Complex versus compound prepositions

2020 ◽  
pp. 347-363
Author(s):  
Nigel Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Versus Compound ◽  
Complex Versus ◽  
Different Types

In addition to monomorphemic, and often monosyllabic, prepositions like French à, de, en, Gallo-Romance languages have a variety of items which have developed from original multi-word sequences. This chapter begins by examining the etymological sources and diachronic processes involved, dividing the items so formed into two distinct classes of complex prepositions (e.g. Occitan a dich de ‘by virtue of’) and compound prepositions (e.g. French avant ‘before’). It goes on to compare the different types of analysis that have been proposed for these items, concentrating in particular on the approach of nanosyntax and arguing against the syntactico-centric take on linguistic analysis that such an approach implies.

scholarly journals Evidential and epistemic adverbials in Lithuanian: evidence from intra-linguistic and cross-linguistic analysis

Kalbotyra ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (70) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ruskan ◽  
Audronė Šolienė
Keyword(s):  
Recent Decade ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Epistemic Modality ◽  
Functional Variation ◽  
Efficient Tool ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Linguistic Data ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Code Language

In the recent decade the realisations of evidentiality and epistemic modality in European languages have received a great scholarly interest and resulted in important investigations concerning the relation between evidentiality and epistemic modality, their means of expression and meaning extensions in various types of discourse. The present paper deals with the adverbials akivaizdžiai ‘evidently’, aiškiai ‘clearly’, ryškiai ‘visibly, clearly’, matyt ‘apparently, evidently’ and regis ‘seemingly’, which derive from the source domain of perception, and the epistemic necessity adverbials tikriausiai/veikiausiai/greičiausiai ‘most probably’, būtinai ‘necessarily’ and neabejotinai ‘undoubtedly’. The aim of the paper is to explore the morphosyntactic properties of the adverbials when they are used as evidential or epistemic markers and compare the distribution of their evidential and epistemic functions in Lithuanian fiction, news and academic discourse. The data have been drawn from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, the Corpus of Academic Lithuanian and the bidirectional translation corpus ParaCorpEN→LT→EN (Šolienė 2012, 2015). The quantitative findings reveal distributional differences of the adverbials under study across different types of discourse. Functional variation of the evidential perception-based adverbials is determined to a great extent by the degree of epistemic commitment, evidenced not only by intra-linguistic but also cross-linguistic data. The non-perception based adverbials tikriausiai/veikiausiai/greičiausiai ‘most probably’, būtinai ‘necessarily’ and neabejotinai ‘undoubtedly’ are the primary adverbial markers of epistemic necessity in Lithuanian, though some of them may have evidential meaning extensions. A parallel and comparable corpus-based analysis has once again proved to be a very efficient tool for diagnosing language-specific features and describing an inventory used to code language-specific evidential and epistemic meanings.

Posthuman oder Übermensch. War Nietzsche ein Transhumanist?

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Skowron
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Jürgen Habermas ◽  
Eternal Recurrence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Future ◽  
The One ◽  
Michael Sandel

AbstractRecent discussions (especially in the Internet) about the question whether Nietzsche was a Transhumanist or at least a forerunner of the Transhumanist movement have drawn new attention to Nietzsche’s concept of the Overhuman and the relation to the Posthuman. The article is taking a critical stance by turning suggested analogies between education and genetic manipulation of humans into an argument against the latter, by relating self-education to self-overcoming and eternal recurrence of the same (which is excluded by Transhumanists), and by reminding of Nietzsche’s distinction between ‘Overhuman’ and ‘last human’ as two different ways to the future. Linguistic analysis of the epitheta used in speaking of the different ‘types’ in question as well as structural analogies between critical considerations in Michael Sandel and Jürgen Habermas on the one hand, Nietzsche on the other are also evidence that Nietzsche would not have endorsed the technological path to perfection of the human but would emphasize his own way of self-overcoming instead.

scholarly journals Gry komputerowe jako hiperteksty

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-120
Author(s):  
Sławomir Kowalewski ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Games ◽  
Computer Game ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Media

Computer games as hypertexts The article deals with the media-linguistic analysis of selected computer games, in particular focusing on the category of hypertextuality. Different types of computer games are analyzed, with the aim of demonstrating their media-conditioned heterogeneity. It will be examined whether they meet the criteria of hypertextuality and, if so, whether it is full or partial hypertextuality, i.e., whether a computer game is one hypertext as a whole or whether it is a creation composed of one or more hypertexts and possibly other elements. Within the scope of the analysis, it will also be verified whether computer games have specific features that distinguish them from the most popular form of hypertext – namely, from texts that are part of the WWW. Keywords: mediality, hypertext, computer game, textuality

scholarly journals L’écriture biblique dans la littérature du XIXe siècle finissant : le cas de Strindberg

