Vertebrate voyages

2019 ◽  
pp. 54-71
Author(s):  
Elisabeth A. Murray ◽  
Steven P. Wise ◽  
Mary K. L. Baldwin ◽  
Kim S. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Brain Area ◽  
Spatial Layouts ◽  
Early Vertebrates ◽  
The Brain

In this chapter, a rat charts a safe route to cheese; a woman misplaces her car; and one of your ancestors swims for its dinner. But mainly we consider the kinds of memories that evolved in early vertebrates. The brain of these ancestors included the hippocampus, a brain area crucial for memory. The hippocampus evolved to guide navigation, which came with a bonus: support for other memories, such as the sequence and timing of smells and sights. By combining these memories in various ways, vertebrates can construct a map of their world, including spatial layouts and the proximity of items; the order of items in a sequence; and the appearance of landscapes as viewed from various angles. The memories of events and contexts arise from the same source.

scholarly journals A Simple Method to Avoid Brain Shift during Neuronavigation: Technical Note

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jair Leopoldo Raso
Keyword(s):  
Dura Mater ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Conventional Technique ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Cortical Surface ◽  
Brain Shift ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Cortex Area ◽  
Neuronavigation System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Introduction The precise identification of anatomical structures and lesions in the brain is the main objective of neuronavigation systems. Brain shift, displacement of the brain after opening the cisterns and draining cerebrospinal fluid, is one of the limitations of such systems. Objective To describe a simple method to avoid brain shift in craniotomies for subcortical lesions. Method We used the surgical technique hereby described in five patients with subcortical neoplasms. We performed the neuronavigation-guided craniotomies with the conventional technique. After opening the dura and exposing the cortical surface, we placed two or three arachnoid anchoring sutures to the dura mater, close to the edges of the exposed cortical surface. We placed these anchoring sutures under microscopy, using a 6–0 mononylon wire. With this technique, the cortex surface was kept close to the dura mater, minimizing its displacement during the approach to the subcortical lesion. In these five cases we operated, the cortical surface remained close to the dura, anchored by the arachnoid sutures. All the lesions were located with a good correlation between the handpiece tip inserted in the desired brain area and the display on the navigation system. Conclusion Arachnoid anchoring sutures to the dura mater on the edges of the cortex area exposed by craniotomy constitute a simple method to minimize brain displacement (brain-shift) in craniotomies for subcortical injuries, optimizing the use of the neuronavigation system.

scholarly journals Polyphenols and IUGR Pregnancies: Effects of the Antioxidant Hydroxytyrosol on Brain Neurochemistry and Development in a Porcine Model

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 884
Author(s):  
Natalia Yeste ◽  
Daniel Valent ◽  
Laura Arroyo ◽  
Marta Vázquez-Gómez ◽  
Consolación García-Contreras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Porcine Model ◽  
Immunohistochemical Study ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Fetal Period ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Gestational Period ◽  
Hippocampal Ca1 ◽  
Maternal Supplementation ◽  
The Brain

Supplementation of a mother’s diet with antioxidants, such as hydroxytyrosol (HTX), has been proposed to ameliorate the adverse phenotypes of fetuses at risk of intrauterine growth restriction. In the present study, sows were treated daily with or without 1.5 mg of HTX per kilogram of feed from day 35 of pregnancy (at 30% of total gestational period), and individuals were sampled at three different ages: 100-day-old fetuses and 1-month- and 6-month-old piglets. After euthanasia, the brain was removed and the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex were dissected. The profile of the catecholaminergic and serotoninergic neurotransmitters (NTs) was characterized and an immunohistochemical study of the hippocampus was performed. The results indicated that maternal supplementation with HTX during pregnancy affected the NT profile in a brain-area-dependant mode and it modified the process of neuron differentiation in the hippocampal CA1 and GD areas, indicating that cell differentiation occurred more rapidly in the HTX group. These effects were specific to the fetal period, concomitantly with HTX maternal supplementation, since no major differences remained between the control and treated groups in 1-month- and 6-month-old pigs.

scholarly journals Brain stimulation used as biofeedback in neuronal activation of the temporal lobe area in autistic children

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 632-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon Furtado da Silva ◽  
Mauricio Rocha Calomeni ◽  
Rodolfo Alkmim Moreira Nunes ◽  
Carlos Elias Pimentel ◽  
Gabriela Paes Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Data Collection Procedure

