Introduction: Explaining Contingency

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Alastair Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
Modal Realism ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Core ◽  
Fourth Part ◽  
Naturalistic Approach ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
Metaphysics Of Modality

The first part of this introduction sketches the main project of the book, and the structure of the arguments for my proposed quantum modal realism. The second part describes the unsatisfying present state of the metaphysics of modality, setting out what I take to be the most serious objections facing the best extant proposals. A naturalistic approach to metaphysics promises to resolve these objections by providing an account of modality that draws only on scientifically respectable theoretical resources. In the third part, I distinguish two big-picture approaches to the metaphysics of modality, and argue for the viability of an unfamiliar approach that takes the nature of contingency as the core phenomenon that a theory of modality needs to explain. In the fourth part, I explain my methodology and briefly defend the general project of naturalistic metaphysics.

scholarly journals Study achievement motivations among students in the college of Basic Education, University of Raparin

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 419-437
Author(s):  
Sivan Omar Ismael
Keyword(s):  
Basic Education ◽  
College Of Education ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Core ◽  
College Of Basic Education ◽  
Fourth Part ◽  
Gene Level ◽  
Main Thing ◽  
Level Of Thinking

A brief About the Research Motivation of Gaining is an important and effective reason for Directing individual's behavior and activation of understanding and feeling for the situations. In addition for helping individual's for Understanding and explaining of individual's behavior and others around him/her. In another way Motivation of Gaining is the main thing For everyone's Attempting for Directing in doing things according to the individual's behavior. Because Individual himself /herself attention and feeling about himself/herself by the things he/ she trying to do in life. This research is a great attempt to know the Average of Motivation of Gaining accounting to the students at College of education at Raparin University Generally, and it is a great Way to know Level of Motivations Of Gaining according to the Students of primary College of education. According to the The ones (Gene, Level) This research consists of Four Parts. The first part is about giving information the Main purpose of the research. The second part is about the theory of the research. The third part is about the core of the research. The last and the fourth part is about explaining The results and show them with the Solutions. The Researcher is used the theory of Description. The society of the research includes the most students of primary College of education /University of Raparin. An example of the research includes about (100) students hierarchy from the students at this college from the First stage to the Fourth stage students. The Main things that used in this research is level of thinking according to the motivation of Gaining. (1979 knani) The main things that are used are the core of the counting and results of the Alpha crombagh. The most important results of this research that have gotten are shown that the Motivation of the Gaining is so Low according to the example of the research. But there is no differentiate between the Genders. An in the end The solution and suggestions are shown.

Sarakhsi’s Doctrine of Juristic Preference (Istihsan) as a Methodological Approach Toward Worldly Affairs (Ahkam al-Dunya)

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-203
Author(s):  
Husain Kassim
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fourth Part

In the present investigation, we shall develop systematically Sarakhsrsdoctrine of Juristic preference from his Mabsut, Usul and Bab al-Muwada'aof Sharh al-Siyar al Kabir and demonstrate how Sarakhsi establishes itsrelevance as a methodological approach toward worldly affairs.The investigation is carried out in four parts:In the first part, we shall relate Sarakhsi’s doctrine of juristic preference(istihan) with his concept of treaties (muwada'a). According to Sarakhsimuwada'a is an autonomous discipline and its main focus is worldly affairsas relations (muamalat) of Muslims with other nations.In the second part, it is investigated how Sarakhsi strives to see thejustification for the application of the doctrine of juristic preference to itindependently of the doctrine of systematic reasoning (qiyas) by establishingthe ’illa (effective reasoning) of the doctrine of juristic preference on the basisof asl derived from the Qur’an and Hadith.In the third part, we shall discuss how Sarakhsi systematizes the doctrineof juristic preference by analyzing the ’illa employed by it in various formsand shows that it is connected with asl.Finally, in the fourth part, we shall show how Sarakhsi justifies theemployment of the doctrine of juristic preference as a methodological approachtoward muwadah and worldly affairs ...