1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mickaëlle Cedergren
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Literary Production ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Xixe Siecle ◽  
Religious Evolution ◽  
Xixe Siècle

Inferno constitue une plaque tournante dans la production littéraire de Strindberg. Les citations bibliques apparaissent plus fréquemment et créent un nouveau style d’écriture. Cet article présente les caractéristiques textuelles du discours biblique dans Inferno (1897) et Jacob lutte (fragment écrit à la suite de Légendes en français et en suédois en 1898). L’analyse linguistique, dans laquelle sont incluses des approches comparative, discursive, textuelle et intertextuelle, va définir la place et le rôle stratégique de la citation biblique dans ce corpus littéraire. Finalement, trois jeux d’écriture biblique ressortent de cette étude et dévoilent à tour de rôle la disposition et l’évolution spirituelle du narrateur dans chaque texte.AbstractInferno constitutes a turning point in Strindberg’s literary production in that scriptural quotations appear more frequently and a new style emerges. This article presents the characteristics of the scriptural quotations appearing in Inferno (1897) and Jacob Wrestles (a fragment following Légendes, written in French and in Swedish in 1898). The linguistic analysis — with includes comparative, discourse, textual and intertextual approaches — is used to define the place and role of scriptural quotations in this literary corpus. This study has revealed three different types of biblical writings which show the spiritual disposition and the religious evolution of the narrator in each text.

scholarly journals Syntactic Aspects of Lithuanian-Spanish Translation of Fiction and Scientific Texts

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-146
Author(s):  
Carmen Caro Dugo
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Spanish Translation ◽  
Scientific Texts ◽  
Spanish Word ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Linguistic Means

Summary Translators, linguists and translation researchers often have to deal with subtle and sometimes complex syntactical aspects involved in translation. Properly conveying the structure and rhythm of a sentence or text in another language is a difficult task that requires a good understanding of syntactical aspects of both the source and the target language. The morphology of Lithuanian verbs and nouns, and specially its system of declensions and cases, without any doubt facilitates a relatively flexible word order. Many linguists also agree that word order in the Spanish sentence is also freer than in French, English or other modern languages. It has often been said that Spanish has the most flexible word order of all Romance languages. However, Spanish word order is by no means as free as in Lithuanian. A comparative study of Lithuanian texts and their translation into Spanish allows a better understanding of the syntactical differences between both languages. This article examines a case of syntactical inversion in Lithuanian: the displacement of the direct object and its location at the beginning of the sentence, and the translation of such sentences into Spanish. In Spanish the direct object usually follows the verb, except in the cases when that function is carried out by pronouns. In order to displace a direct object to the beginning of the sentence, Spanish syntactical structures should be used. In this article two stylistically different Lithuanian texts will be compared with their Spanish translation so as to identify the linguistic means used in each case. A comparative analysis of different types of texts is useful to reveal the Spanish syntactical structures chosen by the translators as well as certain tendencies in each specific context.

scholarly journals Paulicians Between the Dogme and the Legend

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 229-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariyana Tsibranska–Kostova
Keyword(s):  
English Translation ◽  
World View ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Romanian Academy ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
First Time

The paper compares how Paulicians were described in different types of medieval Slavonic sources by using the approach of the linguistic and culturological conceptualization of the alterity. By means of linguistic analysis, it tries to reach some essential dogmatic issues in the Paulician doctrine, and to focalize on the perception models towards Paulicians with their tangible semantic codes according to the specificities of the medieval world view. The two chosen texts the analysis is based on, are the legendary Bulgarian narrative Sermon about how the Paulicians have been conceived, and the Slavonic translation of 24th title of Panoplia Dogmatica by Euthymius Zigabenus. The analysis is followed by an English translation of the Sermon (insofar known in 8 copies), and a partial edition of the Slavonic translation of Zigabenus’s work upon the unique copy from the manuscript BAR 296, Library of the Romanian Academy of Sciences in Bucharest, dated between 1410–1420. The text account from the Slavonic manuscript is published for the first time, giving supplementary details about the overall Slavonic translation.

