Developing pro-drop

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ermenegildo Bidese ◽  
Alessandra Tomaselli
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Heritage Language ◽  
Null Subjects ◽  
Linear Restriction ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
System P ◽  
Feature Sharing ◽  
Traditional Assumption ◽  
Subject Agreement ◽  
The One

The syntax of Cimbrian, a Germanic heritage language, is at a peculiar developmental stage: on the one hand it has lost the V2 linear restriction, but still maintains both pronominal subject inversion and a residual root-embedded word order asymmetry; on the other, it is characterized by both ‘free’ subject inversion (VP DP) and the systematic violation of the ‘that-trace’ filter, but does not allow null subjects (NSs). This specific mixture of both V2- and pro-drop properties gives us an opportunity to revisit the traditional assumption that Germanic V2 is incompatible with full pro-drop. In this work, we propose that the development of pro-drop crucially depends on the loss of V-to-Fin movement and, consequently, on the lowering of structural subject agreement within TP so that the whole complex process of feature sharing (KEEP, SHARE, DONATE) between C and I is restructured, changing from a C-dominant system to an I-dominant system.

Subject expression and discourse embeddedness in Emirati Arabic

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Owens ◽  
Robin Dodsworth ◽  
Mary Kohn
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relevant Parameter ◽  
Null Subjects ◽  
Single Episode ◽  
Discourse Coherence ◽  
Complementary Approach ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Subject Expression ◽  
The One

AbstractSince Prince (1981) and Givón (1983), studies on discourse reference have explained the grammatical realization of referents in terms of general concepts such as “assumed familiarity” or “discourse coherence.” In this paper, we develop a complementary approach based on a detailed statistical tracking of subjects in Emirati Arabic, from which two major categories of subject expression emerge. On the one hand, null subjects are opposed to overt ones; on the other, subject-verb (SV) is opposed to verb-subject (VS). Although null subjects strongly correlate with coreferentiality with the subject of the previous clause, they can also index more distant referents within a single episode. With respect to SV vs. VS, morpholexical classes are found to be biased toward one or the other: nouns are typically VS, pronouns SV. We conclude that the null subject variant is the norm in Emirati Arabic, and when an overt subject is appropriate, lexical identity biases the subject into SV or VS order, generating word order as a discourse-relevant parameter. Overall, our approach attempts to understand Arabic discourse from a microlevel perspective.

Sentence comprehension in heritage language: Isomorphism, word order, and language transfer

2021 ◽  
pp. 026765832199790
Author(s):  
Anna Chrabaszcz ◽  
Elena Onischik ◽  
Olga Dragoy
Keyword(s):  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Heritage Language ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Language Transfer ◽  
Processing Strategy ◽  
Heritage Speakers ◽  
Dominant Language ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Linguistic Transfer

This study examines the role of cross-linguistic transfer versus general processing strategy in two groups of heritage speakers ( n = 28 per group) with the same heritage language – Russian – and typologically different dominant languages: English and Estonian. A group of homeland Russian speakers ( n = 36) is tested to provide baseline comparison. Within the framework of the Competition model (MacWhinney, 2012), cross-linguistic transfer is defined as reliance on the processing cue prevalent in the heritage speaker’s dominant language (e.g. word order in English) for comprehension of heritage language. In accordance with the Isomorphic Mapping Hypothesis (O’Grady and Lee, 2005), the general processing strategy is defined in terms of isomorphism as a linear alignment between the order of the sentence constituents and the temporal sequence of events. Participants were asked to match pictures on the computer screen with auditorily presented sentences. Sentences included locative or instrumental constructions, in which two cues – word order (basic vs. inverted) and isomorphism mapping (isomorphic vs. nonisomorphic) – were fully crossed. The results revealed that (1) Russian native speakers are sensitive to isomorphism in sentence processing; (2) English-dominant heritage speakers experience dominant language transfer, as evidenced by their reliance primarily on the word order cue; (3) Estonian-dominant heritage speakers do not show significant effects of isomorphism or word order but experience significant processing costs in all conditions.

scholarly journals The Development of Subject Position in Dutch-Dominant Heritage Speakers of Spanish: From Age 9 to Adulthood

Languages ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
van Osch ◽  
García González ◽  
Hulk ◽  
Sleeman ◽  
Aalberse
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Heritage Language ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Heritage Speakers ◽  
Heritage Speakers Of Spanish ◽  
Language Literature

This exploratory study investigates the knowledge of word order in intransitive sentences by heritage speakers of Spanish of different age groups: 9-year-olds, 13-year-olds and adults. In doing so, we aim to fill a gap in the heritage language literature, which, to date, has mainly focused on adult heritage speakers and preschool bilingual children. The results from a judgment task reveal that child- and adolescent heritage speakers do not entirely resemble monolingual age-matched children in the acquisition of subjects in Spanish, nor do they assimilate adult heritage speakers. The data suggest that several different processes can occur simultaneously in the acquisition of word order in heritage speakers: monolingual-like acquisition, delayed acquisition, and attrition. An analysis of the influence of extraneous variables suggests that most of these effects are likely to be the consequence of quantitatively reduced input in the heritage language and increased input in the majority language.

