Changing Dynamics in the South African Labour Market

2021 ◽  
pp. 672-689
Author(s):  
Haroon Bhorat ◽  
Ben Stanwix ◽  
Amy Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
South African ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
New Developments ◽  
The Public ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Relative Contraction ◽  
Domestic Labour ◽  
Wage Premia

Fundamental features of the post-apartheid South African economy include persistent and increasing unemployment alongside extreme levels of household income inequality. These well-established welfare challenges are strongly shaped by the nature of employment and earnings outcomes in the domestic labour market. This chapter reviews some of the major new developments that have occurred in the labour market since 2000. At a macro level the authors document the changing structure of the economy’s sectoral growth trajectory, which has resulted in a relative contraction of the primary and industrial sectors amidst a rapid expansion in the services economy. The latter in turn has delivered an employment path in South Africa, which has been almost exclusively services based. This sectoral shift has occurred alongside a pattern of skills-biased occupational change, and substantial wage growth for those at the top of the earnings distribution. At the same time, the public sector and a corresponding unionized class have expanded and continue to command significant wage premia, while returns to education are declining for specific qualifications. From a policy perspective there have been a series of important labour market interventions aiming to support low-wage workers, with the expansion of minimum wages a notable development in this regard. However, levels of non-compliance with both wage and non-wage labour market regulations are high. We conclude by drawing attention to several active employment policies that have been pursued by the state in an attempt to tackle the unemployment crisis, with mixed results.

scholarly journals An analysis of affirmative action in a South African public sector department

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-132
Author(s):  
H. E. Brand ◽  
S. Stoltz
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Affirmative Action ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
South African ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Measuring Instrument ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
The Public ◽  
Action Process

The South African labour market is characterised by a diversity of ethnic and cultural groups. The public sector is experiencing pressure from social, economic, political and legislative circles to make the workplace more representative of the population. This study investigated the affirmative action process in a national public sector department in terms of its employees' perceptions of that process. A questionnaire was developed and used as measuring instrument on a random sample of the department's employee population. Results show that the affirmative action process did influence employees' perceptions of their working life and career, and that the majority of respondents perceived the affirmative action process not to be successful.

scholarly journals 'Darker shades of blue': A comparison of three decades of South African Police Service culture

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Steyn ◽  
Sazelo Mkhize
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Police Culture ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Police Service ◽  
The Public ◽  
Service Culture ◽  
South African Police Service ◽  
South African Police

Research and thought on the public police have emphasized the value of police culture in comprehending the various aspects of policing. Recently a ‘contemporary police culture’ school of thought has risen, challenging prevailing traditional portrayals of homogeneity and universality. Aficionadas of this method argue that new developments in police and policing have dramatically changed police culture and conventional characterisations do not reflect the complex minutiae of the police character, and as such are antiquated, illogical and useless. This manuscript is an attempt to contribute towards this debate by gauging indicators evincing police culture solidarity, isolation, and cynicism amongst a representative sample of South African Police Service (SAPS) functional police officials with ten (10), twenty (20), and thirty (30) years SAPS experience.   

Socio economic determinants of child labour in selected districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-60
Author(s):  
Nabeela Begum ◽  
Javed Iqbal ◽  
Hina
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Education Organization ◽  
Children Education

This study examines the determinants of child labour in Mardan and Nowshera districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Primary data on socioeconomic characteristics of children engaged and did not engage in child labour were obtained from Labour Education Organization Mardan. Age of the children and family size are positively and education is negatively and significantly associated with the probability of children participation in labour market. The probability of child labour is more with the household income although with a very low coefficient value which is contrary to our expectations and may ne indicative that child labour could be a major source of household income. This study suggests that subsidies may be provided to families for their children education. Family size is also positively related to the child labour, therefore steps may be taken towards encouraging small family sizes and thereby reducing the child labour.

APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGIES OF INTERVIEW, TESTING, PRELIMINAR-ING IN SELECTION OF THE PERSONNEL OF THE ORGANIZATION

2019 ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
E.V. Troshina
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Status ◽  
Market Relations ◽  
Selection Of

In modern conditions of market relations and a labour market the great value as the public status of the worker varies, character of its relations to work and conditions of sale of a labour is given to selection and hiring of shots especially.

