History and Theory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Lorenz
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
History Writing ◽  
True Nature ◽  
The Status ◽  
Current Return ◽  
Theoretical Reflection ◽  
Three Phases

This introductory chapter assesses the role of theory in history and traces the developments in the discipline of history. Theoretical reflection about the ‘true nature’ of history fulfils three interrelated practical functions. First, theory legitimizes a specific historical practice—a specific way of ‘doing history’—as the best one from an epistemological and a methodological point of view. Second, theory sketches a specific programme of doing history. Third, theoretical reflections demarcate a specific way of ‘doing history’ from other ways of ‘doing history’, which are excluded or degraded. The chapter then considers three phases of theoretical changes from analytical to narrative philosophy of history, and then on to ‘history from below’ and the ‘presence’ of history, ultimately leading to the current return of fundamental ontological and normative questions concerning the status of history and history-writing.

THE ISSUE OF MINORS’S GUARDIANSHIP SENTENCED TO IMPRISONMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
Ирина Викторовна Евстафьева
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sufficient Detail ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
The Status ◽  
Correct Understanding ◽  
The Given

В статье исследуются вопросы попечительства в отношении несовершеннолетних, отбывающих наказание в виде лишения свободы. Проблема, поднимаемая автором настоящей статьи, многогранна, касается различных аспектов отбывания наказания несовершеннолетними в воспитательных колониях и требует комплексного исследования, способного ответить на определенно значимый вопрос: является ли колония законным представителем находящихся в ней несовершеннолетних со всеми вытекающими из статуса законных представителей последствиями. При этом необходимо обращать внимание на специфику правового статуса лиц, отбывающих наказание в воспитательных колониях, которые, во-первых, являются несовершеннолетними, то есть не обладают дееспособностью в полном объеме и нуждаются в особой заботе, защите и представительстве, а во-вторых, осуждены за совершение тяжкого или особо тяжкого преступления, влекущего изоляцию от общества и определенные ограничения и лишения. Отечественное законодательство достаточно детально регламентирует особенности режима отбывания наказания в виде лишения свободы несовершеннолетними, не определяя при этом статуса воспитательных колоний, кем они являются: воспитателями, попечителями или исключительно учреждениями исполнения наказаний. Между тем правильное понимание значения и роли воспитательной колонии в жизни находящихся в ней несовершеннолетних преступников, по мнению автора, поможет избежать ряда проблем, объективно складывающихся в учреждениях подобного рода. С этой точки зрения предлагаемая тема представляет интерес не только для ученых-теоретиков, но и для практиков - сотрудников соответствующих учреждений. Особо следует подчеркнуть, что исследований по данной тематике в специальной литературе нет. Отдельные исследования, встречающиеся в современной литературе, касаются исключительно общего гражданско-правового статуса несовершеннолетних осужденных. Однако это обстоятельство может свидетельствовать только о новизне данной темы, но никак не об отсутствии самой проблемы. The article analyzes the issues of the status of educational colonies as guardians of minors serving a sentence of imprisonment. In fact, the problem raised by the author of this article is multifaceted, concerns various aspects of the serving of punishment by minors in educational colonies and requires a comprehensive study that can answer, it seems, a definitely significant question: whether the colony is the legal representative of the minors in it with all the consequences arising from the status of legal representatives in the form of duties and responsibilities. At the same time, it seems, it is necessary to pay attention to the specifics of the legal status of citizens serving sentences in educational colonies, who, firstly, are minors, i.e. do not have full legal capacity and need special care, protection and representation, and, secondly, are convicted of committing a serious or particularly serious crime, entailing isolation from society and certain restrictions and deprivation. Domestic legislation regulates in sufficient detail the peculiarities of the regime of serving sentences in the form of deprivation of liberty by minors, without determining the status of educational colonies. Who are they: educators, Trustees or only institutions of execution of punishments. Meanwhile, the correct understanding of the importance and role of the educational colony in the life of juvenile offenders in it, according to the author, will help to avoid a number of problems that objectively develop in institutions of this kind. From this point of view, the proposed topic is of interest not only for theoretical scientists, but for practitioners-employees of relevant institutions. It should be emphasized that there are no studies on this subject in the special literature. However, this circumstance can testify only about novelty of the given subject, but in any way about absence of the problem. It seems that the relevance and importance of a problem is not always measured by the number of studies devoted to it. Sometimes these its traits are manifest only under particularly careful consideration.

