Five Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-66
Author(s):  
Francis Teal
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
China And India ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Great Divergence ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Uk

This chapter is framed by a citation for the Oxfam report released in February 2017 in which it was claimed that ‘eight billionaires own the same wealth as the 3.6 billion people who form the poorest half of the world’s population’. We begin to consider the range of incomes across the globe that need to be understood by looking at the economic history, since 1500, of five countries—the US, the UK, Brazil, China, and India. These five countries, encompassing the richest in terms of per capita incomes and the largest in terms of population, show the great divergence in incomes after 1700 and the (very) recent convergence. It is these patterns which explain the changing dispersions of the absolutely poor across the world.

Searching for new Sources of growth. Are the Developing Countries Catching up with the Developed ones?

2015 ◽  
pp. 30-53
Author(s):  
V. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The West ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Divergence ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Relative Standing

This paper examines the trajectory of growth in the Global South. Before the 1500s all countries were roughly at the same level of development, but from the 1500s Western countries started to grow faster than the rest of the world and PPP GDP per capita by 1950 in the US, the richest Western nation, was nearly 5 times higher than the world average and 2 times higher than in Western Europe. Since 1950 this ratio stabilized - not only Western Europe and Japan improved their relative standing in per capita income versus the US, but also East Asia, South Asia and some developing countries in other regions started to bridge the gap with the West. After nearly half of the millennium of growing economic divergence, the world seems to have entered the era of convergence. The factors behind these trends are analyzed; implications for the future and possible scenarios are considered.

Chapter II. The World Economy

1983 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 26-38
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
West Germany ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Uk ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Minor Extent

The recovery in the OECD area gathered pace in the second quarter, when its total GDP probably increased by as much as 1 per cent. The rise was, however, heavily concentrated in North America and particularly the US. There may well have been a slight fall in Western Europe, where the level of industrial production hardly changed and increases in gross product in West Germany and, to a minor extent, in France were outweighed by falls in Italy and (according to the expenditure measure) the UK.

The World Economy

1997 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 28-56
Author(s):  
Julian Morgan ◽  
Nigel Pain ◽  
Florence Hubert
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Fiscal Consolidation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
External Demand ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
World Economic ◽  
The Uk

There are now widespread signs that activity in the world economy has begun to recover steadily from the pause in growth apparent at the beginning of 1996. Output rose by 0.6 per cent in the North American economies in the third quarter of last year and by 0.8 per cent in Europe. Business and consumer sentiment has improved gradually in recent months in most of the major economies. We expect world economic growth to pick up further over the course of this year as the contractionary effects from the downturn in world trade and prolonged inventory adjustment come to an end and as the effects from a more relaxed monetary stance begin to outweigh those from ongoing fiscal consolidation. Recent currency movements should help to stimulate external demand in Germany, France and Japan, but may act to constrain growth within the UK, Italy and the US. For both this year and 1998 we expect growth of around 2½ per cent per annum in the OECD economies.

An unlevel playing field: national income estimates and reciprocal comparison in global economic history

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Jerven
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
National Income ◽  
Global History ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
Industrial Societies

AbstractIf we take recent income per capita estimates at face value, they imply that the average medieval European was at least five times ‘better off’ than the average Congolese today. This raises important questions regarding the meaning and applicability of national income estimates throughout time and space, and their use in the analysis of global economic history over the long term. This article asks whether national income estimates have a historical and geographical specificity that renders the ‘data’ increasingly unsuitable and misleading when assessed outside a specific time and place. Taking the concept of ‘reciprocal comparison’ as a starting point, it further questions whether national income estimates make sense in pre-and post-industrial societies, in decentralized societies, and in polities outside the temperate zone. One of the major challenges in global history is Eurocentrism. Resisting the temptation to compare the world according to the most conventional development measure might be a recommended step in overcoming this bias.

Fuzzy Reliability Theory

2021 ◽  
pp. 222-259
Author(s):  
Ingrid N. Pinto-López ◽  
Cynthia M. Montaudon-Tomas
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Science Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reliability Theory ◽  
Fuzzy Reliability ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
China And India ◽  
The World ◽  
The Uk

This chapter analyzes fuzzy reliability theory using bibliometric analysis. Different aspects of fuzzy have already been analyzed using bibliometric analysis, and a series of bibliometric tools have also been used. VOSviewer software was used to identify maps showing the most relevant trends. The analysis includes scientific articles, citations, journals, authors, universities, keywords, and countries. Results show that countries belonging mainly to Asia are at the avant-garde in terms of research in the field, China and India being the most productive countries in terms of the number of articles published, citations, and universities invested in the topic. Other countries in North America, such as Canada and the United States, and in Europe, the UK, Poland, Italy, and France, also show a great interest in this area of science. Research on the topic is relatively recent. The first articles were published in 1991; therefore, it presents excellent opportunities that will quite possibly attract researchers and universities from different regions of the world.

Introduction: Or, Why Fat is a Paranoid Issue

Paranoia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Freeman ◽  
Jason Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Ready Meal ◽  
The Uk ◽  
At Will

Over the past few years, a new and deadly epidemic has stalked the land. Britain and the US, just like much of the rest of the world, are getting fat. Around 60 per cent of adults in the UK are heavier than they should be. It’s a similar story in the US, where two-thirds of adults are overweight or extremely overweight (obese). That’s a pretty shocking statistic, but we all know that keeping in shape when you’re trying to balance the demands of work and family life is tough. Who’s got time to get to the gym? Who has the energy to do more than heat up a ready meal after ten hours in the office? Besides, we all get bigger as we get older, don’t we? It’s a metabolism thing—isn’t it? But if you think the statistics for adults are alarming, wait till you find out how our kids are faring. In 2003, 27 per cent of children under 11 in England were either overweight or obese. In the US, where different methods to measure obesity are used, nearly 20 per cent of children aged 6 to 11 were classified as overweight or obese in 2004. The numbers have almost doubled in a decade. How did so many children get to be overweight before they’ve even reached the ripe old age of 11? How do you become overweight when so much of your day is taken up with charging round a playground or park, when you can’t drive, and when you’re not free—like the rest of us—to stuff your face at will with chocolate, crisps, and alcohol? The answer, of course, is a complex one. If adults are eating much less healthily than they used to, so are their kids. Instead of spending their evenings playing outside, children now have the delights of multi-channel television, computer games, and the Internet to choose from. And then there’s the fact that increasing numbers of us just won’t let our children outside on their own. Back in the mid 1970s, we were 6 years old.

