Germany

2021 ◽  
pp. 376-398
Author(s):  
Müller Jochen ◽  
Christian Stecker ◽  
Andreas Blätte
Keyword(s):  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
Parliamentary Debates ◽  
Electoral Incentives ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
Gender Influences

This chapter analyzes the institutional foundation of parliamentary debates in the German Bundestag. Based on 89,920 speeches given between 1990 and 2017, we explore factors influencing debate participation. Some systematic patterns of debate participation emerge: We show that policy expertise is a strong predictor of debate participation as many debates are dominated by the members of the respective working groups of the parliamentary party groups. Moreover, we show that government members and party leaders give more speeches than backbenchers. We find no significant differences between MPs from single-member districts and party lists, which is hardly surprising, given the complex contamination of electoral incentives between the two types of MPs. Personal characteristics of MPs also matter as MP’s gender influences the participation in debates.

Constituency Effects and Legislative Dissent Under Closed-List Proportional Representation

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-99
Author(s):  
Eduardo Alemán ◽  
Juan Pablo Micozzi ◽  
Pablo M. Pinto ◽  
Sebastián Saiegh
Keyword(s):  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Proportional Representation ◽  
Roll Call ◽  
Electoral Rules ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
Electoral Incentives ◽  
Party Line ◽  
Ideological Space ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Unique Dataset

ABSTRACTAccording to conventional wisdom, closed-list proportional representation (CLPR) electoral systems create incentives for legislators to favor the party line over their voters’ positions. However, electoral incentives may induce party leaders to tolerate “shirking” by some legislators, even under CLPR. This study argues that in considering whose deviations from the party line should be tolerated, party leaders exploit differences in voters’ relative electoral influence resulting from malapportionment. We expect defections in roll call votes to be more likely among legislators elected from overrepresented districts than among those from other districts. We empirically test this claim using data on Argentine legislators’ voting records and a unique dataset of estimates of voters’ and legislators’ placements in a common ideological space. Our findings suggest that even under electoral rules known for promoting unified parties, we should expect strategic defections to please voters, which can be advantageous for the party’s electoral fortunes.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing University Students’ Performance: A Comparison of Faculties’ Assumptions with Students’ Perceptions

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
Radheshyam H. Gajghat ◽  
Chandrahas C. Handa
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Academic Background ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The World ◽  
One Way Anova

In the previous research, it was proved that there were so many factors like students’ personal characteristics, family background, learning habits, previous academic background, college environment etc. which influence directly or indirectly the performance of college students in their university examination. The number of such factors has been identified by studying the previous work carried out by different researchers in different geographical areas and boundaries of the world. In many researches, when the opinions of the students and teaching faculties has been taken for similar factors to know the importance of these factors, the significant differences was found in their opinion for some factors. This paper investigates and compares the faculties’ assumptions with the students’ perceptions for various influencing factors. The comparison is done on the basis of their ranking of mean values of the factors allocated by students and faculties independently as per the importance of factors and one way ANOVA is used to check the significance of differences in their opinion. The result shows that there are similarities in the opinions of both, faculties and students, for most of the factors. But for some factors the significant differences in their opinion is also observed. The result of this research can be used for enhancing the performance of students by improving the influencing factors rank-wise. Top ranked factors may be given higher priority. Also this study will provide a platform for continuing the debate on the importance of various influencing factors for engineering students.

New Zealand

2021 ◽  
pp. 613-632
Author(s):  
Moritz Osnabrügge
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
Parliamentary Debates ◽  
Female Politicians ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

This chapter studies debate participation in New Zealand’s parliament from 1996 to 2002. New Zealand has a mixed-member proportional electoral system and a multiparty system. Its parliamentary rules and procedures give parties considerable control over the allocation of speaking time in debates and questions during question times. The empirical analysis, based on 125,088 speeches, studies the number of speeches that parliamentarians delivered and the number of words they spoke during two legislative periods. I find that ministers and party leaders participate significantly more and use more words in parliamentary debates than other parliamentarians. I also show that female politicians and ethnic minorities are less likely to participate.

