The Wind from the North

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-116
Author(s):  
Gerd-Rainer Horn
Keyword(s):  
European Country ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Western European Country ◽  
Slow Pace ◽  
The North ◽  
Political Clout ◽  
The Social

No Western European country experienced liberation at such a slow pace as Italy. The Allied landing on Sicily occurred twenty months before the final liberation of Northern Italy in late April 1945. As a result, the evolution of antifascist resistance activism underwent a contradictory development unique in Western Europe. The official Roman government administering liberated Italy and Rome-based coordinating bodies of the resistance operating in the North performed the role of a break on the radical dynamic of antifascist activism in Italy’s North. In parts of Central and Northern Italy, the social power and political clout of Liberation Committees became all-important counterpowers to traditional political authorities, far exceeding the radical dynamics which had propelled French Liberation Committees into the limelight of their day. Virtually all of Northern Italy was liberated by antifascist activists in advance of the arrival of Allied troops moving north.

scholarly journals ON THE ALANIAN HERITAGE IN THE WEST

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Р.Г. ДЗАТТИАТЫ
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
The West ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gold Silver ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Great Migration ◽  
The Military

В результате процессов, сопровождавших Великое переселение народов, аланы, попав в Западную Европу, были ассимилированы, оставив во Франции, Северной Италии, Испании, Англии несколько сотен топонимов, связанных с ними. Следы пребывания алан на Западе впервые были обобщены В.А. Кузнецовым и В.К. Пудовиным. Появление труда американского ученого Б. Бахраха «Аланы на Западе» сняли скептицизм по отношению к роли алан в истории народов Западной Европы. О роли алан в исторических событиях Западной Европы раннего и зрелого Средневековья было отчетливо заявлено в трудах В.Б. Ковалевской, Франко Кардини, Говарда Рида, Скотта Литлтона, Линды Малкор. Особенно замечательна объемная работа Агусти Алемани «Аланы в древних и средневековых письменных источниках». У алан было заимствовано устройство конного войска, а вместе с этим, вероятно, и экипировка всадника, важной деталью которой был воинский пояс. Пряжка со щитком такого пояса служила у алан маркером статуса: в зависимости от того, из какого материала она была изготовлена (золото, серебро, бронза), она указывала на место в социальной иерархии. Трехлепестковый орнамент в результате модификаций вполне мог стать основой или прообразом особого знака-символа – так называемой «королевской лилии». Схему трансформации трехлепесткового узора в лилию можно проиллюстрировать рисунками пряжек. Надо полагать, что аланы оставили свой след не только в топонимике, организации конного войска, но и в орнаментике, фольклоре, антропонимике и других проявлениях культуры, которые необходимо тщательно исследовать. As a result of the processes that accompanied the Great Migration of Nations, the Alans, having fallen into Western Europe, were assimilated, leaving several hundred place names associated with them in France, Northern Italy, Spain, and England. The traces of the Alans' stay in the West were first generalized by V.A. Kuznetsov and V.K. Pudovin. The appearance of the work of the American scientist B.S. Bachrach "Alans in the West" removed skepticism regarding the role of the Alans in the history of the peoples of Western Europe. The role of the Alans in the historical events of Western Europe of the early and mature Middle Ages was clearly stated in the works of V.B. Kovalevskaya, Franco Cardini, Howard Reed, Scott Littleton, Linda Malkor. Particularly remarkable is the voluminous work of Agusti Alemany "Alans in ancient and medieval written sources." The Alans borrowed the device of the horse army, and with it, probably, the equipment of the horseman, an important detail of which was the military belt. The buckle with the shield of such a belt served as a status marker for the Alans: depending on what material it was made of (gold, silver, and bronze) it indicated a place in the social hierarchy. As a result of modifications, the three-petal ornament could very well become the basis or prototype of a special sign-symbol – the so-called “royal lily”. The transformation pattern of a three-petal pattern into a lily can be illustrated with buckle patterns. It must be assumed that the Alans left their mark not only in toponymy, organization of the cavalry army, but also in ornamentation, folklore, anthroponymy and other cultural manifestations, which must be carefully studied.