Consent

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Krzywdzinski
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Employee Behavior ◽  
Labor Disputes ◽  
Performance Expectations ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Requirements ◽  
High Level

This chapter deals with the dependent variable of the study: consent. It analyses workplace consent in Russia and China using three indicators that refer to the core requirements of the production systems in automotive companies regarding employee behavior: first, standardized work; and second, compliance with expectations in terms of flexibility, cooperation, and a commitment to improving processes. The third indicator of consent (or the lack of it) is the absence or presence of open criticism, resistance, and labor disputes. The chapter reveals significant and unexpected differences between the Chinese and Russian sites on all three indicators. While the Chinese factories exhibit (with some variance between the companies), a relatively high level of consent, the Russian plants have problems with standardized work, the acceptance of performance expectations, and to some extent with labor disputes.

Duoethnography: A Polytheoretical Approach to (Re)Storing, (Re)Storying the Meanings That One Gives

2020 ◽  
pp. 396-423
Author(s):  
John Joseph Norris ◽  
Richard D. Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Critical Theory ◽  
Third Space ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Core ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Feminist Inquiry

This chapter summarizes the advancement of duoethnography throughout its fifteen-year history, employing examples from a variety of topics in education and social justice to provide a wide range of approaches that one may take when conducting a duoethnography. A checklist articulates what its cofounders consider the core elements of duoethnographies, additional features that may or may not be employed and how some studies purporting to be duoethnographies may not be so. The chapter indicates connections between duoethnography and a number of methodological concepts including the third space, the problematics of representation, feminist inquiry, and critical theory using published examples by several duoethnographers.

scholarly journals Costa, cancer and coronavirus: contractualism as a guide to the ethics of lockdown

2021 ◽  
pp. medethics-2020-107103
Author(s):  
Stephen David John ◽  
Emma J Curran
Keyword(s):  
Moral Theory ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Core ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Moral Distinction ◽  
Self Defence

Lockdown measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic involve placing huge burdens on some members of society for the sake of benefiting other members of society. How should we decide when these policies are permissible? Many writers propose we should address this question using cost-benefit analysis (CBA), a broadly consequentialist approach. We argue for an alternative non-consequentialist approach, grounded in contractualist moral theorising. The first section sets up key issues in the ethics of lockdown, and sketches the apparent appeal of addressing these problems in a CBA frame. The second section argues that CBA fundamentally distorts the normative landscape in two ways: first, in principle, it allows very many morally trivial preferences—say, for a coffee—might outweigh morally weighty life-and-death concerns; second, it is insensitive to the core moral distinction between victims and vectors of disease. The third section sketches our non-consequentialist alternative, grounded in Thomas Scanlon’s contractualist moral theory. On this account, the ethics of self-defence implies a strong default presumption in favour of a highly restrictive, universal lockdown policy: we then ask whether there are alternatives to such a policy which are justifiable to all affected parties, paying particular attention to the complaints of those most burdened by policy. In the fourth section, we defend our contractualist approach against the charge that it is impractical or counterintuitive, noting that actual CBAs face similar, or worse, challenges.

scholarly journals Art Criticism and the State of Feminist Art Criticism

Arts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Katy Deepwell
Keyword(s):  
Women Artists ◽  
Art Criticism ◽  
The State ◽  
Art World ◽  
Feminist Art ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fourth Part ◽  
State Of Art ◽  
First Offers

This essay is in four parts. The first offers a critique of James Elkins and Michael Newman’s book The State of Art Criticism (Routledge, 2008) for what it tells us about art criticism in academia and journalism and feminism; the second considers how a gendered analysis measures the “state” of art and art criticism as a feminist intervention; and the third, how neo-liberal mis-readings of Linda Nochlin and Laura Mulvey in the art world represent feminism in ideas about “greatness” and the “gaze”, whilst avoiding feminist arguments about women artists or their work, particularly on “motherhood”. In the fourth part, against the limits of the first three, the state of feminist art criticism across the last fifty years is reconsidered by highlighting the plurality of feminisms in transnational, transgenerational and progressive alliances.

