Children, Adolescents, and Public Health: Ethical Considerations

2019 ◽  
pp. 191-204
Author(s):  
Margaret Moon
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Political Economic

The population of children and adolescents encompasses a remarkable range of physiological, developmental, and experiential phenomena. Considered from a global perspective, differences may seem to overwhelm similarities. This chapter proposes and explains three distinct but interrelated characteristics that should frame ethical considerations of public health approaches to children and adolescents: (1) lack of political, economic, and social power; (2) status as subject to stewardship by adults; and (3) presumed lack of capacity for decision-making.The impact of these shared characteristics is examined using public health approaches to health information, health promotion and access to confidential services. Public health policies that anticipate the risks related to powerlessness and failures of stewardship, and seek to promote respect for developing capacity can help to create conditions in which children can thrive.

scholarly journals The EU Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Knowledge Gateway

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Bakogianni
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Issue/ problem Unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, alcohol and tobacco use are leading risk factors for non-communicable diseases. They are all modifiable and health promotion policies can support that. Description of the problem However, information overload, controversies and uncertainties, budget constraints and difficulties in balancing disparate interests are common challenges that can hamper action by policy makers in the field of public health. To support them, the European Commission has created the Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Knowledge Gateway. It is a reference point for independent and reliable information to assist policy making; it summarises both the data and knowledge needed to support prioritisation of public health policies and justify investments in health promotion. Results The Knowledge Gateway currently covers the areas of nutrition, physical activity, alcohol, marketing of foods and beverages, and related societal impacts such as disease burden and health inequalities. These topics have been prioritised by Member States representatives and policy makers. The content is organised into concise, well-structured briefs which include definition of each issue, health related effects, and examples of policy recommendations and implemented policies. The high-quality source documents are selected in a tiered approach and are mainly authored or endorsed by authoritative public health organisations. Lessons Judging by the positive feedback received, the Knowledge Gateway is being used widely across Member States and stakeholders. The content of the Knowledge Gateway will be further expanded to support other health priorities such as mental health promotion. Policy makers have a unique, trusted “one-stop-shop” with high quality information to support, justify and strengthen the development of public health policies and health promotion. Key messages The use of reliable authoritative information for the development of public health policies can support the prevention of major non-communicable disease risk factors. The EU Knowledge Gateway is a unique reference point of reliable, independent information to support policy making in the area of public health.

scholarly journals Focusing on the rights of children and adolescents in public health policies

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Claudia Patricia Sanabria ◽  
Isaac Ravetllat Ballesté
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Public Health Policies

scholarly journals How public health policy can be informed by neuroscience

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
ANDREW B. WOLF ◽  
GIDON FELSEN
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Recent Success ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Screening Efficiency

AbstractMany public policies are designed to counteract commonly made decisions that result in poor health. These policies have primarily been informed by the behavioural economics of decision making. Underappreciated in this conversation has been the perspective from neuroscience, despite its recent success – and the likelihood of future progress – in advancing our understanding of the neural basis for health-related decisions. Using tobacco control as an example, we provide a concise overview of how public health policies can and should be informed by neuroscience. We propose that such input can improve policies by increasing their effectiveness, improving screening efficiency and informing relevant ethical considerations. Finally, we recognise limitations and highlight roles that key stakeholders can play in incorporating neuroscientific evidence for the benefit of public policy.

scholarly journals O Cidadão e a Ouvidoria Geral do SUS: Análise das Demandas Protocoladas no Disque Saúde em 2011

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Lucena Theophilo ◽  
Sandra Mara Campos Alves
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Participatory Management ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative

RESUMO Numa gestão democrática participativa, a Ouvidoria aparece com um espaço de escuta dos cidadãos, assim este trabalho apresenta uma análise das demandas protocoladas no Disque Saúde, um setor do departamento da Ouvidoria Geral do SUS, responsável em atender os cidadãos para disseminar informações de saúde e também registrar reclamações, elogios, denúncias e sugestões. Através de uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa, foi utilizado na coleta de dados, procedimentos de pesquisa documental e bibliográfica. Concluindo que a importância da participação cidadã consolida cada vez mais a gestão a fim de tornar as politicas públicas em saúde mais efetivas. ABSTRACT In a democratic participatory management, the Ombudsman appears with a space for listening to the citizens. This paper presents an analysis of the claims filed in the “Disque Saúde”, a sector of the Ombudsman Department of SUS that is responsible to attended citizens. This Departament disseminates health information and also registers complaints and suggestions. It was made a qualitative and quantitative research by a collecting data, researching procedures and documenting literature. Concluding that the importance of citizen participation consolidates increasingly managing to make public health policies more effective. RESUMEN En una gestión participativa democrática, el Defensor del Pueblo aparece con un espacio para escuchar a los ciudadanos, por lo que este artículo se presenta un análisis de las alegaciones presentadas en la Línea de la Salud, un sector del Departamento de Ombudsman SUS, ciudadanos responsables a servir en la difusión de información sobre la salud y también registrar quejas, felicitaciones, quejas y sugerencias. A través de un estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo se utilizó para recopilar datos, protocolos de investigación y la literatura documental. Concluyendo que la importancia de la participación ciudadana consolida cada vez más la gestión para que las políticas de salud pública más eficaz.