The Discovery of X-Rays: a Probable Case of Second Order Observation

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
Marco Aurélio Clemente Gonçalves ◽  
Mariele Regina Pinheiro Gonçalves ◽  
Pablo Eduardo Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Historical Reconstruction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Probable Case ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of

The discovery of x-rays, one of the most beautiful experiments ever carried out, generates numerous controversies and these, in turn, can trigger a series of counterproductive information regarding not only the History of Science but also the teaching  activity. The aim of this article is to resolve these controversies concerning what ocurred and highlight the important role of the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, highlighting not only his genius but, especially in this case in particular, his condition of second-order observer. It is not uncommon to find information in various media refering to this discovery under the claim that it was the result of a fortuitous event, and this denotes a profound lack of knowledge about the facts or a disrespect for the renowned discoverer. Such allegations about the event depreciate the extraordinary discovery that impacts humanity, from the deed  to the present. Thus, through a brief historical reconstruction, it was tried to present here what had happened judiciously. With this respect, the brilliant scientist is given the status of a second-rate observer, from the philosophical point of view. This condition resonates with the diachronic aspect of the History of Science, according to the perspective presented here, and it is also supported by the time taken by the discoverer from the beginning of his research until the end of it. Keywords: X-Ray. Second-Order Observer. History of Science. ResumoO descobrimento dos raios-x, um dos mais belos experimentos já realizados, gera inúmeras controvérsias e essas, por sua vez, podem desencadear uma série de informações contraproducentes no tangente não só a História da Ciência como também à atividade de ensino. O presente artigo tem como objetivo dirimir tais polêmicas com respeito ao ocorrido e destacar o importante papel do físico alemão Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, destacando não só sua genialidade, mas sobretudo, neste caso em particular, a sua condição de observador de segunda ordem. Não é raro encontrar em diversos meios de comunicação informações com respeito a referida descoberta sob a alegação de que a mesma fora fruto de um caso fortuito e isso denota profundo desconhecimento sobre os fatos, ou então, desrespeito com o renomado descobridor. Tais alegações sobre o sucedido depreciam a descoberta extraordinária que impacta a humanidade, desde o feito até a atualidade. Assim, através de breve reconstrução histórica, buscou-se aqui apresentar o ocorrido criteriosamente. Com este respeito passa-se a atribuir ao brilhante cientista a condição de observador de segunda ordem, do ponto de vista filosófico. Tal condição encontra ressonância no aspecto diacrônico da História da Ciência, segundo a perspectiva aqui apresentada e está amparada, também, pelo tempo empreendido pelo descobridor desde o início de sua pesquisa até a finalização da mesma. Palavras-chave: Raios-x. Observador de Segunda Ordem. História da Ciência.

Les disciplines herméneutiques et la théorie critique sont-elles des formes de la rationalité scientifique?

Dialogue ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-326
Author(s):  
Stéphane Courtois
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Communicative Action ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Scientific Enterprise ◽  
Theory Of Communicative Action ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
First Time ◽  
Critical Social

AbstractThe general aim of this paper is to question the idea that hermeneutic and critical social sciences have to be conceived as specific embodiments of the scientific enterprise. This idea is rather implicit in Habermas's work, but has its grounds in his thesis about the argumentative unity of all sciences, upheld for the first time in 1973. Such a point of view turns out to be untenable for two reasons. First, the indiscriminating inclusion of the hermeneutic and critical social sciences in scientific enterprise raises problems of consistency with regard to the systematic guidelines of The Theory of Communicative Action. Moreover, the thesis of argumentative unity of the sciences itself is incompatible with Habermas's methodological conception of the role of Verstehen in the social sciences developed in section 1.4 of the book. Finally, the author argues that this conception calls for another understanding of the status and role of the hermeneutic and critical disciplines, which is outlined in some detail.

scholarly journals The Wolter Family: Ways and Contexts of Emigration to Lithuania

Lituanistica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelijus Gieda
Keyword(s):  
Academic Career ◽  
Academic Work ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Material ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
First Time