The social context of iron forging on the Kenya coast

Africa ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chapurukha M. Kusimba
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Power ◽  
High Status ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ambiguous Position

Ironsmiths occupy an important yet ambiguous position in many African societies. They are both revered and feared, because they wield social power which arises from their access to occult knowledge, not only of metallurgy but of healing, divination, circumcision and peacemaking. In some societies smiths enjoy high status and are the wealthiest people. In others they are feared, covertly maligned, and blamed for societal misfortunes. In still others the smiths' position is often marginal except when they are needed to intercede on their society's behalf to solve natural or cultural predicaments. The forge or smithy plays a central role in the community as tool-making centre, a place of refuge from violence, of purification, and for healing. This article examines the social context of iron forging among the ironsmiths of the Kenya coast, focusing on the role of iron forging in the coastal economy, the forge, the smiths' life cycle, the institution of apprenticeship, the ritual and technical power of smiths, the role of women in the smiths' community, and the future of iron forging on the coast. It is argued that, while coastal smiths are marginal and despised, they hold important ritual and spiritual powers in coastal society. The article concludes that a detailed understanding of the traditional crafts historically practised on the coast can do much to illuminate the complex history of coastal society.

The Conditions in Jewish Society in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Middle Decades of the Eighteenth Century

1996 ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Gershon David Hundert
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Generational Conflict ◽  
East European ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Jewish Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

This chapter investigates the conditions in Jewish society in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the middle decades of the eighteenth century. The place of hasidism in the religious history of the eighteenth century ought to be reconsidered not only in light of the questions about the schismatic groups in the Orthodox Church raised by Ysander, but also in light of the general revivalist currents in western Europe. The social historian cannot explain hasidism, which belongs to the context of the development of the east European religious mentality in the eighteenth century. Social history does, however, point to some significant questions that ought to be explored further. One of these is the role of youth and generational conflict in the beginnings of the movement, and not only in its beginnings. A realistic recovery of the situation of the Polish-Lithuanian Jewry in the eighteenth century shows that neither the economic nor the security conditions were such as to warrant their use as causal or explanatory factors in the rise and reception of hasidism.

Applied linguistics in Europe

AILA Review ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 57-68
Author(s):  
Kees de Bot
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Applied Linguistics ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
The North ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Eu

In this contribution developments in Applied Linguistics in Europe are linked to major social changes that have taken place over the last decades. These include: The decline of the USSR and the end of the cold war; The development of the EEC and the EU and fading of borders; The economic growth of Western Europe; Labor migration from the south to the north of Europe; The emergence of regionalism. All of these developments have shaped the role of languages in society and they have sparked research on linguistic aspects related to the languages in contact due to these developments.

Review of periodical articles

Urban History ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-335
Author(s):  
JELLE HAEMERS ◽  
GERRIT VERHOEVEN ◽  
JEROEN PUTTEVILS ◽  
PETER JONES
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
The Social ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Urban Elites ◽  
Patrilineal Descent ◽  
North Western