scholarly journals Population simulations of COVID-19 outbreaks provide tools for risk assessment and continuity planning

JAMIA Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Peng ◽  
Rowland W Pettit ◽  
Christopher I Amos
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Robustness Analysis ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Command Line ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Continuity Planning ◽  
Quantitative Estimates ◽  
Community Infection

Abstract Objectives We developed COVID-19 Outbreak Simulator (https://ictr.github.io/covid19-outbreak-simulator/) to quantitatively estimate the effectiveness of preventative and interventive measures to prevent and battle COVID-19 outbreaks for specific populations. Materials and methods Our simulator simulates the entire course of infection and transmission of the virus among individuals in heterogeneous populations, subject to operations and influences, such as quarantine, testing, social distancing, and community infection. It provides command-line and Jupyter notebook interfaces and a plugin system for user-defined operations. Results The simulator provides quantitative estimates for COVID-19 outbreaks in a variety of scenarios and assists the development of public health policies, risk-reduction operations, and emergency response plans. Discussion Our simulator is powerful, flexible, and customizable, although successful applications require realistic estimation and robustness analysis of population-specific parameters. Conclusion Risk assessment and continuity planning for COVID-19 outbreaks are crucial for the continued operation of many organizations. Our simulator will be continuously expanded to meet this need.

scholarly journals Characterization of death from colorectal cancer in Mato Grosso State/Legal Amazon/Brazil, 2000-2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
R S Caló ◽  
B S N Souza ◽  
N D Galvão ◽  
R A G Souza ◽  
J C S Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Rectosigmoid Junction ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Background Colorectal cancer has been one of the cancers that most contributed to mortality, in both sexes in the world. In Brazil, cancer is among the top five causes of death and colorectal cancer is ranked on the fifth position. Of the Federative Units belonging to the Legal Amazon, Mato Grosso stands out for the higher adjusted incidence of colorectal cancer for both sexes. Thus, the objective is to characterize deaths from colorectal cancer, according to sociodemographic variables in Mato Grosso from 2000 to 2016. Methods A descriptive study was carried out, using data from the Mortality Information System, made available by the Department of Health of the Mato Grosso State. Deaths of all ages were selected, whose basic cause was identified by the codes from the International Classification of Diseases: (C.18) colon cancer, (C.19) rectosigmoid junction cancer, (C.20) rectal cancer or (C.21) anus cancer. Results Between 2000 and 2016, 31,607 deaths from cancer were registered. Of these, 1,750 (5.6%) were due to colorectal cancer. An increased number of deaths was observed at the end of the period, with a variation from 46 deaths in 2000 from 173 in 2016. Highest frequency was verified in men (51.3%), people aged 60 years or older (59.7%), black (54.6%), married (52.3%) and those with primary education (55.2%). According to Brazilian occupation classification options or those answers filled out on the death certificate, highest frequency were for “Retired” (26.2%), “Housewife” (23.1%), Agricultural/Forestry and Fisheries” (11.3%) and “Production of Industrial Goods and Services” (10.3%). Conclusions This study evidenced the increased number of deaths due to colorectal cancer in Mato Grosso State, and identified priority groups for interventions through public health policies which should include screening and early diagnosis to cope with the disease. Key messages Evidenced the increased number of deaths due to colorectal cancer in Mato Grosso State. Identified priority groups for interventions through public health policies.

Epidemiological surveillance and performance assessment: the two roles of health indicators during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-203
Author(s):  
Nathan Genicot
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Performance Assessment ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The One ◽  
Massive Development

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to the massive development and use of health indicators. Drawing on the history of international public health and of the management of infectious disease, this paper attempts to show that the normative power acquired by metrics during the pandemic can be understood in light of two rationales: epidemiological surveillance and performance assessment. On the one hand, indicators are established to evaluate and rank countries’ responses to the outbreak; on the other, the evolution of indicators has a direct influence on the content of public health policies. Although quantitative data are an absolute necessity for coping with such disasters, it is critical to bear in mind the inherent partiality and precarity of the information provided by health indicators. Given the growing importance of normative quantitative devices during the pandemic, and assuming that their influence is unlikely to decrease in the future, they call for close scrutiny.

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