Attachment Theory Expanded

2012 ◽  
pp. 466-492
Author(s):  
Mario Mikulincer ◽  
Phillip R. Shaver
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Systems Theory ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Behavioral Systems ◽  
The Impact

In this chapter we move from the original form of attachment theory and research to a more comprehensive behavioral systems theory of personality, motivation, and social behavior that considers both individual differences and the impact of relationship partners and other aspects of social situations. We begin by explaining the behavioral systems construct, including its species-universal and individual-differences aspects, which interact with social situations to shape social behavior. We discuss the behavioral systems studied to date: attachment, exploration, caregiving, sex, and power. We place more emphasis on the attachment system than on the other behavioral systems because it has received more research attention, but we also summarize new research related to the other behavioral systems. We suggest avenues for further theorizing and research that will lead to a more complete behavioral systems theory of personality and social behavior.

Attachment Theory Expanded

2018 ◽  
pp. 538-566
Author(s):  
Mario Mikulincer ◽  
Phillip R. Shaver
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Systems Theory ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Behavioral Systems ◽  
The Impact

This chapter moves from the original form of attachment theory and research to a more comprehensive behavioral systems theory of personality, motivation, and social behavior that considers both individual differences and the impact on mental processes and behavior of relationship partners and other aspects of social situations. The chapter begins by explaining the behavioral systems construct, including its species-universal and individual-differences aspects, which interact with social situations to shape social behavior. The behavioral systems studied to date are discussed: attachment, exploration, caregiving, sex, and power. More emphasis is placed on the attachment system than on the other behavioral systems because it has received more research attention, but new research related to the other behavioral systems is summarized. Avenues are suggested for further theorizing and research that will lead to a more complete behavioral systems theory of personality and social behavior.

Adult Attachment and Compassion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Mikulincer ◽  
Phillip R. Shaver
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Safe Haven ◽  
Support Provision ◽  
Behavioral Systems ◽  
Caregiving System ◽  
Behavioral System ◽  
Optimal Functioning ◽  
Sense Of Security

According to attachment theory (Bowlby, 1973, 1982), the optimal functioning of the attachment behavioral system and the resulting sense of security in dealing with life’s challenges and difficulties facilitate the functioning of other behavioral systems, including the caregiving system that governs the activation of prosocial behavior and compassionate acts of helping needy others. In this chapter, we focus on what we have learned about the interplay of the attachment and caregiving systems and their effects on compassion and altruism. We begin by explaining the behavioral system construct in more detail and show how individual differences in a person’s attachment system affect the functioning of the caregiving system. We review examples from the literature on attachment, focusing on what attachment theorists call providing a “safe haven” for needy others. We then review studies that have shown how individual differences in attachment affect empathy, compassion, and support provision.

Evaluations of Apparel Advertising as a Function of Self-Monitoring

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 987-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharron J. Lennon ◽  
Leslie L. Davis ◽  
Ann Fairhurst
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Consumer Product ◽  
Quality Information ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Self Presentation

This exploratory research was conducted to extend research on individual differences in perceptions of consumer-product advertisements, specifically apparel. Three sets of advertisements were developed, each containing two identical advertisements for each of three products: Pendleton sweater, Guess jeans, and Jordache shirt. One advertisement contained a slogan with an image appeal, while the other had a slogan which was a claim about quality/information. Self-monitoring, the extent to which an individual monitors self-presentation in social situations, was measured for each person. In Study 1, 88 women, classified as high or low self-monitors, completed an index of favorability toward the advertisements. An analysis of variance showed high self-monitors were more favorable toward the image-oriented advertisements, while low self-monitors were more favorable toward the quality/informational oriented advertisements. In Study 2, 48 women, classified as high or low self-monitors, were shown one of the advertisements and asked the amount they would be willing to pay for each product. An analysis of variance on the standardized scores showed high self-monitors were willing to pay more than low self-monitors, but only for the Jordache product. Consumers' perceptions of the products are discussed and related to the appeal to which people were more responsive.