Faetar null subjects: a variationist study of a heritage language in contact

2017 ◽  
Vol 2018 (249) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Nagy ◽  
Michael Iannozzi ◽  
David Heap
Keyword(s):  
Heritage Language ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Null Subjects ◽  
Subject Pronouns ◽  
Greater Toronto Area

AbstractFaetar is an under-documented variety descended from Francoprovençal and spoken in two isolated Apulian villages in southern Italy as well as in the emigrant diaspora, especially in the Greater Toronto Area. Speakers use two series of subject pronouns (

Word-order change in progress: the case of Slovene and Serbo-Croat and its relevance for Germanic

1987 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Verb Second ◽  
Related Language ◽  
Slavonic Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
Order Change ◽  
The One ◽  
Word Order Change ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
Fresh Insight

It will be suggested in this article that Slovene, a South Slavonic language, is on the way to acquiring verb-second (V2) word order. In providing evidence in support of this view I shall compare Slovene, on the one hand, with the closely related language Serbo-Croat and, on the other hand, with relevant details from the history of the Germanic languages. The point of comparing it with Serbo-Croat is to discover the respects in which the word order of these two languages has diverged. Taken together with what is known about the word order of Common Slavonic, the facts emerging from this comparison allow us to identify one major respect in which Slovene has changed and two respects in which it is still changing. At the same time, they reveal a major respect in which Serbo-Croat word order is also changing. The point of comparing Slovene with the Germanic languages is twofold. First, since all the present-day Germanic languages either have or have had V2 word order (Haiman, 1974), it is possible that their history can help us to understand the changes currently taking place in Slovene and to predict how Slovene might change in the future. Secondly, where details of the history of the Germanic languages are poorly understood, the possibility exists of gaining fresh insight into them in the light of the changes that have taken place more recently, or indeed are still taking place, in Slovene. In this connection we shall assess the plausibility of two theories concerning the adoption of V2 word order by the Germanic languages, those of Vennemann (1975) and Wackernagel (1892).

Never saw one – first-person null subjects in spoken English1

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUSANNE WAGNER
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
First Language ◽  
First Person ◽  
Null Subjects ◽  
Language Variation And Change ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Verb Phrase ◽  
The One ◽  
Colloquial Speech

While null subjects are a well-researched phenomenon in pro-drop languages like Italian or Spanish, they have not received much attention in non-pro-drop languages such as English, where they are traditionally associated with particular (written) genres such as diaries or are discussed under a broader umbrella term such as situational ellipsis. However, examples such as the one in the title – while certainly not frequent – are commonly encountered in colloquial speech, with first-person singular tokens outnumbering any other person.This article investigates the linguistic and non-linguistic factors influencing the (non-) realisation of first-person singular subjects in a corpus of colloquial English. The variables found to contribute to the observed variation are drawn from a variety of linguistic domains and follow up on research conducted in such different fields as first language acquisition (FLA), cognitive linguistics, discourse analysis, sociolinguistics and language variation and change. Of particular interest is the finding regarding the link between null subjects and complexity of the verb phrase, which patterns in a clearly linear fashion: the more complex the verb phrase, the more likely is a null realisation. Not discussed in this form before, this finding, given its high significance and its robustness in light of alternative coding, may prove to be an important candidate for inclusion in future studies on (English) null subjects.

Ideologies of Heritage: Language, Community, and Identity among Ethiopian Immigrants in Prince George's County, Maryland

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Chernela ◽  
Amy Carattini ◽  
Bethany Applebaum
Keyword(s):  
Heritage Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Language Community ◽  
Prince George's County ◽  
Ethiopian Immigrants ◽  
The Past ◽  
The One

While analysts and practitioners today recognize that heritage entails processes of both "preservation" and "innovation," most face challenges when it comes to finding methodologies capable of capturing these apparently contradictory and elusive attributes. The problem lies, in part, in reconciling notions of a stable, authorized past, on the one hand, and dynamic constructions of the past, on the other. Erve Chambers addresses this duality by dividing heritage into two types-one, public, and based in "authenticity," the other private and grounded in "significance" (2006:33-35). In the first usage that which is called the "past" serves as a fixed referent that may be valued for its iconic role. In the second usage, heritage is recognized as dynamic and emergent.