It has been emphasised on several occasions that Professor Eduard Wolter was a prominent figure and a broad-profile humanitarian in the history of Lithuanian humanities, who for many decades was actively interested in Lithuanian studies, among other things. The revolutionary changes in Russia divided Wolter’s academic career into two unequal parts: nearly forty years of academic work in Tsarist Russia and thirteen years in Kaunas. Bearing in mind the status of academic Lithuanian studies at the beginning of the twentieth century, his was an unprecedented case in Lithuania until 1940. We can claim that before 1940, no other Lithuanian humanitarian had such a long academic career of several decades devoted to Lithuanian studies. However, we still do not have an academic biography of Wolter, and Stasė Bušmienė’s work Eduardas Volteris, published almost 50 years ago, remains the most comprehensive publication in the field. Because of these circumstances, we must search for new problematic aspects, updated interpretations, and new material-based approaches. The article analyses the context of the revolutionary changes in Russia, the role of Augustinas Voldemaras in the history of the Wolters’ emigration, and Prof. Wolter’s recurrent concern about the academic possessions he had left in St. Petersburg when he was already in Lithuania. This article seeks new solutions: the emigration of the Wolter family to Lithuania is viewed as a potentially crucial knot in the professor’s biography. It allows understanding and linking two seemingly very different stages in his biography (Tsarist Russia and independent Lithuania). Lithuanian research interests and the related circle of like-minded people that had evolved in the course of many decades form a consistent deep-rooted epicentre of Prof. Wolter’s biography. The research method chosen imparts inner integrity to the biography of Prof. Wolter and an opportunity to look into the path of this scholar, who was also a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in the long term perspective. This text develops and substantiates the thesis that scholars’ emigration from Bolshevik Russia took place under dire circumstances: they had to leave not only their homes but also their libraries behind, their manuscripts and much of the material accumulated over many decades of academic work. Also, from the point of view of a collective biography, the context of the loss of the old University of St. Petersburg after the Bolshevik takeover in Russia is shown. While in Lithuania, Prof. Wolter made great efforts to recover the manuscripts, the library, and the collections he had left behind in St. Petersburg. This moment justifies the emigration of the Wolter family to Lithuania as a relevant key to the whole biography of Prof. Wolter. For the first time in historiography, the article gives a detailed analysis of Augustinas Voldemaras’ 53 letters to Alexandra Wolter (translated and published by Gediminas Rudis). The letters offer an interesting and characteristic description of the actual circumstances of the emigration of the Wolter family to Lithuania. This correspondence reveals a special connection between Voldemaras and the Wolter family. Voldemaras, who had lived in the Wolters’ house in St. Petersburg for over a decade, became a true family member, and their communication in the process of the emigration of the Wolter family was best described as close familial relations. In this way, the article sheds light on the role of Prof. Voldemaras in the relocation of the Wolter family to Lithuania, which did not find reflection either in Wolter’s biography or in general historiography.

STUDYING THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AS A FACTOR OF HUMANITARIAN COOPERATION IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-124
Author(s):  
Vadim M. Shneider ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Status ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Level Of Training ◽  
Language Environment ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The article considers issues related to the status and role of the Russian language in the post-Soviet space. It is emphasized that Russian language remains one of the main factors that still unites the countries of the post-Soviet region, different from a socio-cultural point of view. The author pays special attention to the study of the Russian language in schools. It is noted that in a number of states in the region, the Russian language is compul- sory for learning. These countries include Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Armenia and Azerbaijan. In Ukraine, Georgia, Moldo- va, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Turkmenistan, Russian language is taught in secondary schools as a second foreign language. The author emphasizes that language policy does not always correspond to the language environment, which develops naturally and depends on a number of socio-cultural factors. In this regard, the author considers in detail the linguistic situation in each of the countries of the post-Soviet space. In the final part of the article, the author emphasizes that the prospects for studying the Russian language in the post-Soviet countries depend on various factors: the level of training of teachers, the demand for the Russian language, the preservation of the Rus- sian-speaking environment and the pursuit of a flexible language policy.

The Status of Subnational Authorities in EU Law

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michèle Finck
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Formal Point

This chapter introduces the subject of analysis and provides the conceptual framework and the main themes of the book. It introduces the outsider and insider narratives of subnational authorities (SNAs) in EU law and sets out the characteristic features of these two parallel yet opposed narratives. We will observe that while SNAs are outsiders of EU law from a formal point of view, the insider narrative highlights their increasing role in the achievement of EU objectives and the substantive development of supranational law. The concepts of polycentricity and porosity are introduced to assist in framing the multidimensional interactions which occur between different scales of pubic authorities. It is suggested that the paradigm of interconnection is key to any understanding of the contemporary role of SNAs.

