Income Inequality within Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-111
Author(s):  
Andy Sumner
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Developing World ◽  
National Income ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
Seminal Work ◽  
Great Transformation ◽  
The Impact

This chapter addresses the within-country component of global inequality and the impact of deindustrialization on national income inequality. The chapter focuses on the fourth great transformation outlined, specifically the shift to a form of immiserizing growth. This chapter revisits Kuznets’ seminal work and asks what trend might be expected for national inequality during deindustrialization. The chapter makes estimates of the empirical evidence on deindustrialization, tertiarization, and national income inequality in developing countries. The accompanying myth—that if developing countries integrate more and more into GVC world, the process will lead to broad-based economic development—is critiqued. A theoretical exposition to explain the connection between deindustrialization, tertiarization, and rising national income inequality in the developing world is given.

scholarly journals Risk Management at the Macroeconomy Level and Development in Developing Countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Minh Quang Dao
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
National Income ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the impact of risk management at the macroeconomy level on economic development in developing countries. Based on data from the World Bank, we use a sample of sixty-three developing economies and find that selected indicators related to risk management at the macroeconomy level do have a statistically significant effect on economic development in these countries. We observe that high inflation rates do not seem to statistically affect economic development even though the coefficient estimate of this variable does have the anticipated negative sign. Regression results show that almost sixty percent of cross-developing country variations in purchasing power parity per capita gross national income can be explained by its linear dependency on the share of international reserves in the GDP and the Worldwide Governance Indicators average. Statistical results of such empirical examination will assist governments in developing countries identify risk management strategies at the macroeconomy level that may be used as powerful instruments for economic development.

The effects of debt restructurings on income inequality in the developing world

2021 ◽  
pp. 135406612110014
Author(s):  
Glen Biglaiser ◽  
Ronald J. McGauvran
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Impact

Developing countries, saddled with debts, often prefer investors absorb losses through debt restructurings. By not making full repayments, debtor governments could increase social spending, serving poorer constituents, and, in turn, lowering income inequality. Alternatively, debtor governments could reduce taxes and cut government spending, bolstering the assets of the rich at the expense of the poor. Using panel data for 71 developing countries from 1986 to 2016, we assess the effects of debt restructurings on societal income distribution. Specifically, we study the impact of debt restructurings on social spending, tax reform, and income inequality. We find that countries receiving debt restructurings tend to use their newly acquired economic flexibility to reduce taxes and lower social spending, worsening income inequality. The results are also robust to different model specifications. Our study contributes to the globalization and the poor debate, suggesting the economic harm caused to the less well-off following debt restructurings.

Macro-economic Factors Influencing Tourism Entrepreneurship: The Case of Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
pp. 097135572098143
Author(s):  
Aizhan Tleuberdinova ◽  
Zhanat Shayekina ◽  
Dinara Salauatova ◽  
Stephen Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
National Income ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
The Impact

Tourism development contributes to economic development. In emerging economies like Kazakhstan, tourism development needs active entrepreneurship. As the country emerges from the post-Soviet era, there has been an increase in economic development and prosperity. Entrepreneurship in the tourism sector can drive economies forward through the creation of new tourism and hospitality businesses. The macroeconomic environment can influence entrepreneurial activity. We use an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to examine the impact of macroeconomic factors on tourism entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan. Using data from 1996 to 2018, we find that there is a positive short-run relationship between wages in the tourism sector and entrepreneurship, suggesting that wage growth in the sector attracts entrepreneurs. In the long run, however, tourism sector wages have a negative relationship with entrepreneurship, suggesting that these higher wages represent a higher cost to entrepreneurship. There is also a strong positive relationship between national income and tourism entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan. Implications of macroeconomic policy changes for Kazakhstan and other emerging economies are discussed.

scholarly journals National Income Inequality and International Business Expansion

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 1630-1666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel C. Lupton ◽  
Guoliang Frank Jiang ◽  
Luis F. Escobar ◽  
Alfredo Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
National Income ◽  
Strategic Objectives ◽  
Expansion Strategy ◽  
Foreign Production ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
Security Costs ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Additional Monitoring

We examine the extent to which host country income inequality influences multinational enterprises’ (MNE) expansion strategy for foreign production investment, depending on their specific strategic objectives. Applying a transaction cost framework, we predict that national income inequality has an inverted U-shaped relationship with foreign production investment. As inequality increases, MNEs accrue lower transaction costs arising from interactions with various local actors, leading to higher probability of investment. As income inequality increases further, its effect on location attractiveness will become negative, as its attraction effect is increasingly offset by additional monitoring, bargaining, and security costs owing to the more fractious nature of high inequality societies. In addition, we suggest that the impact of income inequality is contingent on investment objectives: The inverted U-shaped relationship is stronger for efficiency-seeking investment but weaker for market-seeking and competence-enhancing investments. We find substantial support for our hypotheses through an analysis of 27 years (1986-2012) of data on Japanese MNEs’ overseas production entries.

scholarly journals Gender and feminist considerations in Artificial Intelligence from a developing-world perspective, with India as a case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANGHAMITRA CHOUDHURY ◽  
Shailendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Precarious Situation ◽  
And Robotics