The Determinants of U.K. Investment Abroad, 1870–1913: The U.S. Case

1974 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 980-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Edelstein
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
National Income ◽  
Industrial Output ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Foreign Lending ◽  
The U.S

Perhaps because the world had never before or since seen such a large proportion of national income devoted to accumulating overseas assets, the processes of British accumulation in the period from 1870 to 1913 have long been given disproportionate attention in the study of modern British economic history. Calculations based on C. H. Feinstein's latest studies of U.K. income, expenditures and product suggest that roughly half of the nation's annual savings took the form of net foreign lending during these years, savings averaging slightly less than ten percent of net national income. Undoubtedly, interest in these matters has been further augmented by the intriguing problem of the United Kingdom's loss of world leadership in both industrial output and per capita income during these same years.

scholarly journals Rip current related drowning deaths and rescues in Australia 2004–2011

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1069-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Brighton ◽  
S. Sherker ◽  
R. Brander ◽  
M. Thompson ◽  
A. Bradstreet
Keyword(s):  
Incident Report ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Rip Current ◽  
Rip Currents ◽  
Actual Number ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Uk

Abstract. Rip currents are a common hazard to beachgoers found on many beaches around the world, but it has proven difficult to accurately quantify the actual number of rip current related drowning deaths in many regions and countries. Consequently, reported estimates of rip current drowning can fluctuate considerably and are often based on anecdotal evidence. This study aims to quantify the incidence of rip current related drowning deaths and rescues in Australia from 2004 to 2011. A retrospective search was undertaken for fatal and non-fatal rip-related drowning incidents from Australia's National Coronial Information System (NCIS), Surf Life Saving Australia's (SLSA, 2005–2011) SurfGuard Incident Report Database (IRD), and Media Monitors for the period 1 July 2004 to 30 June 2011. In this time, rip currents were recorded as a factor in 142 fatalities of a total of 613 coastal drowning deaths (23.2%), an average of 21 per year. Rip currents were related to 44% of all beach-related drowning deaths and were involved in 57.4% of reported major rescues in Australian locations where rips occur. A comparison with international operational statistics over the same time period describes rip-related rescues as 53.7% of the total rescues in the US, 57.9% in the UK and 49.4% in New Zealand. The range 49–58% is much lower than 80–89% traditionally cited. The results reported are likely to underestimate the size of the rip current hazard, because we are limited by the completeness of data on rip-related events; however this is the most comprehensive estimate to date. Beach safety practitioners need improved data collection and standardized definitions across organisations. The collection of drowning data using consistent categories and the routine collection of rip current information will allow for more accurate global comparisons.

A MULTI CULTURE PERCEPTION OF THE ENTREPRENEURIAL LIFESTYLE

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (04) ◽  
pp. 359-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. BENJAMIN MARTZ ◽  
ALESSANDRO BISCACCIANTI ◽  
THOMAS C. NEIL ◽  
ROBERT J. WILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Business Schools ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Uk

Business schools around the world offer courses and even complete degrees emphasizing entrepreneurship. However, the perception of an entrepreneur differs across cultures. This paper presents results from a set of 900 questionnaires collected over two years in three countries: United States; United Kingdom and France. The analysis found support for the basic conjecture that the perception of entrepreneurship differs between countries; the US students perceived the entrepreneurship lifestyle as a better lifestyle than did students from the France or the UK. Historically, the area of entrepreneurship is suggested as a key factor for a successful business environment. Business schools around the world offer courses and even complete degrees emphasizing entrepreneurship. However, the perception of an entrepreneur differs across cultures. The entrepreneurial lifestyle is perceived, rewarded, acknowledged, etc. differently across cultures based upon cultural norms. This paper presents results from a set of data collected over two years in three countries: United States; United Kingdom and France. The analysis of over 900 questionnaires found support for the basic conjecture that the perception of entrepreneurship differs between countries and in the direction predicted by the TEA report; the US students perceived the entrepreneurship lifestyle better than did students from the France or the UK. The final section of the paper is highlights the cross-cultural differences found and offers some ideas on why they occur.

The ET column. Will Chinese take over from English as the world's most important language?

English Today ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Graddol
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
The West ◽  
Absolute Size ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Global Language ◽  
The Uk ◽  
China’S Economy

Whenever I've given a lecture on the future of English, the question I am most frequently asked is ‘Will Chinese take over from English as the global language?’. With China's economy continuing to grow fast, whilst those of the west slow down in recession, China has been rising up the world economic rankings and has overtaken other economies faster than predicted. It seems no time since it overhauled the UK economy to become the world's number 4 (2005), and then Germany (2007) to become number 3. During the summer of 2010 it edged past Japan to become the world's second largest economy. It may take another 20 years to overtake the US economy in absolute size, though it may already have become the world's largest exporter (overtaking Germany), and has already overtaken the US in energy consumption. Next year, China is expected to take over from the US as the world's largest manufacturer – a position the US has held since it overtook the UK in the late 1890s.

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