Life on the margins

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-58
Author(s):  
Nicholas Grene

The Congested Districts Board was set up in 1891 to ameliorate the living conditions of some of the poorest people in Ireland living on the western seaboard. A remarkable number of writers emerged from these areas to create first-hand accounts of life on the margins. The fiction of Patrick McGill, Seamus Ó Grianna, and Peadar O’Donnell graphically evokes the politics of poverty in Donegal. The romantic image of the Aran Islands, cultivated by Synge, is somewhat surprisingly echoed by the Irish language poet Máirtín Ó Direáin and the fiction writer Liam O’Flaherty, both of whom came from Aran. The life of fishing and farming just above subsistence level is graphically evoked in the Blasket Island autobiographers, Tomás O’Crohan, Maurice O’Sullivan, and Peig Sayers.

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 12373-12376

Framing gatherings is normal among individuals who share something practically speaking. Individuals have constantly attempted to beat their troubles aggregately and observed to be fruitful in their endeavors. Self improvement Gathering is one such gathering that is gone for assisting the ladies people with facing their life challenges on the whole in the general public where they live in. Over the most recent three decades the Self Help Movements has mushroomed in India. The poor do have inborn limit in them to improve their living conditions. Smaller scale acknowledge is perceived as a viable device to move the poor into another space of monetary strengthening. Miniaturized scale credit will be credit reached out to the reduced for self-determining employment, money related administrations like reserve funds and limit working among ladies society. In the vast majority of the nations helpful developments were set up to stretch out money related administrations to its' individuals since long.


1991 ◽  
Vol 27 (107) ◽  
pp. 237-249
Author(s):  
Brian Harvey

By the turn of the twentieth century the west of Ireland had become a geographical expression synonymous with poverty and destitution. Whilst in the eighteenth century Connacht was regarded as inaccessible, it was not considered to be overpopulated, hungry or poverty-stricken. Its economic and social condition began to change for the worse in the nineteenth century. From 1816-17 onwards the western seaboard was affected more and more severely by a series of famines and localised distress and typhus. Hardship on the islands off Mayo and Galway was so severe in 1822-3 that London philanthropists set up a committee to launch a large-scale relief programme. The committee blamed the distress on potato failure, ‘want of employment’, high rents and low agricultural prices.The deterioration in economic and social conditions is considered to have been exacerbated by the equalisation of the currencies of, and the removal of tariffs between, Ireland and Great Britain in the mid 1820s. Some rural industries, like textiles, glass and kelp-production, were wiped out. The resistance of the western economy to natural disaster was thereby severely weakened. The western isles were hit badly by the distress of 1835 and even more so by the Great Famine ten years later. Rents remained high whilst incomes fell.


1989 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 133-143
Author(s):  
Bernadette Cunningham

The name of Geoffrey Keating is familiar to generations of students of Irish language and literature. His prose works are fine examples of seventeenth-century Irish writing. He was credited by scholars of Irish with having saved from oblivion many stories of the Gaelic heroes of old in his magnum opus, the Foras Feasa ar Éirinn, a compendium of knowledge on the history of Ireland. Writing in the early part of the seventeenth century, when the native Irish system of learning and patronage of scholars was disintegrating, Keating synopsized many manuscript sources for the history of Ireland into a flowing text full of stories and curiosities. His writings were frequently transcribed and are preserved in countless manuscript copies.Kearing’s literary stature has meant that his tracts were more read for their language and style than studied for their content and it may appear curious at first sight to discover that this father figure of early Irish history and the preserver of the Irish language also wrote two theological tracts, on a continental Catholic Reformation model. This should come as no surprise to anyone familiar with Kearing’s background. Although subsequently hailed as a champion of Gaelic Ireland, Keating was not a product of that society. In fact he was of Anglo-Norman (Old English) descent. He was ordained as a secular priest and was educated at two of the continental colleges set up to train Irishmen for the priesthood, Bordeaux and Rheims, where he came under English Jesuit influence. The precise dates of his sojourn on the continent are not known, but pre-date 1619. It is thought he was born about 1570 and died about 1644, spending most of his life as a priest working in Munster.


2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-106
Author(s):  
Dorothee Birke

Abstract Among the fears rife in contemporary “Insecure Britain”,This was a header used by the Guardian for a series of articles in 2014, which described a growing sense of social precarity and disillusionment with mainstream politics in Britain: https://www.theguardian.com/society/series/insecure-britain the anxieties connected with the housing crisis – rise of property costs, cutbacks on welfare housing, increasing precarity of living conditions – may be among the most tangible in everyday life. It is not surprising, then, that the disruptive power of threats to home as a source of security and comfort has been at the centre of a series of recent British plays. While many of these are marked by documentary realism, incorporating real-life testimonies in order to evoke empathy with those hit hardest by the crisis, there is also a notable subset that veer to the other side of the sur/realist spectrum, reflecting on the crisis in highly stylized dystopian scenarios. In this article, I propose the concept of ‘playhouse Gothic’ to describe Mike Bartlett’s Game and Philip Ridley’s Radiant Vermin (both 2015). Both are explorations of the affective and social implications of the housing crisis that fall into the latter category. The case studies examine how in both plays the interplay between dramatic and theatrical space foregrounds the extent to which our homes themselves are sources of insecurity. More specifically, the plays employ the mode of the Gothic in order to involve their audiences in an emotionally loaded spatial experience, thereby also inviting them to reflect on their own socio-economic anxieties and implication in perpetuating structures of inequality. The analyses take into account the dramatic texts and the set-up of concrete performances as well as reviews documenting viewers’ responses to the plays.


