Inventions That Shaped the Modern World

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-210
Author(s):  
David Segal
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Binary Code ◽  
Electrical Insulation ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Early Form ◽  
Morse Code ◽  
Gutta Percha ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Undersea Cables

This entry describes the development of Morse code by Samuel Morse. It gives a background to Samuel Morse’s life. Also it describes the development of the electric telegraph on land and later using undersea cables. The significance of using gutta percha as electrical insulation for the undersea cables is described. The entry highlights that Morse code is, in fact, an early form of binary code. The entry describes the difference between gutta percha and natural rubber.

Inter-country inequality as a dynamic process and the problem of post-industrial development

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Grigoryev ◽  
V. A. Pavlyushina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Modern World ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Development Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Post Industrial

The phenomenon of economic growth is studied by economists and statisticians in various aspects for a long time. Economic theory is devoted to assessing factors of growth in the tradition of R. Solow, R. Barrow, W. Easterly and others. During the last quarter of the century, however, the institutionalists, namely D. North, D. Wallis, B. Weingast as well as D. Acemoglu and J. Robinson, have shown the complexity of the problem of development on the part of socioeconomic and political institutions. As a result, solving the problem of how economic growth affects inequality between countries has proved extremely difficult. The modern world is very diverse in terms of development level, and the article offers a new approach to the formation of the idea of stylized facts using cluster analysis. The existing statistics allows to estimate on a unified basis the level of GDP production by 174 countries of the world for 1992—2016. The article presents a structured picture of the world: the distribution of countries in seven clusters, different in levels of development. During the period under review, there was a strong per capita GDP growth in PPP in the middle of the distribution, poverty in various countries declined markedly. At the same time, in 1992—2016, the difference increased not only between rich and poor groups of countries, but also between clusters.

The Apocalyptic Image of the Beast in William Blake’s ‘The Tyger’ and W.B. Yeats’ ‘The Second Coming’

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 47-61
Author(s):  
Yasser K. R. Aman
Keyword(s):  
William Blake ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Christian Religion ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Second Coming

The monstrous image created by William Blake in ‘The Tyger’ left the world wrapped in an apocalyptic vision that creates an epiphany of unknown Romantic potentials symbolised in ‘The Tyger’. The apocalyptic vision, deeply rooted in Christian religion, develops into an ominous harbinger of the destruction of the modern world portrayed in W.B. Yeats’ ‘The Second Coming’. The image of the beast marks the difference between two ages, one with strong potentials and the other with fear and resident evil unexplained. I argue that the apocalyptic theory in Christianity has an impact on the development of the image of the beast in both poems, an impact that highlights man’s retreat from Nature into the modern world which may fall apart because of beastly practices.

EVALUATION OF THE DISSOLVING EFFICACY OF ESSENTIAL OILS ON ENDODONTIC OBTURATING MATERIALS: AN IN VITRO STUDY.

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-68
Author(s):  
Rakesh Pyla ◽  
Jai Kiran Killada ◽  
V Raja Sekhar
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Lavender Oil ◽  
Citronella Oil ◽  
Gutta Percha ◽  
Lemon Oil ◽  
The Difference

Aim:Endodontic retreatment is a procedure that removes the lling materials from the root canals followed by their cleaning, shaping and obturation. This in-vitro study aimed to compare and evaluate the ability of various essential oils as solvents in dissolving gutta-percha, epoxy resin, and zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) cements. Materials and methods: A total of 28 cylindrical specimens in each group ZOE, epoxy resin, 28 ISO size 40 gutta-percha cones were prepared and divided into four groups for immersion in the different solvents, i.e. lemon oil, citronella oil, lavender oil, and TCE(Tetrachloroethylene (control)) for 5 minutes. The obturating materials dissolution in the solvents were obtained by the difference between the pre-immersion original weight and the post-immersion weight on a digital analytical scale. Data were statistically analysed by a paired t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (p < 0.05). Results: Order of efcacy of dissolution of essential oils was found to be lemon oil > Citronella oil > Lavender oil and was highly signicant (p < 0.01). In all the solvents, Gutta-percha showed maximum dissolution (Fvalue:149.56) followed by ZOE(89.07 ) and resin sealer least (23.86). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the lemon oil can be used as a solvent for dissolving obturating materials.

