Neural Basis of Monolingual and Bilingual Reading

2019 ◽  
pp. 602-625
Author(s):  
Pedro M. Paz-Alonso ◽  
Myriam Oliver ◽  
Ileana Quiñones ◽  
Manuel Carreiras
Keyword(s):  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
Bilingual Reading ◽  
Language Exposure ◽  
The Impact

Over the last two decades, neuroimaging research has provided extensive knowledge about the neural basis of reading. However, there are still important debates about the functional role of reading-related regions and networks, and unanswered questions that will need to be addressed to further understand how reading is accomplished by the neural systems of monolingual and bilingual individuals. This chapter offers a critical review of (1) the functional specialization of left perisylvian reading regions and their participation in orthographic, phonological, and semantic reading systems; (2) the division of labor between ventral and dorsal reading networks and the factors that modulate them; and (3) the neural correlates supporting bilingual reading and the impact of age of acquisition, language proficiency, language exposure, and language orthography in the modulation of bilingual reading regions and networks. The chapter summarizes relevant current and future directions in the study of the neural mechanisms supporting this phylogenetically relatively new human ability.

Open science reforms: Strengths, challenges, and future directions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn R. Wentzel
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Educational Psychology ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Science Practices ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
The Impact

In this article, I comment on the potential benefits and limitations of open science reforms for improving the transparency and accountability of research, and enhancing the credibility of research findings within communities of policy and practice. Specifically, I discuss the role of replication and reproducibility of research in promoting better quality studies, the identification of generalizable principles, and relevance for practitioners and policymakers. Second, I suggest that greater attention to theory might contribute to the impact of open science practices, and discuss ways in which theory has implications for sampling, measurement and research design. Ambiguities concerning the aims of preregistration and registered reports also are highlighted. In conclusion, I discuss structural roadblocks to open science reform and reflect on the relevance of these reforms for educational psychology.

scholarly journals How Will the Use of Technology in Translation and Testing Affect Language Learning?

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Michael Bourne
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Human Element ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
The One ◽  
Impact Of Technology ◽  
Age Range ◽  
The Impact

Technology has an ever increasing impact on how we work and live. Article adressed the issue of the impact of technology in two key areas of language learning. On the one side learners increasingly used technology to translate. Given this trend, was there any real need to learn a language. On the other side, educational institutions increasingly used technology to rate language proficiency. Given this trend, would the work of the teacher become less and less important. The survey was conducted by using quantitative method. The respondents’ age range was 18-25. There were 53 respondents, 35% were male and 65% were female. The instrument was a questionaire having 9 questions describing the students’ reliance on computer in translation. It can be concluded that learners of English indicate that they accept and welcome the role of technology in language learning, but there is a doubt that the role and participation of humans in the learning process will be completely replaced. The human element remains an important ingredient. (EE)

scholarly journals A roadmap for the study of conscious audition and its neural basis

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1714) ◽  
pp. 20160103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Dykstra ◽  
Peter A. Cariani ◽  
Alexander Gutschalk
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Perception ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Scene Analysis ◽  
Conscious Perception ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Auditory Scenes ◽  
Shed Light

How and which aspects of neural activity give rise to subjective perceptual experience—i.e. conscious perception—is a fundamental question of neuroscience. To date, the vast majority of work concerning this question has come from vision, raising the issue of generalizability of prominent resulting theories. However, recent work has begun to shed light on the neural processes subserving conscious perception in other modalities, particularly audition. Here, we outline a roadmap for the future study of conscious auditory perception and its neural basis, paying particular attention to how conscious perception emerges (and of which elements or groups of elements) in complex auditory scenes. We begin by discussing the functional role of the auditory system, particularly as it pertains to conscious perception. Next, we ask: what are the phenomena that need to be explained by a theory of conscious auditory perception? After surveying the available literature for candidate neural correlates, we end by considering the implications that such results have for a general theory of conscious perception as well as prominent outstanding questions and what approaches/techniques can best be used to address them. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Auditory and visual scene analysis’.

scholarly journals Problematising the interplay between employment relations, migration and mobility

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 580-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny K. Rodriguez ◽  
Lesley Mearns
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Employment Relations ◽  
Work Experiences ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Work And Employment

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to introduce the special issue by problematising labour agency, precariousness, and labour fragmentation as defining themes of the interplay between employment relations, migration and mobility.Design/methodology/approachDrawing from discussions about the impact of globalisation on changes in features of work and employment, and bringing together theory and research on employment relations and labour migration, the paper discusses the relational spatial and temporal nature of agency, the diverse features of worker experiences of precariousness, and the resulting fragmentation in labour solidarity.FindingsLabour agency, precariousness and labour fragmentation intersect to create the axis of dynamics of hardship and abuse that dominate work experiences of migrant workers in the global labour market. Globalisation has a pervasive impact in articulating and perpetuating systemic processes of closure, entrapment and containment, which are triggered by migration and legitimised by dynamics of employment relations.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to current discussions about the interplay between migration, mobility and employment relations and sets out future directions of research to enhance our understanding of the role of employment relations to perpetuate, legitimise and normalise dynamics of globalisation that promote the migrant division of labour and create contradictory labour demands and displacements in the global labour market.

