Political Economy of Turkey since the End of World War II

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Şevket Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Political System ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Actors

This chapter examines the interaction between economic growth, the leading social actors, the state, and the global economic system in Turkey. The country’s long-term record in economic growth and human development has been close to world averages and a little above developing country averages. Turkey has experienced serious difficulties in establishing a pluralistic, open, and stable political system since 1950. While class cleavages have always mattered, equally important have been identity cleavages at both the societal and elite levels, most importantly between secularists and Islamists and between Turkish and Kurdish nationalists. These cleavages had negative consequences for state capacity and its ability to implement rules-based economic policies. The recurring tensions between the competing elites, the mixed outcomes associated with state interventionism, and the periods of political instability have made it difficult to attain a stronger record of economic development.

scholarly journals Structural Change, Capital Deepening, and TFP Growth in Japan: 1885–1970

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-204
Author(s):  
Kyoji FUKAO ◽  
Tatsuji MAKINO ◽  
Tokihiko SETTSU
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
High Speed ◽  
World War ◽  
Sector Model ◽  
Tfp Growth ◽  
Primary Sector ◽  
Meiji Restoration

Abstract After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan modernized its institutions and economic growth gradually picked up. Growth accelerated especially during the so-called high-speed growth era from 1955 to 1970, when Japan rapidly caught up with Western economies. The long-term sustained high-speed growth recorded during this period was unprecedented, not only in Japan, but worldwide. Using newly constructed Hitotsubashi estimates of Japan’s historical gross domestic product (GDP) statistics and a growth accounting framework, we analyze the sources of Japan’s economic growth through a historical perspective covering the longer period than other studies and explore why Japan was not able to accomplish such high-speed growth from 1885 to 1955. Since the mid-1960s the primary sector accounted for a large share of economic activity, we use a two-sector model in which the economy overall is divided into the primary sector and the non-primary sector. Our results suggest that TFP growth and capital accumulation in the non-primary sector played a major role in achieving high-speed economic growth. From this perspective, the fact that the capital stock per worker did not grow substantially before World War II is one of the key reasons why Japan did not experience high-speed growth during this period.

Endogenous Democratization

2003 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carles Boix ◽  
Susan C. Stokes
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
Model Specification ◽  
World War ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
To Come ◽  
Democratic Stability

The authors show that economic development increases the probability that a country will undergo a transition to democracy. These results contradict the finding of Przeworski and his associates, that development causes democracy to last but not to come into existence in the first place. By dealing adequately with problems of sample selection and model specification, the authors discover that economic growth does cause nondemocracies to democratize. They show that the effect of economic development on the probability of a transition to democracy in the hundred years between the mid-nineteenth century and World War II was substantial, indeed, even stronger than its effect on democratic stability. They also show that, in more recent decades, some countries that developed but remained dictatorships would, because of their development, be expected to democratize in as few as three years after achieving a per capita income of $12,000 per capita.

Inward-Oriented Development after World War II

2018 ◽  
pp. 204-221
Author(s):  
Şevket Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Political System ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Economic Strategy ◽  
Party Government ◽  
New Strategy

This chapter considers global and national political developments and examines how they led to changes in economic policies and institutions, as well as the consequences of these changes. After World War II, Turkey moved closer to the West and toward a multiparty political system. The shift to a more competitive political system brought about a shift toward an economic strategy based on agriculture as favored by the great majority of the population who earned their living from agriculture. While the state-led industrialization of the 1930s began to be abandoned as early as 1947, the new strategy was fully adopted by the Democrat Party government that came to power after the elections in 1950.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Şevket Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Institutional Changes ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
World War ◽  
Per Capita

This introductory chapter demonstrates how Turkey's performance in economic growth and human development has been a little above but close to developing-country and world averages. Turkey's political system was opened to greater participation and competition after World War II with the transition to a multiparty system which gave greater voice and power to average citizens. Turkey's formal economic institutions and economic policies also experienced a great deal of change during the last two centuries. The chapter shows that many of these institutional changes were designed to and did lead to increases in per capita income and improvements in human development. The latter part of the chapter provides an overview of the book.

scholarly journals Macroeconomic signs of an innovative economy by the case of Great Britain

2021 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 00072
Author(s):  
Mikhail Savelyev ◽  
Mikhail Kozyrev ◽  
Andrey Savchenko ◽  
Vladimir Koretsky ◽  
Rail Galiakhmetov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Development Policy ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Marshall Plan ◽  
World War ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Institutional Innovations

