Should Have Known

2021 ◽  
pp. 137-173
Author(s):  
Sanford C. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Social Practice ◽  
Epistemic Reasons ◽  
Epistemic Condition ◽  
Culpable Ignorance ◽  
Legitimate Expectations

This chapter argues that there are cases in which a subject, S, should have known that p, even though, given her state of evidence at the time, she was in no position to know it. In particular, S should have known that p when (i) another person has, or would have, legitimate expectations regarding S’s epistemic condition, (ii) the satisfaction of these expectations would require that S knows that p, and (iii) S fails to know that p. I argue that these three conditions are sometimes jointly satisfied. There are (at least) two main sources of legitimate expectations regarding another’s epistemic condition: participation in a legitimate social practice; and moral and epistemic expectations more generally. In developing my position on this score, I will have an opportunity (i) to contrast practice-generated entitlements to expect with epistemic reasons to believe; (ii) to compare the “should have known” phenomenon with the phenomenon of culpable ignorance; and finally (iii) to suggest the bearing of the “should have known” phenomenon to epistemology itself.

Tracing the Epistemic Condition

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Epistemic Condition ◽  
Adequate Theory ◽  
Culpable Ignorance ◽  
General Line ◽  
Epistemic Dimension ◽  
Explanatory Mechanism

Tracing is an explanatory strategy which proposes to explain responsibility for some present action (where a necessary condition on responsibility is missing) by tracing back to some past one (in which the conditions are met). Tracing is thought by many theorists of moral responsibility to be an indispensable element of an adequate theory of responsibility. Previously, the author has argued that we can dispense with tracing for cases in which control is absent, by appealing to either a recklessness model or a negligence model. This chapter considers the prospects for that general line of argument with respect to tracing applied to the epistemic condition on responsibility, notably cases of culpable ignorance. It draws out how the author understands tracing to apply to the epistemic dimension and argues that we need no special explanatory mechanism like tracing to explain responsibility and blameworthiness.

Conventionalism and Legitimate Expectations

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
C.M. Melenovsky
Keyword(s):  
John Rawls ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Moral Claim ◽  
Natural Right ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Moral Claims ◽  
Legitimate Expectations ◽  
Specific Obligation

To be a conventionalist about a specific obligation or right is to believe that the obligation or right is dependent on the existence of a social practice. A conventionalist about property, for example, believes that a moral right to property is generated by conventional norms rather than by any natural right. One problem with dominant conventionalist theories is that they do not adequately justify conventional moral claims. They can justify why it is wrong to steal, for example, but they do not justify the claim that you have on me to not steal from you. As a remedy, this article develops and defends the Principle of Legitimate Expectations. Suggested by John Rawls, this principle grants individuals a moral claim to what the rules of morally justified practices entitle them. This article addresses common objections to the principle to show how it can ground a wide range of conventional moral claims.

Practical Interests and Reasons for Belief

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baron Reed
Keyword(s):  
Social Practice ◽  
Epistemic Normativity ◽  
Epistemic Reasons ◽  
Pragmatic Encroachment ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Reasons For Belief ◽  
The Social ◽  
Truth Norm ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Share Information

This chapter examines the relationship between the practical and the epistemic. It rejects two broad ways of thinking about that relationship—pragmatic encroachment and an epistemology centered on the truth norm—before offering a new approach, which explains epistemic normativity as arising from our practical commitment to a social practice that has arisen from our need to share information with one another. The chapter discusses the way in which the social practice view captures the importance of knowledge and epistemic reasons to action, while preventing our practical interests from playing a disruptive role in how we arrive at our beliefs.

