Stratified sampling

2019 ◽  
pp. 68-91
Author(s):  
David G. Hankin ◽  
Michael S. Mohr ◽  
Ken B. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Stratified Sampling ◽  
Unbiased Estimation ◽  
Sampling Variance ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
Stratified Sample ◽  
Average Variation ◽  
Selection Of

In stratified sampling, the N population units are grouped into L strata, independent samples are selected from within each stratum, and unbiased estimation is achieved as a weighted average of stratum-specific estimates. Strata may be natural—pool, riffle, and run habitat unit types in a small stream—or strata may be constructed to ensure that some units from specific groups of population units will always be included in the sample. Within strata, any unbiased method of selection can be used. If SRS is used within strata, this is a stratified SRS design. Allocation of the total stratified sample of size n across the L strata can affect sampling variance of stratified estimators. Optimal allocation theory shows that optimal stratum-specific sample sizes depend on relative numbers of units in strata, and stratum-specific costs per unit of sampling and variances of y values. An ANOVA sums of squares partition can be used to show that a proportionally allocated stratified SRS strategy will outperform selection of a single SRS with mean-per-unit estimation whenever the average variation within strata is less than the finite population variance. Therefore, it is desirable to minimize variation within strata and maximize the variation in stratum means. For a variety of reasons, post-stratification, in which one large SRS is stratified after the sample has been selected, may often be a good alternative to selection of a (pre-) stratified sample.

scholarly journals A Fuzzy Network DEA Approach to the Selection of Advanced Manufacturing Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4236
Author(s):  
Tim Lu
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Advanced Manufacturing ◽  
Weight Restrictions ◽  
Network Dea ◽  
Engineering Sciences ◽  
Fuzzy Network ◽  
Selection Of

The selection of advanced manufacturing technologies (AMTs) is an essential yet complex decision that requires careful consideration of various performance criteria. In real-world applications, there are cases that observations are difficult to measure precisely, observations are represented as linguistic terms, or the data need to be estimated. Since the growth of engineering sciences has been the key reason for the increased utilization of AMTs, this paper develops a fuzzy network data envelopment analysis (DEA) to the selection of AMT alternatives considering multiple decision-makers (DMs) and weight restrictions when the input and output data are represented as fuzzy numbers. By viewing the multiple DMs as a network one, the data provided by each DM can then be taken into account in evaluating the overall performances of AMT alternatives. In the solution process, we obtain the overall and DMs efficiency scores of each AMT alternative at the same time, and a relationship in which the former is a weighted average of the latter is also derived. Since the final evaluation results of AMTs are fuzzy numbers, a ranking procedure is employed to determine the most preferred one. An example is used to illustrate the applicability of the proposed methodology.

scholarly journals METHODS FOR PROBABILISTIC DECISION MAKING WITH LINGUISTIC INFORMATION

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guiwu Wei ◽  
Xiaofei Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Aggregation Operators ◽  
Uncertain Information ◽  
Owa Operator ◽  
Linguistic Information ◽  
Probabilistic Information ◽  
Ordered Weighted Average ◽  
Linguistic Labels ◽  
Selection Of

With respect to decision making problems by using probabilities, immediate probabilities and information that can be represented with linguistic labels, some new decision analysis are proposed. Firstly, we shall develop three new aggregation operators: generalized probabilistic 2-tuple weighted average (GP-2TWA) operator, generalized probabilistic 2-tuple ordered weighted average (GP-2TOWA) operator and generalized immediate probabilistic 2-tuple ordered weighted average (GIP-2TOWA) operator. These operators use the weighted average (WA) operator, the ordered weighted average (OWA) operator, linguistic information, probabilistic information and immediate probabilistic information. They are quite useful because they can assess the uncertain information within the problem by using both linguistic labels and the probabilistic information that considers the attitudinal character of the decision maker. In these approaches, alternative appraisal values are calculated by the aggregation of 2-tuple linguistic information. Thus, the ranking of alternative or selection of the most desirable alternative(s) is obtained by the comparison of 2-tuple linguistic information. Finally, we give an illustrative example about selection of strategies to verify the developed approach and to demonstrate its feasibility and practicality.