One of the key concepts of Max Weber's writings on cities was that in north-western Europe, the landed nobility and urban elites were clearly distinguished. For Weber, this was indeed a main reason to locate the occidental city in the north rather than in the Mediterranean. Christof Rolker tackles this question in his ‘Heraldische Orgien und Sozialer Aufstieg. Oder: Wo ist eigentlich “oben” in der spätmittelalterlichen Stadt?’, Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung, 52 (2015), 191–224. The in-depth analysis of one of the largest and at the same time most widespread armorials in the late medieval Holy Empire, namely that of Konrad Grünenberg (d. 1494), demonstrates that in Konstanz (where Grünenberg lived) guilds (and not the nobility) first insisted on patrilineal descent as a proof of status. Traditionally, Grünenberg is seen as a paradigmatic social climber, as he left his guild to join the society of the local nobility (called ‘Zur Katz’). Yet his sumptuous armorial, containing over 2,000 coat of arms mainly from the south-west of the Empire, does not mention any single member of this noble society. Instead, it praises the tournament societies of which Grünenberg was not a member, and highlights chivalric events in which he never participated. This, Rolker argues, indicates that armorials were not only about status already gained or to be gained, but also a manual for contemporaries to discuss the social order in a more abstract way. In his ‘Wappenbuch’, Grünenberg constantly explains why he could not join the noble societies he praised, while at the same time he ignored the ‘Zur Katz’ association of which he was a member. Therefore, Rolker concludes that it was not only members (or would-be members) of the respective social groups who knew and reproduced social codes. So the boundary between noble and urban elites was more blurred than Weber claimed – though Rolker is of course not the first to criticize Weber on this. Clearly, Grünenberg's armorial was part and parcel of a wider discussion of origins and kinship, namely patrilineal kinship that took place in several social milieux, rather than simply a book which displayed inherited status.

scholarly journals K razumevanju ženskega dela v veliki vojni

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-125
Author(s):  
Urška Strle
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Home Front ◽  
War Economy ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Active Population ◽  
Slovenian Population ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Military

UNDERSTANDING WOMEN'S WORK DURING THE GREAT WARThe article deals with the intersection of war economy and women's workforce during World War I and pays a special attention to the Slovenian population. Using a variety of sources, the author tries to synthesise the generalities and specifics of the women’s involvement into the war economy in the so-called Slovenian lands. War economy is understood in the broadest sense and includes not only armament and war-related production, but also the acute issue of supplies for the military and civil sphere.The economic role of the Slovenian lands, peripheral within the Habsburg Monarchy, and the social structure of the Slovenian population profoundly affected the way how women were being included into the activities at the home front. The author argues that the sensational images from Western Europe, presenting a massive inclusion of women into the war industry, are not typical for the Slovenian space. However, the role of women in the war economy should not be underestimated, for they represented the majority of economically active population, supporting not only the civil society but also the army.

scholarly journals Religion and Modernization in Southeast Asia (Book Review)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-73
Author(s):  
Sudarnoto Abdul Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The Social ◽  
Agents Of Change ◽  
Negative Role ◽  
Rice University

the book which was written by Fred. R. Vonder Mehden, an Albert Thomas Professor of Political Science, at Rice University, Houston, is actually a result of efforts to understand the nature of th interrelationship of religion and modernization in Southeast Asia in the light of the theoritical assumptions presented by postwar social  scientists. It is no doubt that where as religions like Islam and Buddhism in countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand have acted both as inhibutors and agents of change, the social science literature spoke primarily to the negative role of rligion from the more possitive perspective. Mehden demonstrates the weakness of the theories developed by Social scientists in Western Europe and the U.S. without adequate field research and embodying major biases and misconceptionabout indigenous cultures and religions.

scholarly journals Gubernur Jenderal VOC Jan Pieterszoon Coen dan Pembangun Kota Batavia (1619-1629)