The Oxford Handbook of Hope

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

The Oxford Handbook of Hope provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge regarding the science and practice of hope. Hope has long been a topic of interest to philosophers and the general public, but it was only in recent decades that hope became a focus of psychological science. Rick Snyder defined hope as a cognitive trait that helps individuals to identify and pursue goals and consists of two components: pathways, the perceived capacity to identify strategies necessary to achieve goals, and agency, the willpower or motivation to pursue those pathways to achieve goals. Hope has become one of most robust and promising topics in the burgeoning field of positive psychology. This book reviews the progress that has been made in the past 25 years regarding the origins and influence of hope. Topics covered include current theoretical perspectives on how best to define hope and how it is distinct from related constructs, current best practices for measuring and quantifying hope, interventions and strategies for promoting hope across different settings and the lifespan, the impact that hope has on many dimensions and domains of physical and mental health, and the many ways and contexts in which hope promotes resilience and positive functioning. Experts in the field both review what is currently known about the role of hope in different domains and identify topics and questions that can help to guide the next decade of research. The handbook concludes with a collaborative vision on the future directions of the science of hope.

scholarly journals The Role of the Negative 3-H Trio in Second Language Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Chu ◽  
Xiaoxia Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Classroom Discourse ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Second Language Education ◽  
Communication Competency ◽  
Peace Psychology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Life Career

Language has been proven to strongly affect different aspects on one's life/career including his/her identity and interpersonal communication skills beyond the immediate context. Given this, now proper discourse and interlocutor's emotions are highlighted in academia. However, few studies (if any) have explored the role of negative stressors and constructs in L2 classroom discourse and interpersonal communication competency. To fill this yawning lacuna, the present study provided a glance at the impact of three negative language aspects of hate, hurt, and harm (also called negative 3-H trio) on L2 education. Moreover, it presents the definitions, origins (positive psychology, positive peace psychology), dimensions, and applications of each aspect. Finally, some implications and future directions are suggested to avid scholars in L2 and mainstream education.

Minding the Emotional Thermostat

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan T. Denny ◽  
Kevin N. Ochsner
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Affective Neuroscience ◽  
Affect Dysregulation ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Regulation Of Emotion ◽  
The Brain

This chapter takes a social cognitive affective neuroscience approach to describe the processes and systems to give rise to emotion and the volitional control of emotion. It provides a detailed description of the processes that underlie the regulation of emotion. It introduces and synthesizes the brain structures involved in emotion processing and regulation. There is a particular focus on the role of the ventrolateral, dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrtonal cortex, amgydala, ventral striatum and insula, and on cognitive strategies such as reappraisal. It provides a critical framework for understanding the underlying behavioral and neural basis for the affect dysregulation observed across personality disorders, and summarizes future directions for this area of investigation.

Assessing storytelling as a tool for improving reading comprehension in the EFL primary classroom

