Postpositions

2020 ◽  
pp. 163-173
Author(s):  
Gerjan van Schaaik
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Temporal Relations ◽  
Function Words ◽  
Case Marker ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Adverbial Phrase

As function words postpositions play a very important role in the syntax of Turkish. These elements are regarded as lexical items conveying some kind of abstract meaning relevant for their complement. Most postpositions require the complement to take a fixed case marker; thereby excluding the accusative. A postposition plus its complement is called a postpositional phrase and functions as an adverbial phrase. There are various postpositions expressing spatial relations such as direction and location, another small group expresses temporal relations such as beginning, duration, end, and also excess, but a sizeable series of notions can be expressed by one particular postposition only: instrument, company, means of transportation, quality, quantity, inclusion, exclusion, difference, and the like. The final section describes the nominal and adjectival properties of a small number of postpositions.

Single Life

2019 ◽  
pp. 229-254
Author(s):  
Elisabeth van Houts
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Parental Choice ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Monastic Life ◽  
Single Men

This chapter is devoted to the single life. First it contains a section devoted to the issue of consent: who gives consent for the entry into monastic life, parents or the child? This section is followed by a discussion on single women in monastic and lay environments. The final section is devoted to single men in lay and monastic environments. The majority of single men and women were held hostage by economic circumstances rather than their own agency or choice. The relatively small group of religious young men and women entered their future destination by a combination of parental choice and their own agency. The increase in texts charting the generational battle for consent should be seen firmly in the wider context of a demand for choice amongst young people, especially women.

Multistep Flow Prediction on Car-Sharing Systems: A Multi-Graph Convolutional Neural Network with Attention Mechanism

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (11n12) ◽  
pp. 1727-1740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongming Zhu ◽  
Yi Luo ◽  
Qin Liu ◽  
Hongfei Fan ◽  
Tianyou Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Attention Mechanism ◽  
Temporal Relations ◽  
Car Sharing ◽  
Flow Prediction ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Decoder Architecture ◽  
Deep Learning Model

Multistep flow prediction is an essential task for the car-sharing systems. An accurate flow prediction model can help system operators to pre-allocate the cars to meet the demand of users. However, this task is challenging due to the complex spatial and temporal relations among stations. Existing works only considered temporal relations (e.g. using LSTM) or spatial relations (e.g. using CNN) independently. In this paper, we propose an attention to multi-graph convolutional sequence-to-sequence model (AMGC-Seq2Seq), which is a novel deep learning model for multistep flow prediction. The proposed model uses the encoder–decoder architecture, wherein the encoder part, spatial and temporal relations are encoded simultaneously. Then the encoded information is passed to the decoder to generate multistep outputs. In this work, specific multiple graphs are constructed to reflect spatial relations from different aspects, and we model them by using the proposed multi-graph convolution. Attention mechanism is also used to capture the important relations from previous information. Experiments on a large-scale real-world car-sharing dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach over state-of-the-art methods.

Morphemes

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-41
Author(s):  
Nikki Ashcraft
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Function Words ◽  
The Third ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Basic Concepts

This chapter introduces basic concepts in the field of morphology. In the first section, a morpheme is defined as the smallest unit of meaning in a language. In the second section, morphemes are divided into free and bound types, with bound morphemes further classified as either affixes (prefixes, infixes, suffixes, or circumfixes) or bound roots. This section additionally distinguishes between the role of function words and content words in a sentence. The third section outlines the nine word classes in English: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, determiners, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. The final section of the chapter explains the implications of this information for teaching vocabulary, grammar, and language skills. The chapter concludes with questions for discussion and some practice exercises.

Postpositional complements

2020 ◽  
pp. 376-386
Author(s):  
Gerjan van Schaaik
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Clause ◽  
Case Marker

Postpositions can be classified according to several criteria, one of which is the type of complement one of them can take. In this chapter person-bound complements are distinguished from temporal phrases and from purpose phrases. The reason is that person-bound complements all contain a nominalized verb plus a personal (possessive) ending, whereas the other two types have other verbal forms. Temporal phrases have a deverbal suffix, and purpose phrases are all based on an infinitival verb form. A type of complement which typically occurs with the instrumental and case-marker annex postposition is phrases specifying circumstance or detail. This specification is based on a kind of sentence, a “small clause,” which always contains a locative phrase, including an element reminiscent of the anticipatory possessive. The final section discusses the properties of postpositions in predicate and attributive position.

Vocabulary development in Italian children: a longitudinal evaluation of quantitative and qualitative aspects

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAURA D'ODORICO ◽  
STEFANIA CARUBBI ◽  
NICOLETTA SALERNI ◽  
VINCENZO CALVO
Keyword(s):  
Vocabulary Development ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Function Words ◽  
Monthly Administration ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Percentile Scores ◽  
Italian Children ◽  
Vocabulary Spurt

In this study vocabulary development of a sample of 42 Italian children was evaluated through monthly administration of the Italian version of the CDI. Data collection started at 1;0–1;1 for 32 children and at 1;3–1;4 for the remaining subjects and continued until children's vocabulary reached 200 words. At fixed stages of vocabulary size (50, 100 and 200 words), individual differences in percentile scores and vocabulary composition were examined. Individual growth curves were analysed in order to verify the presence of a vocabulary spurt and the type of lexical items which contributed most to rapid acceleration in vocabulary growth.Stylistic differences in vocabulary composition were examined regarding the ‘referential–expressive’ distinction, controlling vocabulary size. Data have shown that general trends in vocabulary development are quite similar to those obtained for other languages using CDI adaptations. Moreover, all children in this sample eventually exhibited a vocabulary spurt, even if some can be defined as ‘late spurters’. The type of lexical items which are learned during the spurt depend on both infant vocabulary size and referential score. About 28% of infants in this sample were defined ‘referential’ when their vocabulary size was about 50 words, but the stylistic differences disappeared at the 100- and 200-word stages.Composition of vocabulary did not differ in relation to precocity in reaching different stages of vocabulary development. The only exception was that infants who reached the 50-word stage first also had a vocabulary with a lower proportion of function words.