2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 242-272
Author(s):  
Honoré Ouedraogo

This paper explores the relationship between religion and development as inspired by the implication of a missionary White Father in the agricultural development of former Upper-Volta (now Burkina Faso) between 1958 and 1983. By ‘inventing’ (so to speak) the donkey-dragged hoe or houe-manga and by the development of donkey-dragged hoe farming, Reverend Father Regis Chaix has brought in an improvement of local farming techniques and paved the way to an agricultural revolution in that disinherited corner of Africa. The farming practices introduced by this missionary have reduced the laboriousness of agricultural work and improved the living conditions of Voltaics. In the light of his experience, it appears that the double decade of development (1960–1980) set up by UNESCO has provided an opportunity to the Catholic Church to rediscover the fundamental link between evangelization and development.


Author(s):  
T. G. Naymik

Three techniques were incorporated for drying clay-rich specimens: air-drying, freeze-drying and critical point drying. In air-drying, the specimens were set out for several days to dry or were placed in an oven (80°F) for several hours. The freeze-dried specimens were frozen by immersion in liquid nitrogen or in isopentane at near liquid nitrogen temperature and then were immediately placed in the freeze-dry vacuum chamber. The critical point specimens were molded in agar immediately after sampling. When the agar had set up the dehydration series, water-alcohol-amyl acetate-CO2 was carried out. The objectives were to compare the fabric plasmas (clays and precipitates), fabricskeletons (quartz grains) and the relationship between them for each drying technique. The three drying methods are not only applicable to the study of treated soils, but can be incorporated into all SEM clay soil studies.


Author(s):  
T. Gulik-Krzywicki ◽  
M.J. Costello

Freeze-etching electron microscopy is currently one of the best methods for studying molecular organization of biological materials. Its application, however, is still limited by our imprecise knowledge about the perturbations of the original organization which may occur during quenching and fracturing of the samples and during the replication of fractured surfaces. Although it is well known that the preservation of the molecular organization of biological materials is critically dependent on the rate of freezing of the samples, little information is presently available concerning the nature and the extent of freezing-rate dependent perturbations of the original organizations. In order to obtain this information, we have developed a method based on the comparison of x-ray diffraction patterns of samples before and after freezing, prior to fracturing and replication.Our experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The sample to be quenched is placed on its holder which is then mounted on a small metal holder (O) fixed on a glass capillary (p), whose position is controlled by a micromanipulator.


Author(s):  
O.L. Krivanek ◽  
J. TaftØ

It is well known that a standing electron wavefield can be set up in a crystal such that its intensity peaks at the atomic sites or between the sites or in the case of more complex crystal, at one or another type of a site. The effect is usually referred to as channelling but this term is not entirely appropriate; by analogy with the more established particle channelling, electrons would have to be described as channelling either through the channels or through the channel walls, depending on the diffraction conditions.


Author(s):  
David C. Joy ◽  
Dennis M. Maher

High-resolution images of the surface topography of solid specimens can be obtained using the low-loss technique of Wells. If the specimen is placed inside a lens of the condenser/objective type, then it has been shown that the lens itself can be used to collect and filter the low-loss electrons. Since the probeforming lenses in TEM instruments fitted with scanning attachments are of this type, low-loss imaging should be possible.High-resolution, low-loss images have been obtained in a JEOL JEM 100B fitted with a scanning attachment and a thermal, fieldemission gun. No modifications were made to the instrument, but a wedge-shaped, specimen holder was made to fit the side-entry, goniometer stage. Thus the specimen is oriented initially at a glancing angle of about 30° to the beam direction. The instrument is set up in the conventional manner for STEM operation with all the lenses, including the projector, excited.


Author(s):  
T.S. Savage ◽  
R. Ai ◽  
D. Dunn ◽  
L.D. Marks

The use of lasers for surface annealing, heating and/or damage has become a routine practice in the study of materials. Lasers have been closely looked at as an annealing technique for silicon and other semiconductors. They allow for local heating from a beam which can be focused and tuned to different wavelengths for specific tasks. Pulsed dye lasers allow for short, quick bursts which can allow the sample to be rapidly heated and quenched. This short, rapid heating period may be important for cases where diffusion of impurities or dopants may not be desirable.At Northwestern University, a Candela SLL - 250 pulsed dye laser, with a maximum power of 1 Joule/pulse over 350 - 400 nanoseconds, has been set up in conjunction with a Hitachi UHV-H9000 transmission electron microscope. The laser beam is introduced into the surface science chamber through a series of mirrors, a focusing lens and a six inch quartz window.


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