety while still maintaining reasonable safety has been to utilize simulated ammunition. These rounds enable force-on-force training with reasonable stress and firing accuracy while also readily allowing participants to realize they have been shot. As such, these rounds have significant value when performing force-on-force training. However, although in widespread use, there has not been a documented medical effort assessing the subjective pain experienced by individuals after being struck by one of these rounds, nor a visual record tracking recovery. The current investigation presents pilot data collected from an existing training course to provide an assessment of superficial ballistic trauma inflicted by simulated ammunition. Materials and Methods Participants completed one-on-one duels as part of their intended course curriculum. These individuals used 9 mm pistols firing marking cartridges while wearing only prescribed protection equipment, leaving the chest, arms, and hands minimally covered by typical clothing. Participants engaged in the duels as overseen by the instructors and without guidance or interference by the experiment team. After an individual completed these drills, researchers then asked questions about subjective pain experience while also documenting the recovery via photographs. Results Results indicated that simulated ammunition only inflicted a mild amount of subjective pain, which reduced to zero even upon palpation after only a few days. Subjective pain for the chest was rated slightly higher than any other region. The visual record documented that most contusions were reduced to minor bruising, largely dissipating as quickly as the pain. Conclusions Participants were able to safely conduct force-on-force training with simulated ammunition by following the manufacturer recommended safety standards. Participants did rate a statistically significant level of subjective pain, although this mild pain serves as a necessary factor to create the stressful environment of simulating combat conditions. It is possible that the subjective pain was rated higher for the chest due to the increased number of total rounds striking the chest, or the more direct impact of the rounds upon this tissue. The differences in subjective pain and recovery between impact regions of the body are likely due to the specific force-on-force drill conducted as a part of this training. Additional research will be necessary to support or dispute this latter speculation.

scholarly journals Prayer as a pain intervention: protocol of a systematic review of randomised controlled trials

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. e047580
Author(s):  
Alexandra Ferreira-Valente ◽  
Margarida Jarego ◽  
Inês Queiroz-Garcia ◽  
Filipa Pimenta ◽  
Rui Miguel Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Pain Management ◽  
Randomised Controlled Trials ◽  
The Body ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Pain Experience ◽  
Intervention Protocol ◽  
Randomised Controlled

BackgroundPain is a universal experience and the most common reason for seeking healthcare. Inadequate pain management negatively impacts numerous aspects of patient health. Multidisciplinary treatment programmes, including psychosocial interventions, are more useful for pain management than purely biomedical treatment alone. Recently, researchers showed increasing interest in understanding the role of spirituality/religiosity and spiritual/religious practices on pain experience, with engagement in religious practices, such as prayer, showing to positively impact pain experience in religious individuals. This systematic review will seek to summarise and integrate the existing findings from randomised controlled trials assessing the effects of prayer and prayer-based interventions on pain experience.MethodsThe systematic review procedures and its report will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Electronic searches in nine databases (Web of Science Core Collection, MEDLINE, SCIELO Citation Index, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trial, PsycINFO, Scopus, LILACS and Open-SIGLE) will be performed to identify randomised controlled trials of prayer-based interventions. Two independent researchers will assess studies for inclusion and extract data from each paper. Risk of bias assessment will be assessed independently by two reviewers based on the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement. Qualitative synthesis of the body of research will be conducted using a narrative summary synthesis method. Meta-analysis will be limited to studies reporting on the same primary outcome. Formal searches are planned to start in June 2021. The final report is anticipated to be completed by September 2021.DiscussionFindings will be useful to (1) understand the condition of our knowledge in this field and (2) provide evidence for prayer effectiveness in reducing pain intensity and pain-related stress and increasing pain tolerance in adults experiencing acute or chronic pain.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020221733.

Empowered or patronized? The role of emotions in policies and professional discourses on birth care

2021 ◽  
pp. 026101832110014
Author(s):  
Anna Durnová ◽  
Lenka Formánková ◽  
Eva Hejzlarová
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
The Body ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
Emotional Context ◽  
Medical Discourses ◽  
The Right

While the focus on emotions has been associated with the rise of psychosocial welfare and has promised a gateway to accommodate individually diversified needs of citizens in policies, the article shows that the role of emotions needs to be better understood. Highlighting emotions can serve both to empower and to patronize those who experience them. Referring to emotions can thus strengthen hierarchies and downplay individual requests to initiate a change. The analysis of professional discourses on birth care in Czechia shows the value of contextualising emotions. While midwifery discourses apply the emotional context of birth to support women in their specific birth choices, medical discourses use the emotional context to patronize them and to limit their requirements. As a result, policy demands are seen as illegitimate when coming from midwives, who want to see women’s choices more respected in care. We analyse this dynamic through intimacy. As a conceptual framework used in sociology of care, ‘intimacy’ ties individual emotional experiences to collective discourses on care, the body and related feelings. Viewing professional discourses on birth care through intimacy reveals the role of emotions in the collective recognition of the personal struggle for the right to give birth in conditions that respect bodily and emotional integrity, which informs how we think of the role of emotions in policies in general.