Desire for Self-healing

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 317-335
Author(s):  
Ngar-sze Lau
Keyword(s):  
Theravada Buddhism ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Core Knowledge ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Core ◽  
Physical Suffering ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
Core Practice ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Contemporary Chinese

Abstract This practice report describes how Chinese meditators understand the “four foundations of mindfulness” (satipaṭṭhāna, sinianzhu 四念住) as a remedy for both mental and physical suffering. In the tradition of Theravāda Buddhism, satipaṭṭhāna is particularly recognized as the core knowledge for understanding the relationship between mind and body, and the core practice leading to liberation from suffering. Based on interviews with Chinese meditation practitioners, this study develops three main themes concerning how they have alleviated afflictions through the practice of satipaṭṭhāna. The first theme highlights how practitioners learn to overcome meditation difficulties with “right attitude.” The second theme is about practicing awareness with “six sense doors” open in order to facilitate the balance of the “five faculties.” The third theme explores how practitioners cultivate daily life practice through an understanding of the nature of mind and body as impermanent and as not-self. This paper details how these themes and embodied practices of satipaṭṭhāna constitute ways of self-healing for urban educated Buddhists in the contemporary Chinese context.

Ancient Hinduism as a Missionary Religion

Numen ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvind Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Tenth Century ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fourth Part ◽  
History Of

AbstractThe paper is conceptually divided into four parts. In the first part the widely held view that ancient Hinduism was not a missionary religion is presented. (The term ancient is employed to characterize the period in the history of Hinduism extending from fifth century B.C.E. to the tenth century. The term 'missionary religion' is used to designate a religion which places its followers under an obligation to missionize.) In the second part the conception of conversion in the context of ancient Hinduism is clarified and it is explained how this conception differs from the notion of conversion as found in Christianity. In the third part the view that ancient Hinduism was not a missionary religion is challenged by presenting textual evidence that ancient Hinduism was in fact a missionary religion, inasmuch as it placed a well-defined segment of its members under an obligation to undertake missionary activity. Such historical material as serves to confirm the textual evidence is then presented in the fourth part.

How do Players and Developers of Citizen Science Games Conceptualize Skill Chains?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (CHI PLAY) ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Josh Aaron Miller ◽  
Britton Horn ◽  
Matthew Guthrie ◽  
Jonathan Romano ◽  
Guy Geva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
The Core ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
Structure Of Knowledge

For citizen science games (CSGs) to be successful in advancing scientific research, they must effectively train players. Designing tutorials for training can be aided through developing a skill chain of required skills and their dependencies, but skill chain development is an intensive process. In this work, we hypothesized that free recall may be a simpler yet effective method of directly eliciting skill chains. We elicited 23 skill chains from players and developers and augmented our reflexive thematic analysis with 11 semi-structured interviews in order to determine how players and developers conceptualize skill trees and whether free recall can be used as an alternative to more resource-intensive cognitive task analyses. We provide three main contributions: (1) a comparison of skill chain conceptualizations between players and developers and across prior literature; (2) insights to the process of free recall in eliciting CSG skill chains; and (3) a preliminary toolkit of CSG skill-based design recommendations based on our findings. We conclude CSG developers should: give the big picture up front; embrace social learning and paratext use; reinforce the intended structure of knowledge; situate learning within applicable, meaningful contexts; design for discovery and self-reflection; and encourage practice and learning beyond the tutorial. Free recall was ineffective for determining a traditional skill chain but was able to elicit the core gameplay loops, tutorial overviews, and some expert insights.

Natur als Metapher

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 47-67
Author(s):  
Johann Kreuzer
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fourth Part

Abstract The first part of this essay treats Eriugena's concept of theophany. Because nature is to be understood as theophany, every visible and invisible creature is a divina apparitio. The second part explains that appearing nature is the metaphor of a creative principle. Metaphor is the inner structure of nature as a process of appearance and the inner structure of our speaking about nature as metaphor. The third part infers that the recognition of nature as metaphor is based upon the thinking of appearance. To understand the cause through which every phenomenon of nature becomes a metaphor means to understand the dialectic of appearing nature: it means to understand nature as apparitio non apparentis. The fourth part concludes that in moments of beauty we recognize the nature of metaphor and nature as metaphor. Beauty is the givenness of what we think as the vivid cause of appearing nature. Its cause - and beauty fundamentally - is the self-consciousness of nature as appearance. Both nature as well as beauty are nonmetaphorical metaphors of themselves.

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