scholarly journals Site Selection of Waste-to-Energy (WtE) Plant considering Public Satisfaction by an Extended VIKOR Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunna Wu ◽  
Lei Qin ◽  
Chuanbo Xu ◽  
Shaoyu Ji
Keyword(s):  
Site Selection ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Computational Procedure ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Weighted Averaging ◽  
Vikor Method ◽  
The Public ◽  
Evaluation Group ◽  
Whole Life Cycle ◽  
Selection Of

Site selection of waste-to-energy (WtE) plant is critically important in the whole life cycle. Some research has been launched in the WtE plant site selection, but there is still a serious problem called Not In My Back Yard (NIMBY) effect that needs to be solved. To solve the problem, an improved multigroup VIKOR method is proposed to choose the optimal site and compromised sites. In the proposed method, the public satisfaction is fully considered where the public is invited as an evaluation group far more than creating general indicators to represent the public acceptance. First of all, an elaborate criteria system is built to evaluate site options comprehensively and the weights of criteria are identified by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Then, the interval 2-tuple linguistic information is adopted to assess the ratings for the established criteria. The interval 2-tuple linguistic ordered weighted averaging (ITL-OWA) operator is utilized to aggregate the opinions of evaluation committee while the opinions of the public are aggregated using weighted average operator. Finally, a case from south China which shows the computational procedure and the effectiveness of the proposed method is proved. Last but not least, a sensitivity analysis is conducted by comparing the results with different weights of evaluation group assessments.

scholarly journals Induced intuitionistic fuzzy ordered weighted averaging: Weighted average operator and its application to business decision-making

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 839-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeng Shouzhen ◽  
Wang Qifeng ◽  
José Merigó ◽  
Pan Tiejun
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Aggregation Operator ◽  
Weighted Averaging ◽  
Business Decision ◽  
Ordered Weighted Averaging ◽  
Intuitionistic Fuzzy ◽  
Fuzzy Weighted Average ◽  
Decision Making Problem ◽  
Selection Of

We present the induced intuitionistic fuzzy ordered weighted averaging-weighted average (I-IFOWAWA) operator. It is a new aggregation operator that uses the intuitionistic fuzzy weighted average (IFWA) and the induced intuitionistic fuzzy ordered weighted averaging (I-IFOWA) operator in the same formulation. We study some of its main properties and we have seen that it has a lot of particular cases such as the IFWA and the intuitionistic fuzzy ordered weighted averaging (IFOWA) operator. We also study its applicability in a decision-making problem concerning strategic selection of investments. We see that depending on the particular type of I-IFOWAWA operator used, the results may lead to different decisions.

scholarly journals Application of Multi-Criteria Analysis in the Selection of Individual Sewage Treatment Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Natalia Taraszkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Biological Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plants ◽  
Sewage Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The development of sewage systems leads to an increase in people’s living standards and an improvement in the comfort of their daily lives. In 2021, the use of septic tanks is still a big issue; many of them are not properly sealed and can be harmful to the environment because of leakage. A good alternative for them is an individual sewage treatment plant. There are many types of such investment. This paper focuses on the selection between three types of sewage treatment plants (a biological wastewater treatment plant with activated sludge and a constructed wasteland) using MCDA–AHP and TOPSIS methods.

scholarly journals Stability of Wheat Genotypes by AMMI and Yield Evaluated under Peninsular Zone of India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Verma ◽  
G.P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Weighted Average ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Efficient Estimation ◽  
High Yield ◽  
First Year ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Stability Measure ◽  
Linear Behaviour ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Selection Of

Background: Efficient estimation of main and interaction effects under multi environment trials had been carried out by AMMI. Studies with low proportion of the variance explained by first interaction principal component IPCA1 under AMMI analysis had been reported biased interpretation for the stability of the genotypes.Methods: Weighted Average of Absolute scores (WAASB), quantitative stability measure had been recommended for selection of productive genotypes with broad adaptation. The selection of promising genotypes had been assisted by use of superiority index (WAASBY) that considered simultaneous use of yield and stability by allowing variable weighting mechanism for yield and stability.Result: Wheat GW509 and HI1633 genotypes had been identified by stability measure WAASB for the first year. While Superiority index considered stability and high yield settled for HI1633 and Raj4083 genotypes. Analytic measures of adaptability PRVG and MHPRVG observed suitability of HI1633 and Raj 4083. SI expressed positive linear behaviour with yield, MHPRVG and PRVG measures. While stability measure WAASB maintained moderate negative correlation with yield, SI, MHPRVG and PRVG. Wheat genotypes HI1633, HI1641 and HI1646 identified by stability measure for the next year of study. Superiority index selected HI1641, HI1633 and MACS6752 genotypes. SI expressed direct linear relation with yield, MHPRVG and PRVG. Stability measure exhibited indirect relationships with SI, MHPRVG, PRVG and yield Wheat genotypes HI1633, Raj 4083 for first year and HI1641, MACS6752 for the second year of study.