Sosio e-kons ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Rani Noviyanti
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>The establishment of the city of Batavia on the west coast of the north coast of Java, cannot be separated from the role of a figure named Jean Pieterzoon Coen. Although previously Jayakarta (the name before Batavia), was controlled and built by Pangeran Fatahillah, the situation and conditions in the social and economic fields of Jayakarta were not like the management of J.P. Coen. After Jayakarta was controlled by the VOC, through a military expedition policy designed by JP. Coen, the condition of the city of Jayakarta slowly gradually increased in the social and economic fields. The increase in the city of Batavia in the social and economic fields was based on three JP policies. Coen was quite brave, namely increasing trade activities in the Sunda port of Kalapa, revitalizing the position of the islands in northern Batavia as a base of administration and defense and security, and opening the widest door for Chinese traders and immigrants. The three policies, in fact, were purely based on the thoughts outlined by JP. Coen, after taking over the Jayakarta area from the mastery of Prince Fatahillah.</p><p>Keywords: J.P. Coen, Kota Batavia.</p><p><strong><em>ABSTRAK</em></strong></p><p>Pendirian kota Batavia di sebelah barat pesisir pantai utara Jawa, tidak dapat dipisahkan dari peran seorang tokoh yang bernama Jean Pieterzoon Coen. Meskipun sebelumnya Jayakarta (nama sebelum Batavia), dikuasai dan dibangun oleh Pangeran Fatahillah, akan tetapi situasi dan kondisi dalam bidang sosial dan ekonomi Jayakarta tidak seperti pada masa pengelolaan J.P. Coen. Setelah Jayakarta dikuasai oleh VOC, melalui kebijakan ekspedisi militer yang dirancang oleh JP. Coen, keadaan kota Jayakarta perlahan demi perlahan semakin meningkat dalam bidang sosial dan ekonomi. Peningkatan kota Batavia dalam lapangan sosial dan ekonomi dilatari oleh tiga kebijakan JP. Coen yang cukup berani, yakni meningkatkan aktivitas perdagangan di pelabuhan Sunda Kalapa, merevitalisasi kedudukan pulau-pulau di utara Batavia sebagai basis adiministrasi dan pertahanan dan keamanan, serta membuka pintu seluas-luasnya bagi pedagang dan pendatang etnis Tionghoa. Tiga kebijakan tersebut, sejatinya meurpakan murni hasil pemikiran yang dituangkan olh JP. Coen, setelah mengambil alih wilayah Jayakarta dari penguasaan pangeran Fatahillah.</p><p>Kata Kunci : J.P. Coen, Kota Batavia.</p>

scholarly journals The Role of Influential Dynasties and Local Families in Urban Development and Political Centrality of Shushtar in Khuzestan Province During Safavid Era

2020 ◽  
pp. 615-622
Author(s):  
Masoud Vali Arab ◽  
Hamid Asad Pour ◽  
Hamid Peighambary ◽  
Ali Rasouli
Keyword(s):  
Social Values ◽  
Ethnic Origin ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Khuzestan Province ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social

Shushtar as one of the most important cities of Khuzestan in safavid era was inhabited by some officials and rulers mostly due to its specific geographical, strategic and military situation during the rule of Safavid dynasty. The establishment of new villages in Shushtar and its surroundings areas by the local rulers caused this city to grow and develop more. In the same regard, due to the entering of many different clans and tribes to Shushtar in the Safavid period, extensive ethnic conflicts emerged in this city. Turk Qizilbash (Shamlus, Rumlus, Afshars, Ustodjlus, Turkmens, and Dulghadirs), Chagatai family, Circassia, Georgians, great religious scholars from Jabal Amel region, Jazayeri and Kalantar Sadats were among the tribes and clans entering Shushtar in the Safavid period. At the end of this period, natural disasters such as flood influenced Shushtar status both socially and politically to a great extent. The current study attempts to describe the political and social conditions of Shushtar during the Safavid period, aiming to answer this question: Why was Shushtar under the spotlight by the Safavid rulers and inhabited by most governmental rulers and authorities? It is hypothesized in this study that due to the geographical and military situation, Shushtar have always been considered as a defensive barrier by the Safavids against Mushashaiyah central bases in the South of Khuzestan, and Ranshis bases in the North of Khuzestan and also against Bakhtiyari Khans. Unquestionably, taking into consideration the topics such as ethnic origin, tribal interests, occupation state, religious and social values, and changing or modification of each case can give provide us with some useful information about the social and political life of Shushtar in the Safavid period.

scholarly journals عروض مختصرة

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (54) ◽  
pp. 246-233
Author(s):  
أسماء حسين ملكاوي
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Human Values ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Hans Küng ◽  
Radical Islam ◽  
The Social ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The U.S