Modifications of the Gutta-Percha Hydrocarbon

1932 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-290
Author(s):  
A. W. K. de Jong ◽  
J. R. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Cold Drawing ◽  
Amorphous Form ◽  
Gutta Percha ◽  
Petroleum Ether Solution ◽  
Ether Solution ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability

Abstract The spongy product from gutta-percha hydrocarbon, which is obtained from a concentrated petroleum ether solution, consists of microcrystals of the α-modification. The difference in its solubility and that of the compressed product prepared from the spongy product is perhaps attributable to the presence of an impurity. By treatment of the fused hydrocarbon with benzene below 19° C. both the β-form and the amorphous form dissolve, and one of these forms is converted, or perhaps both of the forms are converted, into the α-form. It is possible that petroleum ether dissolves not only the amorphous form but also a part of the β-form. It does not, however, transform the β-form into the α-form. Compression in the cold of previously fused strips, as well as of strips elongated while cold, decreases the solubility of these strips in benzene below 19° C. Cold-drawing of threads, which have been prepared from fused products, has only a slight influence on the stability of the threads in benzene below 19° C.

scholarly journals Digital Economy : A Journey Through 21st Century Towards 22nd Century with Respect to India

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
Dr. Pradipta Mukhopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Big Data Analytics ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
22Nd Century ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
To Come

Digital Economy refers to an economy which is based on digital computing technologies and can also be referred to as internet economy or web economy as the business activities are conducted through markets based on the internet or the World Wide Web. A Digital Economy also refers to the usage of various digitised information and knowledge to perform various economic activities and uses various new technologies like Internet, Cloud Computing, Big Data Analytics to collect, store and analyse information digitally. This way the modern digital economies are helping the local and regional business organisations to come out of their local boundaries and step into the global scenario to take advantages of the modern liberalisation policies of the governments along with reduced trade barriers throughout the world. This paper will study the importance of digital economy in the modern world along with the difference between the traditional economy and the digital economy and the current state of digital economy in India. This Study has been casual, exploratory and empirical in nature and the data needed for research work has been collected by using both direct and indirect method of data collection.

scholarly journals Cultural attributes of Russian rock: elitist or mass culture?

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 105-117
Author(s):  
Ma Weihong ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Mass Culture ◽  
Political System ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The Public ◽  
Religious Issues ◽  
Rock Bands ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rock N Roll ◽  
Cultural Niche

The article deals with identifying Russian rock culture as elitist or mass culture. The author characterizes the concepts of elitist and mass culture, explaining the difference between them, and examines the characteristics of Russian rock culture on the basis of this analysis. The author concludes that Russian rock culture is a kind of reconciliation of elite and mass culture: in the second half of the XX century the complexity of the Soviet political system and ideology determined the destiny and cultural attributes of Russian rock, making it a complex, multifaceted and eclectic phenomenon. Forced to survive, rock bands had to incorporate elements of popular music into their works and use mass media to attract the public. Having joined the ranks of commercial performances, rock 'n' roll gained more popularity, and gradually there appeared some signs of the rock culture decline. In the end, however, rock culture did not transform into mass culture, and Russian rock musicians and rock poets continued to play their music in search of a new cultural niche for themselves to express their critical attitude to reality, their denial and opposition to the processes of industrialization and urbanization, returning to the history and culture of the nation, paying attention to philosophical and religious issues and to the depth and completeness of poetic content, reconstructing Russian cultural memory, reflecting on the environmental situation in the modern world. Rock culture is still a culture of resistance, but as society continues to change, the form and content of resistance is also constantly changing, and it is because of this that rock culture has acquired a kind of humanistic foundation that is much deeper than that of popular culture, so ignoring the difference between rock culture and popular culture destroys the innate spirit and the essence of rock culture itself.

scholarly journals Healing Process Following Application of Set or Fresh Mineral Trioxide Aggregate as a Root-End Filling Material

2011 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
pp. 019-023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Habibi ◽  
Jamileh Ghoddusi ◽  
Ataollah Habibi ◽  
Nooshin Mohtasham
Keyword(s):  
Healing Process ◽  
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Filling Material ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Unsuccessful Attempt ◽  
Gutta Percha ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chronic Abscess ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACTObjectives: An unsuccessful attempt to reach the apical area or to place the retrograde material is a major difficulty in periradicular surgery. The aim of this study was to compare the histological evaluation of the healing process following an orthograde versus a retrograde application of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as a root-end filling material during apical surgery on cats’ teeth in order to find out whether orthograde placement of MTA before surgery can be used instead of retrograde placement during surgery. Methods: In this experimental study, 24 canine teeth in 12 mature and healthy cats were filled with either MTA or gutta-percha in an orthograde manner. Two weeks later, the teeth with MTA were surgically exposed and resected to the set-MTA within the canals. The teeth previously filled by gutta-percha were also surgically exposed, and retrograde cavities were prepared at the root ends and filled with fresh-MTA. After 8 weeks, the animals were euthanized by vital perfusion. Six-micron histological slices were prepared from samples, stained by Hematoxylin & Eosin, and histologically studied by means of a light microscope. The collected data was analyzed by the Chi-square and the T-test. Results: One of the samples in the fresh-MTA group was omitted during processing because of inappropriate sectioning. In the set-MTA group, 5 out of 12 showed chronic abscess, while in the fresh-MTA group, 2 out of 11 were discovered to have chronic abscess; however, no significant difference was observed (P>.05). Hard tissue healing (cementum, bone, cementum + bone formation) in the set-MTA and fresh-MTA groups were 7 out of 12 and 9 out of 11, respectively. While healing seemed more likely to occur in the fresh-MTA group, the difference was statistically insignificant (P>.05). The magnitude of bone, cementum, or bone and cementum formation showed slight differences between the two groups; however, the figures failed to show any marked differences (P>.05). Conclusions: Orthograde placement of MTA could be used as an obturation material before surgery. In this way, after root-end resection, there would be no need for root-end preparation and filling procedures. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:19-23)