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-196
Author(s):  
Tú Anh Hà ◽  
Andrea Roxana Bellot
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Young Learners ◽  
Language Exposure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to explore the effect of storytelling in helping children read and comprehend English in primary schools. Design/methodology/approach The study includes 44 eight-year-old students, being divided into two equal groups. They are Catalan/Spanish native speakers, and their English level is pre-A1 (CEFR). The two groups studied the same topic with similar vocabulary and grammatical structures; however, only the experimental group learnt with storytelling. A pre-test, a post-test and exercises were implemented and analyzed by using the Mann–Whitney test, the Wilcoxon signed rank test and the general linear model to verify the effect of storytelling, the impact of time and the interaction between time and storytelling. Findings The findings show that storytelling helps children remember, understand and use the vocabulary of a certain topic and a specific grammatical structure, which are compatible with the vocabulary and the structure in a given story. It also supports students in forming the habit of using particular pairs of words correctly, such as “snake-hiss,” “zebra-bray.” Storytelling proved to be as effective as other teaching methods, such as games and exercises to make a contribution in helping students improve their reading-comprehending of separate sentences. However, time and continued language exposure played a pivotal role in students’ progress of decoding a gapped paragraph and filling in the gaps with appropriate words, no matter what teaching methods were used (storytelling or others). Research limitations/implications The findings of the effect of storytelling on fostering students’ reading comprehension have implications for storytelling investigators in the field of teaching ESL. Investigators such as Wright (1995), Ellis and Brewster (1991, 2002, 2014), Cameron (2001), etc., strongly recommend the use of storytelling when teaching a foreign language. Then the findings of this paper contribute to confirm storytelling’s benefits in improving children’s reading abilities, especially in reading-comprehending separate sentences. Practical implications Regarding the practical implications of this case study, the findings of the role of storytelling and the role of time in improving students’ reading-comprehension have important implications for L2 English teachers, especially for the ones teaching English for young learners. Due to the fact that learners need time to become successful language users, who not only understand but also analyze and use language fluently without thinking much about the forms or the rules, teachers should not overanalyze language forms. Instead, they should provide learners with an inductive process of language exposure, including the use of storytelling. Storytelling provides young learners with language exposure and context-the natural environment to acquire language. Therefore, it can create a greater impact on learners for remembering vocabulary and understanding the meaning of a given text, as well as form some habits for foreign language learners, such as the use of some specific pairs of words, which has been shown in the findings of this project. This nurtures learner’s graduation to automaticity in using language and develops their reading-comprehension. Originality/value This paper is all originated from a study researching the effect of storytelling in helping students read and comprehend English by carrying out an experiment with two groups, namely, the control and the experimental in a semi private primary school in Tarragona, Spain. This study carries an important value, as it proves the effect of storytelling in improving students' ability of remembering vocabulary and understanding separate sentences, as well as points out the role of time in students' progress of mastering a foreign language.

scholarly journals Core Needle Biopsy Enhances the Activity of the CCL2/CCR2 Pathway in the Microenvironment of Invasive Breast Cancer

Onco ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Marja Heiskala ◽  
Kristiina Joensuu ◽  
Päivi Heikkilä
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Core Needle Biopsy ◽  
Needle Biopsy ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Core Needle ◽  
Tumor Surveillance ◽  
Ccl2 Expression ◽  
The Impact

The use of core needle biopsy (CNB) as a means to verify malignancy preoperatively is a paradigm in current breast cancer care, and the risk of enhancing tumor development by this procedure has been considered insignificant. Experimental work in mice has shown preoperative biopsies to increase tumor supportive elements in the microenvironment, whereas, in humans, the impact of CNB on the host’s immunologic response has not been investigated. In this pilot study, we compared the expression of CCL2/CCR2 pathway components at the protein level in samples from CNBs to those from the corresponding resected tumors from 52 patients with primary breast cancer. We found an increased expression of CD163, CD14 and CCR2 in monocytes/macrophages and a slight decrease of CCL2 in the malignant epithelium in the tumors after the biopsy. The increased infiltration of immunosuppressive monocytes/macrophages and the decreased tumor cell CCL2 expression, presumably due to the CCR2 availability-dependent CCL2 internalization, suggest that CNB enhances the activity of the CCL2/CCR2 pathway, and this finding warrants confirmatory examination. The switch in the context-dependent role of CCL2 on the polarization of macrophages may lead to increased tumor supportive function both locally and in the peripheral immune machinery. The future directions in breast cancer should include early interventions to support the tumor surveillance of the host.

scholarly journals Eyes Wide Shut: Gaze dynamics without vision,

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Martinez-Conde ◽  
Bradley Buchsbaum ◽  
Fatema Ghasia ◽  
Freek Van Ede ◽  
Stephen L. Macknik
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Video Stream ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Palm Trees ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
Born Child ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mind's Eye

Video stream: https://vimeo.com/365522806 The human ability for visualization extends far beyond the physical items that surround us. We are able to dismiss the constant influx of photons hitting our retinas, and instead picture the layout of our kindergarten classroom, envision the gently swaying palm trees of our dream vacation, or foresee the face of a yet-to-be-born child. As we inspect imaginary objects and people with our mind’s eye, our corporeal eyeballs latch onto the fantasy. Research has found that our eyes can move as if seeing, even when there is nothing to look at. Thus, gaze explorations in the absence of actual vision have been reported in many contexts, including in visualization and memory tasks, and perhaps even during REM sleep. This symposium will present the manifold aspects of gaze dynamics in conditions when the visual input is impoverished or altogether absent. Presentations will address the characteristics of large and small eye movements during imagined and remembered scenes, the impact of visual field deficits on oculomotor control, and the role of eye movements in the future development of neural prosthetics for the blind.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document