Ekphrasis, Trauma, and Viewing Pain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel King
Keyword(s):  
Physical Violence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pain Experience ◽  
Physical Trauma ◽  
Intellectual Engagement ◽  
Medical Context ◽  
Viewing Context

This chapter treats the connection between trauma and pain which developed in the description of physical violence in Imperial rhetoric. In a medical context, at least, physical trauma was often associated with pain. By reformulating how one views trauma and physical violation, however, writers explored and criticized this assumed connection. Ekphrasis was used by different authors to explore the nature of one’s pain experience by focusing on how viewing context might inflect the presence of pain in the body. It was also used to develop emotional and intellectual engagement from the viewing audience: ekphrasis was a key tool in enabling viewers to imagine (or ignore) the pain felt by another and determining how they should react to it.

scholarly journals VISUAL ETHNOGRAPHY OF IVAN LOPATIN (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE AMUR EXPEDITION OF 1913)

2021 ◽  
pp. 163-173
Author(s):  
Иван Андреевич Головнев
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Amur Region ◽  
Visual Anthropology ◽  
Photographic Recording ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Emotional Context ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
The One

Статья посвящена актуальной, но слабо разработанной в отечественной гуманитарной науке теме, – визуальной антропологии как форме научного познания, средству фиксации и репрезентации материалов. Как известно, определяющую роль в освоении фронтирных регионов страны в имперский период играли профессиональные исследователи и путешественники, активно использовавшие в своей деятельности фотографическую технику. Многочисленные фотодокументы, собранные ими в научных экспедициях рассредоточены по фондам центральных и региональных музейных и архивных институций. Данное исследование фокусируется на визуально-антропологических материалах из экспедиции известного этнографа Ивана Алексеевича Лопатина 1913 года, хранящихся в архиве Общества изучения Амурского края, и изученных автором статьи в ходе исследовательских работ лета 2020 года. Многие из рассматриваемых фотодокументов, являясь уникальными свидетельствами культурной эволюции народностей Приамурья на рубеже XIX–XX вв., вводятся в научный оборот впервые. Путем сопоставления текстовых и визуальных архивов исследователя выделяются и анализируются ключевые этнографические образы, зафиксированные им среди орочей и гольдов (нанайцев): явления материальной и духовной культуры, промысловые процессы и физические типы. Особо рассматриваются и опережающие свое время методологические открытия И. А. Лопатина в области полевой работы этнографа: проведение параллельной письменной и фотографической фиксации материалов в процессе экспедиционного исследования для последующего использования фотодокументов в качестве иллюстраций к основным положениям научных публикаций. Фотографическое творчество И. А. Лопатина анализируется в историко-антропологическом ключе, в сопоставлении с тематически смежными исследованиями других авторов и академическими парадигмами соответствующего периода. Делается вывод об архивном фотонаследии ученого как информативном историко-этнографическом источнике, визуально отображающем не только культуру снимаемого, но и снимающего; передающем не только этнографическую информацию, но и ее образно-эмоциональный контекст. Исторический опыт И. А. Лопатина показывается в качестве вполне актуального методического примера для сегодняшних визуально-антропологических практик. The article is devoted to a topical but poorly developed topic in the Russian humanities – visual anthropology as a form of scientific knowledge, a means of fixing and representing materials. It is well known, that the decisive role in the development of the frontier regions of the country during the imperial period was played by professional researchers and travelers, who actively used photographic technology in their activities. Numerous photographic documents collected by them during scientific expeditions are scattered among the funds of central and regional museum and archival institutions. This study focuses on visual anthropological materials from the expedition of the famous ethnographer Ivan Alekseevich Lopatin in 1913, stored in the archives of the Society for the Study of the Amur Region, and studied by the author of the article during research work in the summer of 2020. Many of the photographic documents under consideration, being unique evidence of the cultural evolution of the peoples of the Amur region at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. By comparing the textual and visual archives of the researcher, the key ethnographic images recorded by him among the Orochs and Golds (Nanai) peoples are distinguished and analyzed: phenomena of material and spiritual culture, fishing processes and physical types. The methodological discoveries of Ivan Lopatin in the field of the ethnographer's field work are also specially considered: parallel written and photographic recording of materials in the process of expeditionary research for the subsequent use of photographic documents as illustrations to the main provisions of scientific publications. The photographic work of Ivan Lopatin is analyzed in a historical and anthropological vein, in comparison with thematically related studies of other authors and academic paradigms of the corresponding period. The conclusion is made about the scientist's archival photographic heritage as an informative historical and ethnographic source, visually reflecting not only the culture of the photograph, but also the one who is filming; transmitting not only ethnographic information, but also its figurative and emotional context. The historical experience of Ivan Lopatin is shown as a completely relevant methodological example for today's visual anthropological practices.

Confucian Commentary and Chinese Intellectual History

1998 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel K. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Han Dynasty ◽  
Dominant Mode ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Moral Vision ◽  
Philosophical Discourse ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Chinese Intellectual ◽  
Classical Age

As early as the han dynasty, exegetes of the texts in the Confucian canon were preparing written commentary on them, and by the dynasty's end they were interspersing their glosses in the body of these texts as interlinear, running commentary. From this time on, few Chinese would have read any classic from the canon without commentarial companion. And, as Confucianism came to be identified over the course of the imperial period with the Chinese cultural traditionpar excellence, the writing of interlinear commentary on the canon of texts became a standard, even dominant, mode of scholarly and philosophical discourse for Chinese literati. It was in commentary that these men would offer their reflections on the meaning of Confucian doctrine as it had evolved through the centuries and attempt to construct a philosophical or moral vision meaningful in a world far removed from that of the classical age.

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