“Flu-Floppers”: Factors Influencing Families’ Fickle Flu Vaccination Patterns

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 352-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin N. Fogel ◽  
Steven D. Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Common Reason ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Flu Vaccination ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Vaccine Decision Making

While influenza vaccination in the prior year is a strong predictor of subsequent vaccination, many families do not have static vaccination patterns. This study examined factors guiding influenza vaccination decisions among parents whose children sporadically received the influenza vaccination (flu-floppers). We administered surveys to 141 flu-flopper families. Surveys included 21 factors associated with vaccine decision making. A conceptual framework of “passive” and “active” decision making was used to assess parental motivators behind vaccine decisions. The most common reason for vaccinating was a desire to prevent influenza (45%). The most common reason for not vaccinating was a belief that influenza vaccination is not effective (29%). Most parents (88%) reported an active reason in years when their child was vaccinated, while only 43% reported an active reason when their child was not vaccinated ( P < .00001). These findings may guide efforts to increase influenza vaccination rates in children most amenable to vaccination.

The effect of Islamic culture’s constituents on decision-making

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Ali Alavi ◽  
Mahdi Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
External Control ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
State Of Affairs

Purpose This paper aims to enumerate the factors influencing the process of decision-making, those which are mostly related to personality affected by cultures and sub-cultures dominating the individual’s life, such as possessing internal and external control agents, tolerating or avoiding ambiguities and its comparison with a belief in fatalism or free will and the effect of these beliefs and traits on the personality. Design/methodology/approach This paper demonstrates that these beliefs would result in the formation of different personal characteristics; for instance, active and passive individuals and those who are keen to discover problems to solve them and change the existing state of affairs to the desired ones. Some individuals can make decisions and some cannot. Findings The researcher has tried to make a comparative study and address the genuine Islamic culture as manifested in the Quran, Prophet’s Tradition and Shiite way of life. In this relation, the case studies are the Battle of Uhud and the Quranic verses related to the research to demonstrate that a Muslim manager, by dismissing fatalism while trusting in God’s blessing, could be distinguished from others. Originality/value This study adds to our knowledge that managers can make sound decisions by relying on their Shiite culture, self-confidence, rational thinking, consulting the wise people and above all trusting in God.

Electoral Incentives in Mixed-Member Systems: Party, Posts, and Zombie Politicians in Japan

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT PEKKANEN ◽  
BENJAMIN NYBLADE ◽  
ELLIS S. KRAUSS
Keyword(s):  
Electoral System ◽  
Proportional Representation ◽  
Parallel System ◽  
Electoral Rules ◽  
Legislative Organization ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
Electoral Incentives ◽  
Members Of Parliament ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Individual

How do electoral incentives affect legislative organization? Through an analysis of Japan's mixed-member electoral system, we demonstrate that legislative organization is strongly influenced not only by the individual legislators reelection incentives but also by their interest in their party gaining power and maintaining a strong party label. Electorally vulnerable legislators are given choice legislative positions to enhance their prospects at the polls, whereas (potential) party leaders disproportionately receive posts with greater influence on the party's overall reputation. Members of Parliament elected from proportional representation (PR) lists and in single member districts also receive different types of posts, reflecting their distinct electoral incentives. Even small variations in electoral rules can have important consequences for legislative organization. In contrast to Germany's compensatory mixed-member system, Japan's parallel system (combined with a “best loser” or “zombie” provision) generates incentives for the party to allocate posts relating to the distribution of particularistic goods to those elected in PR.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Lecturer Creativity While Using Social Media

Pedagogika ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-36
Author(s):  
Nijolė Burkšaitienė ◽  
Jolita Šliogerienė ◽  
Giedrė Valūnaitė - Oleškevičienė
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Social Media Use ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological

The article examines lecturer creativity in the context of social media use in the process of teaching and learning. Social media have been recently extensively used in educational settings, including higher education, and are becoming an integral part of the process of teaching and learning. Learning supported by the use of modern technologies has made creativity and its expression particularly important. The concept of creativity is multifaceted and still under development. Applying social media in the process of teaching and learning, mastering social media and using them for teaching, lecturers get involved in the continuous process, the success of which is determined by creative personal characteristics and the creativity-supportive environment. Lecturer creativity determined by the intertwined factors of the environment and personal characteristics stands out as the impetus of social media use in the process of teaching and learning. The present qualitative phenomenological research focuses on the factors influencing lecturer creativity while using social media in the process of teaching and learning at the university. The study of the phenomenon is based on lecturers’ “lived” experience while using social media in this process. Two major categories related to the factors affecting lecturer creativity were established, including external factors that promote lecturer creativity and internal factors that predetermine successful use of social media by lecturers in the process of teaching and learning.

