Urdu as Persian

2018 ◽  
pp. 40-57
Author(s):  
Arthur Dudney
Keyword(s):  
Language Planning ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Persian Literature ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Everyday Language ◽  
Lexical Items

Focusing on the writings of Siraj al-Din ʿAli Khan ‘Arzu’ (d. 1756), a critic of Persian literature and early theorist of what would come to be known as Urdu, Arthur Dudney shows how the sociolinguistic concept of ‘language planning’ can be used to understand the historical process through which a literary language is delineated and defined as such. Defining a new literary idiom involves identifying what that idiom is but also specifying what it is not. In the writings of Arzu and others, Dudney finds that the concept of rozmarrah (colloquial or ‘everyday’ language) was essential to defining what Urdu was, just as the exclusion of lexical items and forms of speech from Persian and Brajbhasha established what Urdu was not.

Teaching Slavonic languages in Australia

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 123-130
Author(s):  
Peter Hill
Keyword(s):  
Language Planning ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Large Sections

The absence of suitable materials for use in beginners’ courses in Macedonian for Australian undergraduates has led to the production of an Australia-based audio-visual course. The development of this course has involved decisions that fall within the area of language planning. Macedonians in Australia are not normally very conversant with the Macedonian standard or “literary” language (MSL), which is, in any case, not very highly standardized. It still shows considerable variation in lexicon and syntax. The MSL was chosen as the basis for the course, despite initial consideration being given to the idea that some form of dialectal language might be taught. The MSL Provides a neutral idiom that can serve people of different dialectal backgrounds. However, forms that are not likely to be accepted or even understood by large sections of the Macedonian communities in Australia are avoided. Colloquial, obsolescent and dialectal lexical items are included if they rate positively by this criterion.

Uzbek re-modeled

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-333
Author(s):  
Lydia Catedral
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Language Planning ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Semantic Classes ◽  
Unique Approach ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This study investigates the relationship between Russian language use and language planning in the context of newly independent, post-soviet Uzbekistan (1991–1992). It is guided by the question: In what ways does the use of Russian loanwords in Uzbek language newspapers accomplish language planning in newly independent Uzbekistan? The main finding from this analysis is that post-independence use of Russian loanwords from particular semantic classes in particular contexts reinforce overtly stated ideologies about Russian and construct difference between soviet Uzbekistan and independent Uzbekistan. These findings demonstrate the need to reexamine the role of Russian language in post-soviet contexts, and they contribute a unique approach to analyzing links between lexical items and ideology in language planning.

Notes on the colloquial lanǵuaǵe of Persia as recorded in certain recent writings

1952 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Classical Tradition ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Speech ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Persian Literature ◽  
The West ◽  
Colloquial Language ◽  
Ordinary Conversation

§ 1. There is in all languages a considerable difference between literary and colloquial usage. Sometimes this difference is so great that one can almost speak of two distinct languages. But even when the contrast is less striking it remains true that a large part of the vocabulary and a number of grammatical forms are to be encountered only in books and do not come spontaneously to the lips in natural speech; just as, on the other hand, there are words and expressions to be heard on every side in ordinary conversation that would be unthinkable in formal writing. All this is as true of Persian as of any other language; but whereas in the West the colloquial idiom has long since achieved literary recognition in the drama and in fiction, this is by no means the case in Persia, where recent experiments in the recording of the spoken language have met with strong opposition from the upholders of the classical tradition. The first shot hi this new ‘Battle of the Books’ was fired more than 30 years ago by Sayyed Mohammad ‘Ali amālzāde with the publication of his celebrated collection of short stories known as Yekī būd yekī na-būd, in which he introduced into Persian literature a host of words and phrases in common use by all classes throughout Persia but unrecorded in dictionaries and carefully avoided by men of letters. ǰamālzāde was content to enrich the vocabulary of the literary language: it was left to men like the late Sādeq Hedāyat and his disciple Sādeq Čūbak to take a second and much more controversial step and to make the creatures of their imagination employ, as nearly as possibly, the actual pronunciation and grammar of the spoken language.

scholarly journals Vadja kirjaviisist ja sõnaloomest

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-56
Author(s):  
Enn Ernits
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Language Planning ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Planning Problems