By the case of the economic development of Great Britain, the hypothesis was verified that innovations at the macroeconomic level should accelerate economic growth and at the same time reduce development risks, stabilizing this growth, reducing its fluctuations under the influence of market factors. The economic development of Great Britain is investigated in 25 economic cycles for the period from 1830-2020. Economic development was investigated according to the parameters of economic growth and development risk in each of the considered cycles. Four types of economic development policy are theoretically described in terms of the dynamics of changes in growth and risk between the previous and subsequent cycles including progressive, regressive, aggressive and conservative. In relation to the identified periods of progressive development policy in Great Britain, the institutional innovations that led to this type of development were investigated. Among them was the great economic reform of the early Victorian era, the course of social or new liberalism and the popular budget before the First World War, the activities of the first Labor government immediately after this war, economic recovery after World War II in combination with the Marshall plan and nationalization, the era of the Conservatives and the politics of New Labor at the end of the 20th century. The study showed that the implementation of authentic national culture and institutions complementary to the existing authentic culture institutions of institutional innovations leads to a simultaneous decrease in the risk of development and acceleration of economic growth, which can be considered the most favorable policy of macroeconomic management of entrepreneurial activity in order to accelerate the application of technical and commercial innovations.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Robert L. Tignor
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Race Relations ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Public Life ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Manchester School

This introduction provides an overview of W. Arthur Lewis's biography. Three considerations that surfaced so forcefully in the aftermath of the World War II—decolonization, race relations, and economic growth—were preeminent issues in the life of W. Arthur Lewis. As a person of color who grew up in an impoverished and largely ignored corner of the British Empire, he devoted much of his academic career and public life to elucidating these matters and promoting a vision of a decolonized, color-blind, and prosperous community of independent nations. Lewis's contributions to the field of development economics were significant and pioneering and made him the founding figure of a wholly new branch of economics in the 1950s. His 1954 article on economic development using unlimited supplies of labor, published in Manchester School, was arguably the single most influential essay in this field.

Contemporary Principles of Heterodox Political Economy

2009 ◽  
pp. 38-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ph. O’Hara
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Mainstream Economics ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Historical Specificity ◽  
Scientific Results

In this analytical review the author describes the main trends in the modern heterodox political economy as an alternative to mainstream economics. Historical specificity as well as the contradictory and uneven character of economic development are examined in detail. The author also discusses problems of class, gender and ethnic discrimination and their influence on economic growth. It is shown that there are tendencies to convergence of different theoretical perspectives and schools, common themes, topics of research and conceptual apparatus are being formed. The forces of integration and differentiation help establish new ideas and receive interesting scientific results in such fields as development economics, macroeconomics and international economics.

Intercultural Experience, the Anglo-American Occupation and UNESCO in Germany 1945–1949

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Morley
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Scientific Organization ◽  
World War ◽  
United Nations Educational ◽  
Intercultural Experience ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Negative Sense

Independent of each other, though contemporaneous, the Anglo-American occupiers of Germany and the newly founded United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization employed culture to foster greater intercultural and international understanding in 1945. Both enterprises separately saw culture as offering a means of securing the peace in the long term. This article compares the stated intentions and activities of the Anglo-American occupiers and UNESCO vis-à-vis transforming morals and public opinion in Germany for the better after World War II. It reconceptualizes the mobilization of culture to transform Germany through engaging theories of cultural diplomacy and propaganda. It argues that rather than merely engaging in propaganda in the negative sense, elements of these efforts can also be viewed as propaganda in the earlier, morally neutral sense of the term, despite the fact that clear geopolitical aims lay at the heart of the cultural activities of both the occupiers and UNESCO.

The Roots of Global Health Inequity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joia S. Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact

This chapter outlines the historical roots of health inequities. It focuses on the African continent, where life expectancy is the shortest and health systems are weakest. The chapter describes the impoverishment of countries by colonial powers, the development of the global human rights framework in the post-World War II era, the impact of the Cold War on African liberation struggles, and the challenges faced by newly liberated African governments to deliver health care through the public sector. The influence of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund’s neoliberal economic policies is also discussed. The chapter highlights the shift from the aspiration of “health for all” voiced at the Alma Ata Conference on Primary Health Care in 1978, to the more narrowly defined “selective primary health care.” Finally, the chapter explains the challenges inherent in financing health in impoverished countries and how user fees became standard practice.

Theorizing About Post-Keynesian Economics in Australasa

2013 ◽  
pp. 411-435
Author(s):  
Paul Dalziel ◽  
J. W. Nevile
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
World War ◽  
Keynesian Economics ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Monetary And Fiscal Policy

There was much in common in the development of post-Keynesian economics in Australia and New Zealand, but there were also many differences. Both countries shared a common heritage in higher education. In the first twenty-five years after World War II, both countries adopted broadly Keynesian policies and experienced very low levels of unemployment. Increasingly over these years more theorizing about macroeconomic policy had what now would be called a post-Keynesian content, but this label was not used till after the event. In both countries, apart from one important factor, the experience of actual monetary policy and theorizing about it were similar. Keynesian ideas were more rapidly adopted in Australia than in many other countries. Not surprisingly for a couple of decades after 1936, analysis of policy and its application was Keynesian rather than post-Keynesian, with fiscal policy playing the major role. The conduct of both monetary and fiscal policy depends on the theory of inflation. This chapter examines post-Keynesian economics in Australasia, focusing on aggregate demand, economic growth, and income distribution policy.

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