Relative Contributions of Viscoelasticity and Aging to the Relaxation of Rubber Vulcanizates

1963 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Thirion ◽  
R. Chasset
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Dicumyl Peroxide ◽  
Infinite Time ◽  
Negative Power ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates ◽  
Actual Stress

Abstract Relaxation in relatively stable, gum natural rubber vulcanizates has been studied to determine the effects of viscoelasticity and aging, respectively, using a dark, air-oven. A quantitative analysis of experimental results shows that, in the case of a dicumyl peroxide vulcanizate at 100° C, relaxation is caused by aging, except in its initial stages. Stress decreases as a linear function of time, in agreement with theoretical assumptions. Conversely, at 30° C, the effect of aging is negligible. At this temperature the difference between actual stress and stress extrapolated to infinite time, is proportional to a negative power of time. At intermediate temperatures, both phenomena occur simultaneously over a time interval ranging from. 3 minutes to 150 hours.

scholarly journals Social Science Perspectives in Early Christian Studies in a Nordic Context

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halvor Moxnes
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Early Christianity ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Cognitive Studies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Early Christian Studies

This homage to Bruce Malina describes his visit to Norway in 1986, and reviews Nordic scholarship using social science criticism in New Testament and Early Christian studies in the last 40 years. Based on a common history and collaboration in academic politics, the Nordic countries make up a unity that has made it possible to establish Nordic studies in Early Christianity as a central player in international scholarship. Nordic scholars have especially been active in the second phase of social science criticism with its focus on social identities and ritual. Their most significant contribution has been in the exploration of socio-cognitive perspectives, where Helsinki University has had a leading role. A major discussion has been the relation between social-science criticism emphasizing the difference between antiquity and the modern world, and cognitive studies that focus on similarity. However, instead of absolute contrasts they may be regarded as supplementary approaches in historical studies of Early Christianity.

Processing Characteristics of Synthetic Rubbers and Their Use in the Manufacture of Extruded Products

1944 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 932-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Juve
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
High Dispersion ◽  
High Recovery ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Extruded Products ◽  
Internal Mixer

Abstract The difference in processing behavior between synthetic rubbers and natural rubber becomes evident when production facilities designed for processing natural rubber are used for synthetic rubbers. All the synthetic rubbers in one respect or another are harder to process than natural rubber. Under circumstances other than the present emergency, processing equipment suitable for handling the synthetic rubbers would gradually be evolved. In the present situation, synthetic rubbers must be processed with equipment already available. In this discussion natural rubber and the general purpose synthetic rubbers, GR-S, GR-M and GR-I, will be considered. The processing of dry rubber consists essentially of the incorporation of vulcanizing agents, pigments, oils, and other ingredients by a process of kneading, followed by the forming of the mix by extrusion or calendering into shapes suitable for fabrication preparatory to final cure. The mixing step, which is accomplished on a two-roll mill or in an internal mixer, requires that the rubber be within a plasticity range that will permit satisfactory dispersion of the ingredients. If the plasticity is too low the rubber tends to crumble, and if it is too high dispersion is poor. Crude natural rubber is quite tough, and before breakdown has some of the properties of vulcanized rubber, such as high recovery after moderate distortion. In the crude state it is extremely difficult to obtain satisfactory dispersion of pigments. It is therefore necessary to soften it by mastication or other means so that the pigments are more readily incorporated and power requirements are lowered. In addition, its nerve or tendency to recover after distortion is greatly reduced. Synthetic rubbers, in general, differ from natural rubber in their susceptibility to softening by mastication, and they show different relationships between nerve and plasticity than does natural rubber.

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