المذاهب الإسلامية طريق إلى الوحدة، مُصطفى حُسيني طباطبائي، ترجمة: سعد رستم، دمشق: دار الأوائل، 2008م، 112 صفحة. الحوار القومي – الإسلامي، مجموعة من المؤلفين والباحثين بالتعاون مع المعهد السويدي بالإسكندرية، بيروت: مركز دراسات الوحدة العربية: 2008م، 713 صفحة. مسألة المنهج في الفكر الديني: وقفات وملاحظات، حيدر حب الله، بيروت: مؤسسة الانتشار العربي، 2007، 495 صفحة. مأزق الإمبراطورية الأمريكية، فنسان الغريّب، بيروت: مركز دراسات الوحدة العربية، 2008م، 401 صفحة. العقيدة والإنتاج المعرفي، صادق إنعام الخواجا، عمان: دار الشروق، 2008م، 453صفحة. هرطقات 2: عن العلمانية كإشكالية إسلامية – إسلامية، جورج طرابيشي، دمشق: دار الساقي للطباعة والنشر، 2008م، 248 صفحة. الدين والسياسة: تأصيل وردُّ شبهات، يوسف القرضاوي، القاهرة: دار الشروق، الطبعة الأولى، 2007م، 245 صفحة. التّكافُل الاجتماعي في الإسلام: رُؤية مُعاصرة، أسامة عبد المجيد العاني، دمشق: دار السلام، 2008م، 127 صفحة. مُستقبَل التّعليم العربي بين الكارثة والأمل، محسن خضر، القاهرة: الدار المصرية اللبنانية، الطبعة الأولى، 2008، 248 صفحة. العالم الإسلامي: عوامل النّهضة وآفاق البِناء، مجموعة من الباحثين، لندن: مجلة البيان، الطبعة الأولى، 2007، 525 صفحة.  السُّنة النبوية وعلومها: بين أهل السُّنة والشيعة الإمامية (مدخل ومقارنات)، الدكتور عدنان محمد زرزور، عمان: دار الأعلام، الطبعة الأولى، 2008م، 576 صفحة. Le coran décrypté: Figures bibliques en Arabie, Jacqueline Chabbi, Paris- Fayard, 2008, 418 pages. La question religieuse au XXIe siècle: Géopolitique et crise de la postmodernité, Georges Corm, Paris- Editions La Découverte (15 septembre 2005), 205 pages. Islam: Past, Present and Future: Hans Kung, Oneworld Publications (November 25, 2008), 800 pages. Stealth Jihad: How Radical Islam is Subverting America without Guns or Bombs, Robert Spencer, Regnery Publishing (November 18, 2008), 256 pages. Teaching: Professionalisation, Development and Leadership, David Johnson, Rupert Maclean (Editors), Springer; 1 edition, 2008, 318 pages. Human Values in a Changing World: A Dialogue on the Social Role of Religion (Echoes and Reflections), Bryan Wilson, Daisaku Ikeda, B. Tauris, 2008, 384 pages. The War on Islam: Enver Masud, India Research Press; 4th edition, 2008, 308 pages. Culturally Incorrect: How Clashing Worldviews Affect Your Future, Rod Parsley, Thomas Nelson, 2008, 224 pages. States without Citizens: Understanding the Islamic Crisis, John W. Jandora, Praeger Security International General Interest (June 30, 2008), 128 pages. Producing Islamic Knowledge: Transmission and Dissemination in Western Europe, Stefano Allievi, Martin Van Bruinessen, Taylor & Francis, Inc., 2008, 240 pages. Islamic Perspective on Charity: A Comprehensive Guide for Running a Muslim Nonprofit in the U.S., Khalil Jassemm, Author House (5 Oct. 2006), 540 pages. Your Child's Strengths: Discover Them, Develop Them, Use Them, Jenifer Fox, Viking Adult, 2008, 368 pages ... للحصول على كامل المقالة مجانا يرجى النّقر على ملف ال PDF  في اعلى يمين الصفحة.  

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document