A literatura infantil adaptada na educação inclusiva: alternativas de inclusão para o aluno autista numa perspectiva sociocomunitária

1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca Scalon Peres de Paula
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Children's Literature ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social History ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
School Life ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Medios De Comunicacion

RESUMOA escolarização da criança autista apresenta dificuldades, estando comprometida pelas dificuldades na interação social, expressão de sentimentos e pensamentos. A construção de um material de literatura infantil adaptado pode facilitar a interação social e a expressão contextualizada de si. A literatura infantil favorece a reflexão sobre a maneira de agir diante das situações sociais, possibilitando elencar atitudes próprias ao contexto. Desenvolvemos uma história social, suportada num livro multissensorial, que tem como mote o cotidiano escolar. Há também uma diversificação de suportes para a história: um CD com a história narrada, um texto com a escrita simplificada e outro com a história contada em comunicação aumentativa; atendendo às diferentes necessidades dos sujeitos. Espera-se que, com o uso desse material, que está em experimentação, amplie-se a possiblidade de interação entre professor-aluno e entre o aluno e seus pares, facilitando o processo de significação de conceitos e comportamentos sociais. Afirma-se a urgência de entender as especificidades da educação da pessoa autista, tanto na escola como fora dela, respeitando-a no seu direito de pertencer a uma comunidade.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Autismo. Inclusão. Literatura infantil. Literatura adaptada. Educaçãosociocomunitária. Children's literature adapted in inclusive education: alternatives for inclusion in the autistic student in socio-communitarian perspectiveABSTRACTThe schooling of autistic child has difficulty, being hampered by difficulties in social interaction, expression of feelings and thoughts. The construction of a material adapted children's literature can facilitate social interaction and contextual expression of oneself. Children's literature encourages reflection on how to act in social situations, allowing the context to list own attitudes. We developed a social history, backed by a multisensory book with the motto everyday school life. There is also a diversity of media for the story: a CD with narrated story, a text written with the simplified and the other with the story told in augmentative communication; meeting the different needs of individuals. It is expected that with the use of this material, which is in trial, magnify the possibility of interaction between teacher and student and between students and their peers, facilitating the process of meaning of concepts and social behavior. Affirms the urgent need to understand the specifics of education of autistic person, both in and outside school, respecting their right to belong to a community.KEYWORDS: Autism. Inclusion. Children's literature. Literature adapted. Socio-communitarian education. La literatura infantil adaptada a la educación inclusiva: alternativas para la inclusión del estudiante autista en la perspectiva socio-comunitariaRESUMENLa escolarización de los niños con autismo tiene dificultades, siendo obstaculizada por dificultades en la interacción social, la expresión de sentimientos y pensamientos. La construcción de un material de literatura para niños adaptada puede facilitar la interacción social y la expresión contextual de uno mismo. La literatura infantil estimula la reflexión sobre cómo actuar en situaciones sociales, lo que permite el marco a la lista de actitudes propias del contexto. Hemos desarrollado una historia social, respaldada por un libro multisensorial que lleva como lema la vida escolar cotidiana. También hay una diversidad de medios de comunicación para la historia: un CD con la historia narrada, un texto escrito de forma más simplificada y el otro con la historia narrada en la comunicación aumentativa; la satisfacción de las diferentes necesidades de los individuos. Se espera que con el uso de este material, que está en experimentación, que amplía la posibilidad de interacción entre el profesor y el alumno y entre alumnos y sus compañeros, lo que facilita el proceso de significado de los conceptos y del comportamiento social. Afirma la necesidad urgente de comprender las especificidades de la educación de la persona autista, tanto dentro como fuera de la escuela, respetando su derecho a pertenecer a una comunidad.PALABRAS CLAVE: Autismo. Inclusión. Literatura infantil y juvenil. Literatura adaptada. Laeducación Socio comunitaria.

Introduction to Attachment Theory: Behavioural System and Individual Differences

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-42
Author(s):  
Chia-Huei Wu
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Internal Working Models ◽  
Behavioral Systems ◽  
Working Models ◽  
Internal Working ◽  
Behavioral System ◽  
And Behaviors

The aim of this chapter is to introduce attachment theory to provide a knowledge background for applying the theory to understand employee proactivity. This chapter firstly introduces the concept of behavioral system in attachment theory and then specifically elaborates the development and operation of an attachment behavioral system, the central behavioral system that can shape operation of other behavioral systems. Finally, the chapter elaborates how the development of the attachment behavioral system shapes individuals’ internal working models of self, others, and the broader social environment which continuously guide an individual’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors in later life.