ABSTRACT This study focused upon the functional capacity of mirror neurons in autistic children. 30 individuals, 10 carriers of the autistic syndrome (GCA), 10 with intellectual impairments (GDI), and 10 non-autistics (GCN) had registered eletroencephalogram from the brain area theoretically related to mirror neurons. Data collection procedure occurred prior to brain stimulation and after the stimulation session. During the second session, participants had to alternately process figures evoking neutral, happy, and/or sorrowful feelings. Results proved that, for all groups, the stimulation process in fact produced additional activation in the neural area under study. The level of activation was related to the format of emotional stimuli and the likelihood of boosting such stimuli. Since the increase of activation occurred in a model similar to the one observed for the control group, we may suggest that the difficulty people with autism have at expressing emotions is not due to nonexistence of mirror neurons.

scholarly journals Muscular Movements in Man, and their Evolution in the Infant: a Study of Movement in Man, and its Evolution, together with Inferences as to the Properties of Nerve-Centres and their Modes of Action in expressing Thought

1889 ◽  
Vol 35 (149) ◽  
pp. 23-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Warner
Keyword(s):  
Brain Area ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Compound Series ◽  
Stimulation Of

(1) Movement in mau has long been a subject of profitable study. Visible movement in the body is produced by muscular contraction following upon stimulation of the muscles by efferent currents passing from the central nerve-system. Modern physiological experiments have demonstrated that when a special brain-area discharges nerve-currents, these are followed by certain visible movements or contraction of certain muscles corresponding. So exact are such reactions, as obtained by experiment upon the brain-areas, that movements similar to those produced by experimental excitation of a certain brain-area may be taken as evidence of action in that area, or as commencing in discharge from that area (see Reinforcement of Movements, 35; Compound Series of Movements, 34).

scholarly journals VirtEl - Software for Magnetic Encephalography Data Analysis by the Method of Virtual Electrodes

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 340-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D. Rykunov ◽  
E.D. Rykunova ◽  
A.I. Boyko ◽  
M.N. Ustinin
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Large Radius ◽  
Magnetic Encephalography ◽  
Electrode Method ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
Virtual Electrodes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Virtual Electrode

A new method of analyzing magnetic encephalography data, the virtual electrode method, was developed. According to magnetic encephalography data, a functional tomogram is constructed — the spatial distribution of field sources on a discrete grid. A functional tomogram displays on the head space the information contained in the multichannel time series of an encephalogram. This is achieved by solving the inverse problem for all elementary oscillations extracted using the Fourier transform. Each oscillation frequency corresponds to a three-dimensional grid node in which the source is located. The user sets the location, size and shape of the brain area for a detailed study of the frequency structure of a functional tomogram - a virtual electrode. The set of oscillations that fall into a given region represents the partial spectrum of this region. The time series of the encephalogram measured by the virtual electrode is restored using this spectrum. The method was applied to the analysis of magnetic encephalography data in two variations - a virtual electrode of a large radius and a point virtual electrode.

scholarly journals Immunoreactivity of the calbindin D28k in the parahippocampal gyrus of chinchilla

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-391
Author(s):  
Radosław Szalak ◽  
Jadwiga Jaworska-Adamu ◽  
Karol Rycerz ◽  
Paweł Kulik ◽  
Marcin Bartłomiej Arciszewski
Keyword(s):  
Brain Area ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Immunofluorescence Staining ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Entorhinal Area ◽  
Calbindin D28k ◽  
Retzius Cells ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Ten adult male chinchillas were used. The localisation of calbindin D28k (CB) was examined with the use of two types of reactions: immunocytochemical peroxidase-antiperoxidase and immunofluorescence staining with a specific monoclonal antibody against CB. Immunocytochemical examination demonstrated the presence of CB-positive neurons in the following layers of all parts the parahippocampal gyrus (PG): marginal, external cellular, middle cellular, and internal cellular, i.e. in entorhinal area, parasubiculum, and presubiculum. Immunofluorescence staining revealed the presence of CB in both Hu C/Dimmunoreactive (IR) neurons and nervous fibers of the PG. CB-IR neuronal cell bodies were moderately numerous (ca. 10% of Hu C/D-IR neurons) and clearly distinguished from the background. Each layer of the brain area consisted of two types of neurons: pyramidal and multiform. Among the second type of neurons, four kinds of morphologically different neuronal subclasses were observed: multipolar, bipolar, round, and Cajal-Retzius cells. It is concluded that the expression of CB in the PG of the chinchilla is species specific and limited to several subclasses of neurons