To create an effective literary language, it is necessary to solve the following main problems: 1) selecting suitable dialect area(s); 2) establishing linguistic standards; 3) developing orthography; and 4) adapting the literary language to modern linguistic and cultural demands (Tauli 1968: 19). In solving these problems with regard to the Votic language, language planners can start from both general principles of language planning and the planning experiences of other Balto-Finnic literary languages, such as Estonian, Finnish, Võro and Veps. Today it is advisable to resolve the planning problems of minority languages as flexibly as possible. The author favours the Kattila dialect as the background for the written language, but does not exclude the use of other Votic dialects for this purpose. In the initial period of the Votic literary language at least there is no real need to determine strong norms. It is strongly advised that consistent use be made of a phonological writing system using the letters c, č, š, ž, õ, ä, ö, ü; ď, ń, ŕ, ź and ť. There is no need to designate the sandhi in the script. The language should be enriched with modern concepts where possible, with the creation of new lexis based on actual words and those borrowed from neighbouring languages. The formation of words is mainly the result of compounding and derivation, for example čehsi-škoulu ‘secondary school’ and nimezikko ‘list’ (< nimi ‘name’).

scholarly journals GERMAN YOUTH SLANG

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Khrustaleva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Everyday Language

Young people react most vividly to all events in life. New forms of social relations to a certain extent affect it, as the socially most promising stratum of society, whose linguistic competence and speech behavior largely determines the direction of development of other social subsystems of language, including the spoken and literary language. Youth slang as an everyday language of communication among young people is a kind of indicator of their level of development, interests, tastes and needs. Students' speech is most influenced and changed

scholarly journals Взаємодія діалектних та літературних назв речей хатнього вжитку в українських східнослобожанських говірках

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Марина [Maryna] Олексіївна [Oleksiïvna] Волошинова [Voloshynova]
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Complex Study ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Lexical Composition

Peculiar Features of Names of Household Objects in the Ukrainian Eastern Slobodian DialectsThis article presents an analysis of vocabulary of household objects in the Ukrainian Eastern Slobodian dialects. The area of vocabulary under discussion attracts the attention of researchers owing to its connection with material culture: it reflects human daily needs, social and economic living conditions and inter-ethnic contacts.Research on peculiarities of lexical composition of the local dialects in question remains relevant. The Eastern Slobodian dialects have emerged relatively recently and have been hardly investigated at all, which is why they are of great scholarly interest and require complex study. Special features of this dialectal system stem mainly from the fact that the area is unevenly populated by immigrants from different regions of Ukraine and Russia.The study presented in this article determined the quantitative composition of dialectal material and the functional role of particular lexical items under scrutiny; it also involved their lexical and semantic analysis. Considerable attention has been paid to tracking semantic parallels and differences between the dialects in focus and other dialectal continuums of the Ukrainian language, both the adjacent and more distant ones. In order to examine the interaction between the literary language and the Eastern Slobodian dialects, the lexical units on the record were compared with the national lexicon. The analysis revealed that most names of household objects found in the Eastern Slobodian dialects are in common general use, which indicates the influence of standard speech on the dialects under consideration.Szczególne cechy nazw przedmiotów użytku domowego w ukraińskich gwarach wschodniosłobodzkichNiniejszy artykuł przedstawia analizę słownictwa dotyczącego nazw przedmiotów użytku domowego w ukraińskich gwarach wschodniosłobodzkich. Słownictwo z tego zakresu przyciąga uwagę badaczy ze względu na związek z kulturą materialną: można w nim dostrzec codzienne ludzkie potrzeby, społeczne i ekonomiczne warunki życia i kontakty międzyetniczne.Badania nad szczególnymi cechami zasobu leksykalnego omawianych gwar są jak najbardziej uzasadnione. Gwary wschodniosłobodzkie ukształtowały się stosunkowo niedawno i są nadal słabo zbadane, co sprawia, że są niezmiernie interesujące pod względem językoznawczym i wymagają kompleksowych badań. W tym przypadku szczególne cechy systemu gwarowego wynikają głównie z faktu, że omawiany obszar jest nierównomiernie zasiedlony przez ludność napływową, pochodzącą z różnych regionów Ukrainy i Rosji.Podczas badania materiału ustalono jego skład ilościowy i funkcję poszczególnych składających się nań leksemów oraz przeprowadzono ich analizę leksykalną i semantyczną. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na prześledzenie podobieństw i różnic semantycznych między badanymi gwarami a sąsiednimi lub bardziej odległymi kontinuami dialektalnymi języka ukraińskiego. Aby ustalić interakcję pomiędzy omawianymi gwarami a językiem literackim, badane jednostki leksykalne porównano z ich ogólnoukraińskimi odpowiednikami. Analiza wykazała, że większość nazw przedmiotów użytku domowego występujących w gwarach wschodniosłobodzkich należy do powszechnie używanego słownictwa, co wskazuje na wpływ języka standardowego na badane gwary.

scholarly journals Evolution of the scenic speech in the domestic cultural and historical process