Beyond ‘Town and Gown’: The Role of the University in Small and Medium-Sized Cities

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Lazzeroni ◽  
Andrea Piccaluga
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Knowledge Spaces ◽  
The Status ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Town And Gown ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship

In recent years, universities have become more active in performing new activities that have been added to those regarded as ‘traditional’. This trend has led to a number of changes, among which is a transformation of the status of universities in urban and regional contexts and, in particular, an increase in their impact on the development of medium-sized university cities. From a methodological point of view the contribution of universities to urban development can be analysed from three different perspectives: knowledge and economic; relational; and cultural. Starting from these points of view, this paper analyses three cases of European medium-sized university cities (Oxford, Leuven and Pisa), in which the presence of one or more universities represents an important asset not only for the construction and evolution of knowledge spaces but also for urban development as a whole, by leaving tangible and intangible ‘traces’, reinforcing the relationship between academia and local community and contributing to the identity of knowledge cities.

Les rôles religieux dans le contexte multi-racial sud-africain : le profil du ministère dans le calvinisme et le catholicisme

1972 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-47
Author(s):  
Edward Higgins ◽  
André Rousseau
Keyword(s):  
Role Models ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Dutch Reformed ◽  
Catholic Priest ◽  
Reformed Church ◽  
Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk ◽  
The Status ◽  
Points Of View

In the first part of the article the author describes the position of Calvinism and Catholicism in South Africa from the historical, demographic and socio-cultural points of view. Following this there is a report, with comments, on two studies carried out on religious roles in these two Churches. The first of these studies was conducted by C.J. Alant on the role of the pastor in the Dutch Reformed Church (Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk) and the second by J. Kiernan on the Catholic priest. Among the most outstanding aspects of these two studies the author emphasises that in both Churches the roles of religious still are closely linked with their functions relating to the sacraments and worship. He emphasises that, as a result, these role models tend to maintain the status quo ; from the point of view of non-involvement in politics and privatisation of religion the Catholic priest may be able to play a more vital role than the Calvinist pastor.

Conservative Political Thought in Britain in Response to the French Revolution

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Philip Schofield
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Glorious Revolution ◽  
True Nature ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Glorious Revolution ◽  
The French Revolution

In attempting to explain the stability of eighteenth-century Britain, and in particular the maintenance of political, social and economic supremacy by the landed aristocracy, scholars have begun to pay attention to the role of ideology and opinion. They see this not merely as providing an explanation of the way things were, but justifying and reinforcing them. The dominant ideological interpretation of society had emerged from the political and constitutional struggles of the seventeenth century, and in particular from the Glorious Revolution of 1688, an interpretation which might be denominated ‘Whig’, and which faced its most serious challenge at the very end of the eighteenth century from the French revolution. Despite the more tangible threat of French arms, the ruling classes in Britain did not underestimate the danger to social order from the arguments advanced by adherents of the rights-of-man doctrine propagated by the revolutionaries. If, in reply to these views, the status quo could be shown not only to be necessary and inevitable, but also right and good, that is to say correspondent with the true nature of man, then the morality of the existing practices and institutions of civil society would be proven. The problem at its most fundamental level was ethical, and it was a problem which conservatives attempted to solve in a variety of ways.

scholarly journals The Social Dialogue as a Source of EU Legal Acts—Past Performance and Future Perspectives

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aukje A.H. van Hoek
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Past Performance ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Social Dialogue ◽  
Collective Agreements ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Partners ◽  
The Status

EU law recognizes the regulatory role of social partners—the bodies representing management and labour—but provides neither a legal nor a fully developed conceptual framework. An output analysis of the texts produced by the social partners demonstrates that they fulfil a variety of functions, both as stakeholders and co-regulators. However, only a small percentage of the documents produced in the European social dialogue have the status of EU collective agreements. It is the latter group which is most interesting from the point of view of regulation. A further analysis tracks the different interactions between EU law and EU collective agreements and highlights the tension between horizontal and vertical subsidiarity created by the REFIT agenda.

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