Electoral Systems and System Reforms in Latin America

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian F. Crisp ◽  
Patrick Cunha Silva
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Clear Pattern ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
Electoral Incentives ◽  
District Magnitude ◽  
Defining System ◽  
The Individual

Electoral systems impose incentives for relationships between parties and relationships within parties. In interparty terms, weak systems encourage many parties to enter and voters to vote sincerely for their most preferred options. Strong systems discourage many parties from entering and encourage voters to think strategically about viability (the likelihood a preferred option will win seats). In intraparty terms, centralized systems empower party leaders and put an emphasis on the party’s shared reputation. Individualistic systems empower individual candidates and members of congress and put an emphasis on their personal reputations. The individual rules examined when defining system incentives include ballot type (can voters choose among copartisans), the level to which votes are pooled before seats are awarded, the number and level at which votes are cast, district magnitude (the number of seats to be decided in a district in a given election), and legal thresholds (predefined vote total barriers to being awarded seats). The electoral systems used to elect lower houses, upper houses (where they exist) and presidents in Latin America are located in a two-dimensional space based on these incentives. In interparty terms, weak systems outnumber strong ones in the region. In intraparty terms, there is a great deal of diversity with centralized systems slightly outnumbering individualistic ones. Instances of electoral reform are captured as changes in incentives or movements in this space. Reforms are frequent but no clear pattern emerges in terms of countries across the region converging toward imposing similar electoral incentives.

Ghana

2021 ◽  
pp. 399-419
Author(s):  
Edalina Rodrigues Sanches ◽  
António Luís Dias
Keyword(s):  
Electoral System ◽  
Typical Case ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Party Leadership ◽  
Marked Influence ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
Parliamentary Debates ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Complex Scenario

This chapter investigates the politics of parliamentary debates in Ghana, a country that combines a hybrid presidential regime with a candidate-centered electoral system. Although these features place Ghana as a typical case in which parliamentary rules grant more leeway to individual MPs, our analysis reveals a more complex scenario that defies conventional wisdom. The partial linkage between the legislative and parliamentary branches gives the executive strong agenda-setting powers; moreover, party leadership’s marked influence in the way business in the House unfolds means that there is a skewed playing field, which curtails individual MPs’ access to the floor. The empirical section draws on an original dataset of legislative debates from 2005 through 2019 to examine the determinants of floor access in the Ghanaian parliament. Three findings merit highlighting. First, female MPs are less likely to be selected to speak, and their speeches are significantly shorter when compared to those of male MPs. Second, seniority and exposure to parliament increase the chances of participating in a debate. Third, party leaders have most access to the floor, followed by committee chairs and ministers. However, female MPs who are members of the party leadership speak significantly less than their male counterparts.

scholarly journals Interhemispheric asymmetry as a factor in the manifestation of victimhood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.В. Оганнисян
Keyword(s):  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Family Values ◽  
Functional Asymmetry ◽  
Interhemispheric Asymmetry ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Hemisphere Dominance ◽  
Human Psyche ◽  
Vague Concept ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

Проблема виктимности личности одна из самых актуальных на сегодняшний день. Различные социальные кризисы, потеря семейных ценностей, кризис образования, неопределенная концепция воспитания привели к обострению проблемы виктимизации личности. В статье рассматривается проблема исследования межполушарной асимметрии и ее влияния на психику человека. Проведенный анализ литературных источников, посвященных вопросу межполушарной асимметрии, позволяет рассматривать данное явления как один из факторов, влияющих на формирование виктимности. В статье анализируются полученные результаты исследования доминирования полушарий и их влияние на разные формы виктимного поведения студентов гуманитарных специальностей в возрасте от 18 до 25 лет. Раскрыты сущность влияния функциональной асимметрии головного мозга на формирование виктимности личности и их взаимосвязь с индивидуально-личностными особенностями студентов. Выделены основные психолого-педагогические рекомендации по выявлению дальнейшей профилактики виктимных форм поведения личности. The problem of personality victimization is one of the most urgent today. Various social crises, the loss of family values, the crisis of education, and the vague concept of upbringing have led to an exacerbation of the problem of victimization of the individual. The article deals with the problem of studying interhemispheric asymmetry and its influence on the human psyche. The conducted analysis of literature sources devoted to the issue of interhemispheric asymmetry allows us to consider this phenomenon as one of the factors influencing the formation of victimization. The article analyzes the results of the study of hemisphere dominance and their influence on different forms of students’ victim behavior of humanitarian specialties at the age from 18 to 25 years. The essence of the influence of the functional asymmetry of the brain on the formation of personality victimization and their relationship with individual and personal characteristics of students is revealed. There are highlighted the main psychological and pedagogical recommendations for identifying further prevention of victimized forms of personality behavior.

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