The Pornographer and McGahern's Allusive Practice

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-297
Author(s):  
Tom Walker
Keyword(s):  
Social Practice ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Present Value ◽  
The Past

Allusions to other texts abound in John McGahern's fiction. His works repeatedly, though diffidently, refer to literary tradition. Yet the nature of such allusiveness is still unclear. This article focuses on how allusion in The Pornographer (1979) is depicted as an intellectual and social practice, embodying particular attitudes towards the function of texts and the knowledge they represent. Moreover, the critique of the practice of allusion that the novel undertakes is shown to have broader significance in terms of McGahern's whole oeuvre and its evolving attempts to salvage something of present value from the literature of the past.

Jazz Bubble

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale Chapman
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
First Century ◽  
Music Culture ◽  
Social Trends ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
A Site

Hailed by corporate, philanthropic, and governmental organizations as a metaphor for democratic interaction and business dynamics, contemporary jazz culture has a story to tell about the relationship between political economy and social practice in the era of neoliberal capitalism. The Jazz Bubble approaches the emergence of the neoclassical jazz aesthetic since the 1980s as a powerful, if unexpected, point of departure for a wide-ranging investigation of important social trends during this period. The emergence of financialization as a key dimension of the global economy shapes a variety of aspects of contemporary jazz culture, and jazz culture comments upon this dimension in turn. During the stateside return of Dexter Gordon in the mid-1970s, the cultural turmoil of the New York fiscal crisis served as a crucial backdrop to understanding the resonance of Gordon’s appearances in the city. The financial markets directly inform the structural upheaval that major label jazz subsidiaries must navigate in the music industry of the early twenty-first century, and they inform the disruptive impact of urban redevelopment in communities that have relied upon jazz as a site of economic vibrancy. In examining these issues, The Jazz Bubble seeks to intensify conversations surrounding music, culture, and political economy.

Cultivating Intimacy

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Bielo
Keyword(s):  
Social Practice ◽  
Symbolic Interaction ◽  
Bible Study ◽  
Relational Spirituality ◽  
Restoration Movement ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Study Experience ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
American Evangelicalism

In this article I contribute to the sociology and anthropology of American Evangelicalism by examining the discourse of group Bible study. Every week millions of Christians in the U.S. meet for group study, and in doing so, actively negotiate the categories of meaning central to their faith. Yet, this crucial practice has received scant attention from scholars. This study is grounded in theories of social practice and symbolic interaction, where cultural life is understood through its vital institutions, and institutions are treated as inter-subjective accomplishments. I employ the concept of ‘interactive frames’ to define how Evangelicals understand the Bible study experience. Ultimately, I argue that the predominant interactive frame for Evangelicals is that of cultivating intimacy, which directly reflects the type of personalized, relational spirituality characteristic of their faith. This, in turn, has serious consequences for how Bible reading and interpretation are performed in groups. I use a case study approach, providing close ethnographic analyses of a mixed-gender group from a Restoration Movement congregation.

ANALISIS WACANA KRITIS DALAM PERSPEKTIF NORMAN FAIRCLOUGH

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Elya Munfarida
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Discourse Theory ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Important Concept ◽  
Multidisciplinary Study ◽  
Discourse Model ◽  
Discourse Practice ◽  
Domination Relation

Discourse analysis has been a study that attracts many intelectuals of various disciplines to discuss about, generating the emergence of theories of their own perspectives. Many criticisms for the theories also show that intelectuals are more interested in this field leading to make discourse analysis as a multidisciplinary study. Based on this ground, Norman Fairclough seeks to reconstruct discourse theory as a criticism to the existing theories, which tends to be side-emphasis and partial on the basis of their own discipline. Combining three traditions, i.e. linguistic, interpretative, and sociological traditions, he offers a discourse model integrating three dimensions: text, discourse practice, and social practice. Each dimension has its area, process, and analysis model, in which all of them dialectically connect to one another. In addition, Fairclough also formulates another important concept, namely intertextuality, which affirms the interrelation of various texts and discourses to a text. This concept will also create ideological effect of structuration and restructuration of the prevalent discourse order. When power and ideology embed in a discourse, intertextuality will function as a mechanism for maintaining and changing the domination relation.

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