scholarly journals Estimation of Sensitive Attributes Using a Stratified Kuk Randomization Device

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-44
Author(s):  
Jong-Min Kim ◽  
Gi-Sung Lee ◽  
Ki-Hak Hong ◽  
Chang-Kyoon Son
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Stratified Sampling ◽  
Double Sampling ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Sensitive Parameters ◽  
Allocation Methods

This paper suggests a stratified Kuk model to estimate the proportion of sensitive attributes of a population composed by a number of strata; this is undertaken  by applying stratified sampling to the adjusted Kuk model. The paper estimates sensitive parameters when the size of the stratum is known by taking proportional and optimal allocation methods into account and then extends to the case of an unknown stratum size, estimating sensitive parameters by applying stratified double sampling and checking the two allocation methods. Finally, the paper compares the efficiency of the proposed model to that of the Su, Sedory  and Singh model and the adjusted Kuk model in terms of the estimator variance.

Understanding Nasheed for Learning Strategy in Islamic Education

2020 ◽  
pp. 205-218
Author(s):  
Muhammad Talhah Ajmain ◽  
Jimaain Safar ◽  
Ahmad Kilani Mohamed ◽  
Miftachul Huda
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
High Interest ◽  
Teaching Objectives ◽  
Selection Of

Nashid is one of various teaching methods and facilitator (PdPc). Teenagers nowadays are full of interest in entertainment in the form of songs and singing, and a good alternative is to bring them to God. Thus, this paper will be debating nashid as medium of education and missionary, nashid as a method of teaching and facilitating, the effectiveness of the method, and its implementation in teaching and learning. Aspects of creativeness in education are required in the 21st century. Nashid method is able to help students memorize facts and important things, strengthen memory, create high interest, build excitement, improve motivation and concentration, and enhance the confidence level among students. It will bring about a holistic student. However, the selection of the appropriate nashid must be considered to make sure the teaching objectives are achieved. Thus, teachers in Islamic teaching must look at this method as one of the important methods and apply it in their teaching and facilitating process.

Developing and Implementing a Selection Model of Brand TV Commercial Script for a Real Estate Agency

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-69
Author(s):  
Pi-Fang Hsu ◽  
Hung-Yu Chueh ◽  
Chia-Wen Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Consumer Acceptance ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Modified Delphi ◽  
Estate Agency ◽  
Tv Commercial ◽  
Selection Of

When enterprises want to gain visibility in the short term, the fastest way is through the TV media, with a penetration rate of 90%, to reach as many consumers possible. To ensure the optimal allocation of the media budget, the content of an enterprise's TV commercial should be well-grounded in the principles of advertising effectiveness. This study develops a model to aid businesses' selection of TV commercial scripts and the model is divided into two parts using the example of a real estate agency. The first is to build suitable criteria to evaluate TV commercial script via an analysis of relevant literature and the Modified Delphi method; the relative weights of the criteria were then determined via Analytic Hierarchy process (AHP). The other part is to determine the optimum script for TV commercial using the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA). The example of a famous real estate agency in Taiwan is used to show how TV commercial scripts can be selected using this model. The results address factors such as “Ease in Leading to Consumer Acceptance”, “Appearance of The Advertisement”, “Purpose of Community Message”, “Effects of The Advertisement”, and “Commercial Script Content Settings” that are the most vital criteria in sequence. How advertising appeals and gains consumer acceptance, how it renders consumers' needs, its effects, and the script's content that are the most vital criteria in the selection of brand TV commercial scripts. The proposed model helps the real estate agency to effectively select TV commercial scripts, making it highly applicable for both academia and commerce.

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