Cerebral schistosomiasis: MRI features with pathological correlation

2020 ◽  
pp. 028418512093447
Author(s):  
Chun-yan Lu ◽  
Sha Zhao ◽  
Yi Wei
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Mri Findings ◽  
Mri Features ◽  
Cerebral Involvement ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Radiology And Pathology

Background Neuroschistosomiasis is not commonly encountered and is probably underrecognized. We hope these findings can help clinicians and radiologists to raise awareness of this disabling disorder. Purpose To demonstrate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of cerebral schistosomiasis and correlate it with pathological findings. Material and Methods We identified seven patients with cerebral schistosomiasis from radiology and pathology archives of our hospital. Of the seven patients, six were pathologically confirmed. The remaining patient had pathologically confirmed spinal schistosomiasis with MRI findings of cerebral involvement. MRI and pathological findings of these patients were analyzed and correlated. Results Multiple enhancing nodules at varying size were found in all patients. Prominent leptomeningeal or choroidal veins were found in six patients, four at the center of the foci and two at the periphery. Hemorrhage was identified in two patients. Histology revealed granulomas around ova in six patients. A prominent vein with ova in the lumen and wall of a vein was found in one patient and perivascular ova deposition was found in one patient. Conclusion Multiple enhancing nodules with central or peripheral veins in a circumscribed brain area are important signs to the diagnosis of cerebral schistosomiasis. The inflamed veins involved may be the route taken by the ova to spread to the brain tissue.

scholarly journals Low-frequency electroencephalogram oscillations govern left-eye lateralization during anti-predatory responses in the music frog

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (21) ◽  
pp. jeb232637
Author(s):  
Jiangyan Shen ◽  
Ke Fang ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
Yanzhu Fan ◽  
Jing Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Left Visual Field ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
The Right ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Steady Velocity

ABSTRACTVisual lateralization is widespread for prey and anti-predation in numerous taxa. However, it is still unknown how the brain governs this asymmetry. In this study, we conducted behavioral and electrophysiological experiments to evaluate anti-predatory behaviors and dynamic brain activities in Emei music frogs (Nidirana daunchina), to explore the potential eye bias for anti-predation and the underlying neural mechanisms. To do this, predator stimuli (a model snake head and a leaf as a control) were moved around the subjects in clockwise and anti-clockwise directions at steady velocity. We counted the number of anti-predatory responses and measured electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectra for each band and brain area (telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon). Our results showed that (1) no significant eye preferences could be found for the control (leaf); however, the laterality index was significantly lower than zero when the predator stimulus was moved anti-clockwise, suggesting that left-eye advantage exists in this species for anti-predation; (2) compared with no stimulus in the visual field, the power spectra of delta and alpha bands were significantly greater when the predator stimulus was moved into the left visual field anti-clockwise; and, (3) generally, the power spectra of each band in the right-hemisphere for the left visual field were higher than those in the left counterpart. These results support that the left eye mediates the monitoring of a predator in music frogs and lower-frequency EEG oscillations govern this visual lateralization.

Animal models in the neurotoxicology of 2,4-D

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1178-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
LM Freitas ◽  
LP de Assis Valadares ◽  
MGM Camozzi ◽  
PG de Oliveira ◽  
MR Ferreira Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Behavioral Effect ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Locomotor Patterns ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
The Brain

2,4-D is a selective pre- and postemergence herbicide used for several crops. It is hazardous for the environment and risk for humans; therefore, several studies attempt to evaluate its effects and consequences of its use. The nervous system is supposedly a target for this herbicide, and this comprehensive review gathers the information about animal models that have been used for the study of the neurotoxicity of 2,4-D. The studies used several methods to evaluate the neurotoxicity of this herbicide, most of which used rodents, mainly rats, two used fish, and one used chicken eggs. The main behavioral effect observed concerned alterations in locomotor patterns and reduced motor activity. Biochemical analysis showed decreased levels of serotonin (5-HT) and increased levels of its metabolites and increased or decreased levels of DA and its metabolites depending on the brain area analyzed. Hypomyelination is also a possible effect of 2,4-D when the exposure occurs during the proliferation and development of the oligodendrocytes. The worst neuropathologic effects were observed in fish. Since most studies focused on the neurotoxicity of 2,4-D in rodents, the effect it may have on other species and groups of animals, especially with different physiology, is unclear and it should be researched.

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