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
A. Bilenka
Keyword(s):  
Formation Process ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Cultural Process ◽  
Current State ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this paper is to examine the evolution and transformation of Ukrainian scenic speech according to the scheme: folk speech — literary speech — scenic speech in the context of the historical and cultural process. The relevance of the research is that the analysis of the peculiarities of the Ukrainian scenic language, the study of its formation and its role in the domestic cultural process will help overcome the crisis of speech culture caused by ethnic heterogeneity and politics of modern Ukraine. The methodology. The author has used historic and theatric approaches that made it possible to identify the characteristics of scenic language as an important component of the culture of the ХХ century, which allows us to explore the relationship between the current state of the scenic speech with the language culture of the XXI century. Also chronological analysis was used, which allows to reproduce the process of evolution of the Ukrainian scenic speech in chronological order. The results. As a result, we can introduce the evolution process of the Ukrainian language according to the scheme: folk language — literary language — scenic language. The historical and cultural reasons of the language situation in Ukraine from the beginning of the Christianization of Kyivan Rus’ to the present are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the period of the end of the XIX — first half of the XX century as the most important stage in the formation process of the general principles of the scenic speech in the context of the historical and cultural process. The topicality. An attempt is made for the first time to identify the main phase of the formation of scenic speech in the context of the historical and cultural process. The practical significance. The key results of this research can be used by theaters and higher educational institutions of culture and art of Ukraine for further improvement of studying, researching process and practical activity.

racing and studying two-syllable words, two consecutive words with a similar sound and tone, and words with a similar sound in “Ngục trung nhật kí”

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-62
Author(s):  
Chung Nguyen Thi Thanh
Keyword(s):  
Literary Language ◽  
Everyday Language ◽  
Language System

The paper examines the system of two-syllable words, two consecutive words with a similar sound and tone, and words with a similar sound in “Ngục trung nhật kí”. Based on that, it discusses the author’s word borrowing and forming. At the same time, the paper explores the interaction and development of this language system in modern Vietnamese. This group of words in “Ngục trung nhật kí” includes 102 words, of which borrowed words account for 76% and formed words 24%. The borrowed and formed words are harmoniously combined in the work, demonstrating Ho Chi Minh's linguistic talent. Among the two-syllable words, two consecutive words with a similar sound and tone, and words with a similar sound that Ho Chi Minh wrote in “Ngục trung nhật kí”, there were words that entered Vietnamese and those that did not, accounting for 42% and 58% respectively. The words which entered Vietnamese lexicon have undergone changes to become more suitable with the reality with the rate of modified words being 16%. This figure shows the intersection between Vietnamese and Chinese, between literary language and everyday language, and affirms the strong development of Vietnamese throughout the nation's history

Precategoriality and syntax-based parts of speech

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 568-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Bisang
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Late Archaic ◽  
Remarkable Property ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Universal Feature ◽  
Archaic Chinese ◽  
Lexical Items

Late Archaic Chinese is a precategorial language, i.e., a language whose lexical items are not preclassified in the lexicon for the syntactic functions of N and V. This will be shown on the basis of structural-conceptual criteria as those developed by Croft (2000) and Sasse (1993b) as well as on the basis of methodological criteria as those suggested by Evans & Osada (2005). As is claimed in Construction Grammar (Goldberg 1995, 2005), the meaning of lexical items is derived by integrating their own lexical meaning with the meaning contributed by the construction. The construction analysed in this paper is the argument structure construction. Linking between lexicon and syntax is subject to stereotypical pragmatic implicatures (Levinson 2000) that follow a version of the animacy hierarchy. As it will turn out, Late Archaic Chinese does not strictly lack parts of speech. In fact, without the distinction of nouns and verbs at the level of syntax it would not be possible to analyse utterances in Late Archaic Chinese. The only thing that Late Archaic Chinese can do without is noun/verb distinction in the lexicon. This typologically remarkable property is due to a process of morphological change. If such a historical process can take place irrespective of parts-of-speech distinctions, precategoriality in the lexicon cannot be a robust universal feature even if most theoretical approaches take it for granted.

About the language of scientific research

2021 ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
O. E. Frolova
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Research ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Everyday Language ◽  
Scientific Discourses ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Concept Of Truth ◽  
The Relationship

The article examines the relationship between the words foundation, purpose, truthfulness, reliability, truth, falsehood, which make up the logical-verbal framework of scientific research. In order to avoid misunderstandings between the author and the addressee, they must obey the convention that the words of the literary language and the highly specialized and logical terms have the same meanings. The author and addressee must also agree on how the chain of reasoning is constructed and understood. The word foundation is the basis, the support of reasoning, the word goal is the image of the result. The adjective reliable can only refer to verified information, proven fact. The words truthful and reliable are not synonyms and cannot be used interchangeably without prejudice to the meaning of the statement. The concept of truth is interpreted as the correspondence of the statement to extralinguistic reality. The article shows the difference between the meanings of the words truth and falsehood in everyday and scientific discourses, these words in everyday language are antonyms, and in the language of logic they include an intermediate link when the truth is not proven. 

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