Subject omission/production in child bilingual English and child bilingual Spanish: the view from linguistic theory

Probus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juana M. Liceras ◽  
Raquel Fernández Fuertes
Keyword(s):  
Positive Influence ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Null Subjects ◽  
Subject Pronouns ◽  
English Grammar ◽  
Child Language Acquisition ◽  
Null Subject Parameter ◽  
The One

Abstract In bilingual child language acquisition research, a recurrent learnability issue has been to investigate whether and how cross-linguistic influence would interact with the non-adult patterns of omission/production of functional categories. In this paper, we analyze the omission/production of subject pronouns in the earliest stage English grammar and the earliest stage Spanish grammar of two English–Spanish simultaneous bilingual children (FerFuLice corpus in CHILDES). We base this analysis on Holmberg’s (2005, Is there a little pro? Evidence from Finnish. Linguistic Inquiry 36. 533–564) and Sheehan’s (2006, The EPP and null subjects in Romance. Newcastle: Newcastle University PhD dissertation) formulation of the null subject parameter and on Liceras et al.’s (2012, Overt subjects and copula omission in the Spanish and the English grammar of English-Spanish bilinguals: On the locus and directionality of interlinguistic influence. First Language 32(1–2). 88–115) assumptions concerning the role of lexical specialization in cross-linguistic influence. We have conducted a comparative analysis of the patterns of production/omission of English and Spanish overt and null subjects in two bilingual children, on the one hand, versus the patterns of production/omission of one monolingual English child and one monolingual Spanish child, on the other. The results show that while there is no conclusive evidence as to whether or not English influences the higher production of overt subjects in child bilingual Spanish, the presence of null subjects in Spanish has a positive influence in the eradication of non-adult null subjects in bilingual English. We argue that in a bilingual situation, as compared to a monolingual one, lexical specialization in one of the languages of the bilinguals (the availability of an overt and a null realization of the subject in Spanish) facilitates the acquisition of the other language.

One-pot synthesis of 3-aminofurans using a simple and efficient recyclable CuI/[bmim]PF6 system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guguloth Veeranna ◽  
Ramesh Balaboina ◽  
Narasimha Swamy Thirukovela ◽  
Ravindhar Vadde
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Amines ◽  
Terminal Alkynes ◽  
One Pot ◽  
One Pot Synthesis ◽  
System P ◽  
Three Component Reaction ◽  
The One

The one-pot three-component reaction of several 2-ketoaldehdyes, secondary amines and terminal alkynes to access 3-aminofurans was proceeded well in [bmim][PF6] using a simple and cheap CuI catalyst. The resulted 3-aminofuran...

THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF OPERATING ASSETS MANAGEMENT OF ENTERPRISES

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olexandr Yemelyanov ◽  
◽  
Tetyana Petrushka ◽  
Anatolii Havryliak ◽  
Ostap Ivanchyna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Effective Mechanism ◽  
Current State ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Model Of Management ◽  
The One ◽  
Assets Management

The efficiency of economic activity of enterprises largely depends on the proper management of their assets. Whereas, an important type of assets of enterprises is its operating wealth, which serves the processes of production and marketing of products of economic entities. This is a complex process of circulation of operating assets, during which transformation from one species to another is being carried out. The course of such a process may involve different amounts of demand for current assets for a certain volume of production and sales. In other words, these assets are characterized by a certain level of flexibility and the main task of managing them is to establish their rational value. This value should ensure, on the one hand, the continuity of the production process at the enterprise and the timeliness of receipt of funds from the sale of products, and, on the other hand, the absence of excess inventories and other types of operating assets. The solution of this problem requires the introduction of an effective mechanism for managing its current assets. Considering this, the purpose of this article is to develop theoretical principles for managing operating assets of enterprises. It has been shown that the process of such management should be based on the system, created at the enterprises of information support of this process. Under this system is proposed to understand a set of information arrays and formalized algorithms for its processing, with which it is possible to assess the current state of use of operating assets of the company and develop a set of measures aimed at structuring and optimizing its volume. The basic requirements to designing of system of information maintenance of management of operating assets of the enterprises have been presented. The required information for the management of operating assets has been grouped. The areas grouping of operating assets management of the enterprise depending on the stages of its circulation has been carried out. The model of management of debts receivable of the enterprises has been specified. The use of the developed theoretical principles of operating assets management of enterprises in the practice of their activities increases financial results by streamlining the volume and structure of current assets of economic entities.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document