Infinitival Clauses in the Romance Languages

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Mensching
Keyword(s):  
Special Property ◽  
Prepositional Phrase ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Matrix Clause ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Infinitival Clauses ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Subject Agreement

“Infinitival clauses” are constructions with a clausal status whose predicate is an infinitive. Romance infinitive clauses are mostly dependent clauses and can be divided into the following types: argumental infinitival clauses (such as subject and object clauses, the latter also including indirect interrogatives), predicative infinitival clauses, infinitival adjunct clauses, infinitival relative clauses, and nominalized infinitive clauses (with a determiner). More rarely, they appear as independent (main) clauses (root infinitival clauses) of different types, which usually have a marked character. Whereas infinitival adjunct clauses are generally preceded by prepositions, which can be argued to be outside the infinitival clause proper (i.e., the clause is part of a prepositional phrase), Romance argumental infinitive clauses are often introduced by complementizers that are diachronically derived from prepositions, mostly de/di and a/à. In most Romance languages, the infinitive itself is morphologically marked by an ending containing the morpheme {r} but lacks tense and agreement morphemes. However, some Romance languages have developed an infinitive that can be inflected for subject agreement (which is found in Portuguese, Galician, and Sardinian and also attested in Old Neapolitan). Romance languages share the property of English and other languages to leave the subject of infinitive clauses unexpressed (subject/object control, arbitrary control, and optional control) and also have raising and accusative-and-infinitive constructions. A special property of many Romance languages is the possibility of overtly expressing a nominative subject in infinitival clauses, mostly in postverbal position. The tense of the infinitive clause is usually interpreted as simultaneous or anterior to that of the matrix clause, but some matrix predicates and infinitive constructions trigger a posteriority/future reading. In addition, some Romance infinitive clauses are susceptible to constraints concerning aspect and modality.

Two categorization patterns in idiom semantics

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chermen Gogichev
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Interaction Models ◽  
Effect Relationship ◽  
Semantic Organization ◽  
Behavioral Expectations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Given

The article looks at idioms as categorization means. On the basis of linguistic analysis of semantic organization of idioms two patterns of idiomatic categorization are argued — general categorization and relevant property based categorization. Cognitive functions of idioms differ with regard to their role as categorization means, idioms can serve different categorization purposes according to two general cognitive processes — static and dynamic — including in a category or considering the given qualities as the reasons for categorization. Moreover, the purpose of categorization was investigated with defining the specificity of the phenomena and its types. The categorization purpose was conceived as different types of information e.g. behavioral expectations or interaction models with the object. The cause-effect relationship between the category and the categorization purpose was claimed.

scholarly journals Components of Ethnic Identity of Tatars of Perm Territory (according to Spontaneous Texts)

2020 ◽  
pp. 190-205
Author(s):  
E. S. Khudiakova
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
The Real ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Structured System ◽  
The Russian Federation

The question of the reflection of Tatar ethnicity in spontaneous texts is considered. Attention is paid to the level structure of ethnicity, which assumes the declared and “real” (categorical) levels. The novelty of the study lies in the combination of socio-psychological methodology and the method of linguistic analysis of spontaneous narrative, which allows us to demonstrate poorly controlled cognitive categories attributed by informants to their ethnic group. It is shown that the declarative component of ethnicity in the texts of the Tatars of the Perm Territory is represented by a structured system of ethnonyms and their contextual analogues. It has been demonstrated that this structure has a field character and includes, in addition to the ethnic component itself, cultural, religious, local and microlocal components. The “real” identity was also analyzed, which was reflected in stably predicted categories. It is proved that this level of ethnicity of the Tatars is homogeneous, since it includes a small set of categories implemented by most informants. This set includes the category of otherisation and antiquity / tradition. It is noted that the method of structuring ethnically specific categories is potentially opposed. It was revealed that Tatar informants demonstrate ethnicity, supported by a system of inclusive components that reflect positive self-identification. As a result, it was proved that linguistic analysis of spontaneous texts can serve as a basis for comparing different types of ethnicity (including Tatars living in different regions of the Russian Federation).

scholarly journals How large is the left periphery of Present-Day German? A unifying approach to multiply-filled-prefield configurations

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 760-801
Author(s):  
Nicholas Catasso
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Head Position ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Left Periphery ◽  
Bottleneck Effect ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Split Cp ◽  
Classical Account

Abstract In this article, it is proposed that different types of apparent “non-V2” arrangements in Present-Day German matrix clauses which are generally treated independently are similar in nature and derivable by means of a limited number of syntactic operations that do not challenge or put into question the classical account of German as a structural V2 language. The analysis reveals that an adequate formalization of all possible left-peripheral word orders must rest upon three basic assumptions: (i) V2 in Modern German main clauses can be neither movement to the head position whose specifier hosts a moved or base-generated XP nor (necessarily) movement to Force°, but can be generalized to raising of the Vfin to Fin°; (ii) German has a Split CP which is fundamentally similar, mutatis mutandis, to that of Romance languages; (iii) this language is subject to the bottleneck effect, which states that all movement into the CP passes through [Spec,FinP]. The theoretical approach pursued here attempts to account for left dislocation and other (frame-setting and non-frame-setting) topicalization phenomena by assuming that in German (differently from other Split-CP languages), XPs base-generated in the middle field move to their surface position by cyclical movement within the left periphery. This allows us to avoid ad hoc explanations, as well as violations of the bottleneck effect.

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