Space, Time, and Location

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-99
Author(s):  
Joseph Mendola
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Alternative Conceptions ◽  
Temporal Relations ◽  
Modal Structure ◽  
Complex Modal ◽  
The Way

This chapter is an account of the particularity of spatial and temporal regions as they appear within our experience. It argues that the spatial and temporal relations of these regions are sufficient to individuate them, despite standard objections. This involves a kind of moderate substantivalism about space. The chapter also explores some of the complex modal structure of the spatial relations in question, relevant for instance to geometric truth and the way in which things seem to reverse in mirrors. The eternalist view of time presumed by this account is defended against alternative conceptions of time such as presentism and the moving spotlight theory.

Pronouns

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-85
Author(s):  
Gerjan van Schaaik
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
First Person ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Case Marker ◽  
Demonstrative Pronouns ◽  
Genitive Case ◽  
Indefinite Pronouns

Besides an outline of how interrogative pronouns (those for people, things, location, reason, purpose, quality, quantity, etc.), personal, and demonstrative pronouns are inflected and used, a thorough discussion is devoted to their plural, possessive, and case-marked forms. Also the use of personal pronouns in invective expressions is elucidated, as well as the use of the possessive marker first-person singular to express affection or respect in addressing a person. Indefinite pronouns are not really a different kettle of fish, since most of them can be inflected throughout, and this holds for reflexive and reciprocal pronouns as well. The properties of the invariant suffix –ki(n) placed after a genitive case marker form the topic of the final section, in which special attention is given to possessive pronouns.

The medieval Hispano-Romance lexicon

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven N. Dworkin
Keyword(s):  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Lexical Resources ◽  
Function Words ◽  
Old Spanish ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
And Function ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

This chapter examines the lexicon of Old Spanish. It first surveys the dictionaries and other lexical resources available to the student of the medieval language, before going on to describe briefly the various historical lexical strata and issues of lexical stability. It next offers a rich series of examples of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and function words found in Old Spanish that did not survive into the modern language. The chapter next gives examples of Old Spanish lexical doublets and of lexical items that have undergone major semantic changes over time. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to the creation in Old Spanish of neologisms through such processes of derivational morphology as suffixation, prefixation, and compounding. Emphasis falls here on words that did not survive into the modern language.

Alienation techniques in screen translation

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto A. Valdeón
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Spanish Version ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Target Culture ◽  
Made In

This paper presents a critical approach to the translation of cultural items in the Spanish dubbed version of the American sitcom Will & Grace. The paper starts with a presentation of domestication and foreignization (Venuti 1995). The former is discussed in connection with the choices made in the target texts. I, then, introduce the term “alienation” as another strategy used to render culture specificities. In the second section I examine the key comical elements present in the scripts, in which cultural allusions also play a significant role. Section three explores how these culturally anchored lexical items are rendered in the Spanish version, establishing a taxonomy that includes preservation of international items, preservation of culture-specific items, substitution with a different source-culture item, substitution with an international item, substitution with a target-culture item, substitution with corrupted forms of target-culture items and substitution with a superordinate. The use and translation of expletives as elements unique to a language and culture are also covered. The final section discusses the transition from domestication to alienation.

On the properties of Saramaccan FU

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Lefebvre ◽  
Virginie Loranger
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Entry ◽  
Lexical Item ◽  
Thematic Roles ◽  
Case Marker ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Syntactic Properties

The formfu(variantu) fulfills several functions. It is a preposition selecting NPs and clauses, tensed or infinitival. It is a mood marker occurring either between the subject and the verb, or before the subject. It is a complementiser selected by predicates of thewant-class; as such it is in a paradigmatic relationship with other complementisers in the language. Finally, in some contexts,fuappears to function as a case marker, rather than as a preposition, as it may be associated with several thematic roles. The first objective of the paper is to provide a detailed inventory of all the functions offuand a detailed description of its properties for each of its functions. This will be done mainly on the basis of published sources. The proposal thatfucan head various syntactic projections (P, Force, Fin, Mood, Kase) will be shown to account for its multifunctional character. The second objective of the paper is to discuss the origin of the properties offu. First, we consider the grammaticalisation scenario proposed in the literature. In this scenario, the prepositionfuwould have been reanalysed as a complementiser. We argue that this scenario is not an optimal one. Second, we consider a relexification scenario along the lines of Lefebvre (1998b). Although the form of the lexical item in question is derived from Englishfor, as has been noted by several authors, most of its other properties cannot be derived from this lexical item. A comparison of the properties offuwith those of corresponding lexical items in one of the substratum languages of Saramaccan, Fongbe (e.g. Smith 1987), yields a different conclusion: while the form of the Saramaccan lexical entry is derived from English, the bulk of its semantic and syntactic properties are derived from those of corresponding substratum language lexical entries. The properties of the creole lexical entry thus appear to follow from the re lexification account of creole genesis. In this case, however, two substratum lexical entries (nú, preposition and complementiser, andní, mood marker and complementiser) appear to have been relexified on the basis of a single superstratum formfor, yielding the creole lexical entryfucumulating all the functions of the two substratum entries. Some details distinguish the creole lexical entry from the two substratum ones. It will be shown that the make up offuhas also involved some reorganisation of the original lexicon, and some innovation.

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