Understanding Rising Income Inequality and Stagnating Ordinary Living Standards in Germany

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Bosch ◽  
Thorsten Kalina
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Wage Bargaining ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

This chapter describes how inequality and real incomes have evolved in Germany through the period from the 1980s, through reunification, up to the economic Crisis and its aftermath. It brings out how reunification was associated with a prolonged stagnation in real wages. It emphasizes how the distinctive German structures for wage bargaining were eroded over time, and the labour market and tax/transfer reforms of the late 1990s-early/mid-2000s led to increasing dualization in the labour market. The consequence was a marked increase in household income inequality, which went together with wage stagnation for much of the 1990s and subsequently. Coordination between government, employers, and unions still sufficed to avoid the impact the economic Crisis had on unemployment elsewhere, but the German social model has been altered fundamentally over the period

France

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Askenazy ◽  
Bruno Palier
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Household Income ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Wage Growth ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Wage Setting ◽  
Rich Countries

This chapter describes France as apparently one of the few rich countries to have avoided a significant increase in income inequality in recent decades. However, stable average inequalities mask an asymmetric trend of income between age groups, the elderly improving their situation while the young see theirs worsening. Furthermore, it shows that behind this relatively still surface, a general trend of precarization of more and more ordinary workers is occurring. The importance of wage-setting processes and of regulation of the labour market is brought out, together with the way the tax and transfer systems have operated, in restraining the forces driving inequality upwards. Wage growth, while limited, has thus been reasonably uniform across the distribution and together with the redistributive system have kept household income inequality within bounds. However, in response to high unemployment both regulatory and tax–transfer systems have served to underpin the very rapid growth in precarious working over the last decade, representing a very serious challenge for policy.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in Southeast Asia: Implications for workers and unions

2021 ◽  
pp. 002218562110000
Author(s):  
Michele Ford ◽  
Kristy Ward
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
First Year ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Market Effects ◽  
Export Orientation ◽  
Health Measures

The labour market effects in Southeast Asia of the COVID-19 pandemic have attracted considerable analysis from both scholars and practitioners. However, much less attention has been paid to the pandemic’s impact on legal protections for workers’ and unions’ rights, or to what might account for divergent outcomes in this respect in economies that share many characteristics, including a strong export orientation in labour-intensive industries and weak industrial relations institutions. Having described the public health measures taken to control the spread of COVID-19 in Indonesia, Cambodia and Vietnam, this article analyses governments’ employment-related responses and their impact on workers and unions in the first year of the pandemic. Based on this analysis, we conclude that the disruption caused to these countries’ economies, and societies, served to reproduce existing patterns of state–labour relations rather than overturning them.

Prosecutorial Discretion and Judicial Review: An Analysis of Recent Canadian and South African Decisions

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuks Okpaluba
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Prosecutorial Discretion ◽  
Public Power ◽  
The Public ◽  
Canadian Experience ◽  
Political Interference ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Judicial Scrutiny ◽  
National Director

The question whether the functions performed by the prosecutor in the criminal justice system are subject to judicial scrutiny has been a matter for concern in common-law jurisdictions for quite some time. The courts in the Commonwealth generally agree that prosecutors must function independently; act fairly and responsibly in the interests of the public; and must be free from political interference. Their role in the administration of justice is to uphold the rule of law. Therefore, the exercise of prosecutorial discretion should ordinarily not be interfered with by the courts except in rare cases. However, the extent to which the courts, in respective Commonwealth jurisdictions, review prosecutorial discretions differs. A comparative study of the Canadian experience and the South African approach, where the judicial approaches to the review of prosecutorial discretion significantly differ, is a clear illustration. In Canada, the courts hardly interfere with, or review the manner in which the prosecutor performs his or her duties, except that prosecutorial discretion is not immune from all judicial oversight, since it is reviewable for abuse of process (see R v Anderson [2014] 2 SCR 167). In South Africa on the other hand, the exercise of the powers of the prosecutor and their ramifications are, like every exercise of public power, subject to the constitutional principles of legality and rationality. The recent judgments of the Full Bench of the Gauteng Division, Pretoria in Democratic Alliance v Acting National Director of Public Prosecutions 2016 (2) SACR 1 (GP) as affirmed by the Supreme Court of Appeal in Zuma v Democratic Alliance 2018 (1) SA 200 (SCA)—the so-called ‘spy-tape’ saga—are the latest illustrations of this approach.

Een nieuw en flexibel personeelsbeleid in de lokale besturen in Vlaanderen ?

Res Publica ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-97
Author(s):  
Trui Steen
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Personnel Management ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Employment Policy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Sector Employment ◽  
Personnel Policies

Personnel management in localgovernment in Flanders bas undergone some major reforms during recent years. We examine the purposes and the extent of these reforms. Also, the new personnel management in Flemish local government is evaluated in terms of flexibility. The Flemish civil service can be considered as an Internal Labour Market. The rigidity which characterises the Internal Labour Market in local government in Flanders is shown by the fact that local government lacks discretion in elaborating the personnel statute, which still constitutes the basis of personnel management. However, the thesis that the public sector employment policy is too rigid has to be nuanced. The civil service is familiar with irregular forms ofemployment. Infact, in Flemish local government only half of all personnel are employed according to a statute.Despite some constraints on the development of more flexible personnel policies, it is still possible to find opportunities which provide hope for the development of new and modern personnel management strategies in local government.

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