<p>The relationship between women, technology manifestation, and likely prospects in the developing world is discussed in this manuscript. Using India as a case study, the paper goes on to discuss how ontology and epistemology views utilised in AI (Artificial Intelligence) and robotics will affect women's prospects in developing countries. Women in developing countries, notably in South Asia, are perceived as doing domestic work and are underrepresented in high-level professions. They are disproportionately underemployed and face prejudice in the workplace. The purpose of this study is to determine if the introduction of AI would exacerbate the already precarious situation of women in the developing world or if it would serve as a liberating force. While studies on the impact of AI on women have been undertaken in developed countries, there has been less research in developing countries. This manuscript attempts to fill that need.</p>

scholarly journals Ekonomi Pembangunan Terhadap Pengangguran di Provinsi Jambi

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-39
Author(s):  
Afrizal Afrizal
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Street Children ◽  
Urgent Problem ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

Unemployment in developing countries such as Indonesia, the economic development of this country as a growing number of unemployment is a problem that is more complicated and more serious than the problem of changes in income distribution are less profitable low-income residents Unemployment in Jambi Province has reached tens of thousands of people is an urgent problem that must be solved because of the impact of unemployment it would be very dangerous to the social order of life. It is a fact that various social evils such as theft / muggings/robberies, prostitution, Jula buy children, street children and others merupakandampakdaripengangguran.

ANALYSIS AND PROSPECTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INVESTMENT LIBERALIZATION REGIME IN THE WORLD ECONOMY

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
Shokhrukh B. Akhmedov ◽  
◽  
Vladimir M. Kutovoi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
The World ◽  
Local Sources ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
The Impact

The article assesses a significance of the most important component of the agreement on accession to the WTO, namely the agreement on trade-related investment measures (TRIMs), in increasing the attractiveness of developing countries to investors from abroad. In addition, traditional determinants of FDI placement, such as the macroeconomic stability, trade openness, and economic development, are considered. The authors carry out an analysis in the field of regulation of TRIMs by the example of economic policies in developing countries. The study shows that the extent to which TRIMs contributed to achieving the goals varied significantly, reflecting the specific economic and political conditions of the country using them. In some cases, they played a role in encouraging foreign companies to make more use of local sources or increase their exports from the host country. In other cases, the impact seemingly was negligible.

Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-128
Author(s):  
Andy Sumner
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Future

The intellectual contribution of the book has been to provide a detailed account of the contemporary processes of stalled industrialization, deindustrialization, and tertiarization as well as on their characteristics, drivers, and consequences in the developing world. Furthermore, the book has connected empirically and theoretically the phenomena of stalled industrialization, deindustrialization, and tertiarization, the emergence of a GVC world, and global inequality. This concluding chapter summarizes the book’s content and restates the main arguments of the book. There is discussion of the future prospects for developing countries and the ‘tertiary trilemma’ they face, specifically: Should middle-income developing countries pursue higher-value-added services-led growth which is unequalizing and has weaker employment growth? Or should they rather seek lower-value-added services-led growth which has higher employment growth? Or should they instead pursue the shrinkage of services and subsidize re-industrialization-led growth?

Economic Constitutions in the Developing World

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-690
Author(s):  
Ngoc Son Bui
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Institutional Setting ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Economic Constitution ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Legal Document ◽  
National Ideology ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A constitution is not purely a legal document. Neither is it only a political manifesto. It is also an economic charter which expresses a country’s economic hopes and aspirations, and regulates economic activities of constitutional stakeholders. This paper adumbrates a framework to understand the economic constitutions in the developing world. It explores the direct concept of an economic constitution, which refers to a constitution deriving from an overarching economic rationale, created or reformed through a process operating as a platform for different sectors of the society to deliberate economic questions, and consequently addressing national economic identity, principles, rights, and structural institutions in its substantive contents. Economic constitutions have two main functions: expressive and regulative. The tentative explanatory factors that may account for similarities and differences in the economic constitutions in developing countries include: the pre-existing economic conditions, the institutional setting, the national ideology, and the impact of globalization. The findings of this study offer systematic implications for the study of developing countries actively pursuing constitutional and economic development.

Food Fortification: A Tool for Fighting Hidden Hunger

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Nilson ◽  
Jaime Piza
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Food Fortification ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Staple Food ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Hidden Hunger ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Staple Foods ◽  
The Impact

This paper reviews the fortification of staple food as a tool to prevent micronutrient deficiencies. The rationale for fortifying salt, wheat flour, milk, and margarine was developed in the 1920s and 1940s, mainly in industrialized countries. At that time, fortification of staple foods was considered by only a few developing countries. Recent research has shown that the prevalences of some deficiencies (clinical and marginal) in some developing countries are higher than expected. Even more important has been the realization that the impact of marginal deficiencies on health and socio-economic development is considerably more important than the impact of clinical deficiencies. Iron, vitamin A, and iodine have gained more attention, but deficiencies of other micronutrients are also relevant. This paper shows that fortification of staple foods to prevent micronutrient deficiencies is effective, easy, fast, safe, and relatively inexpensive.

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