Postmodernism and Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: Distraction or Advancement?

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Sugai
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Disorders ◽  
Emotional And Behavioral Disorders ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Educational Policies ◽  
Educational Programming ◽  
The Impact

Because students with emotional and behavioral disorders (E/BD) present significant academic and social behavior challenges for educators, solutions are likely to be incremental, slow, and expensive, and educational programming must be direct, effective, and efficient. The postmodern perspective offers a solution that emphasizes individual differences, particularity, irregularity, and divergence. In response to the postmodern perspective, this article offers two main considerations. First, we must increase, rather than decrease, our dependence on scientific data and theories to guide educational policies and research efforts. Second, we must assume responsibility for measuring and owning the impact of our actions and decisions on the lives of students with E/BD and their families and communities. The value of our empirical tradition, the need to continue this perspective, and the potential perils of assuming a postmodern perspective when educating students with E/BD are discussed.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF SUNNI ISLAMIC SUFISM ON THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF SOCIAL SOLIDARITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (05) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
El Akel EL MOUDEN
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Solidarity ◽  
Practical Education ◽  
The Right ◽  
Fully Connected ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Universe

Islamic Sufism is considered a scientific and practical education of souls, a cure for diseases of the heart, a plantation of virtues, a rebellion of vices and a suppression of desires and a training in patience, contentment and obedience. In addition, it has had a great impact on strengthening spiritual ties between all cultural, social and tribal components. Sufism is also considered one of the most important characteristics in the religious field. This is due to the accumulation of educational assets in this field that have contributed very effectively to the formation of religious conscience and national social behavior, which cannot be erased or changed. Sunni Islamic Sufism is a practical, not theoretical, and therefore realistic, and this realism means taking into account the reality of the universe in terms of its reality. The Sufi’s observance of this realism makes him fully connected with the society in which he lives. On the other hand, the constant of Sunni Sufism works to consolidate the values of peace and social cohesion. Furthermore, the general experiences show us that men of Sufism who involve themselves in peace can more than others contribute to spreading and strengthening peace in their surroundings, just as Sufis believe in the reality of intellectual difference whether between persons or between nations and they deal in cooperation and acquaintance. This article aims to define the role of Sunni Sufism in establishing of the principle of social cohesion. It also shows the reality of Sunni Sufism, its interest in social justice and its focus on the principle of tolerance and the right to difference.

scholarly journals Sociobiology Against Globalization: Hypothetical Battle in the Field of Evolutionary Psychology

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Saeed Shoja Shafti ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Social Expectations ◽  
Specific Strategy ◽  
Nature Vs Nurture ◽  
The Impact

As like as the well-known dichotomy of ‘nature vs. nurture’, factually, always a continuous dialectic has been manifest in relation to different rules and guidelines for management of social, political and economic concerns of societies through history; possibly, because every epoch demands its specific strategy, which is dependent on different causes like mass of people, quantity of demands, quality of necessities, educational position, social expectations, public toleration, availability of resources, system of distribution, domestic happenings, class struggles, volume of investments, etc. The impact of sociopolitical or socio-economic conditions on social courses in an indisputable fact, which deserve enough attention by decision makers if they are in search of finding better systems for advancement of their societies. In the present paper, globalization, as the most important contemporary socioeconomic philosophy, has been contrasted with sociobiology, or according to some critics pop sociobiology, as the greatest organic scheme about social behavior of human being, which has been supposed in the last century, to see that, really and based on the former hypothetical or practical endeavors or aspirations, with a variety of outcomes, can the innermost self-centered drives of human being, including national egocentricity and independence, compromise with the said new plans, including globalism and worldwide economical collaboration, for making a better life and surroundings. On the other hand, while globalization and sociobiology have faith in contradictory outlines for social development and interaction, with definite proximate and ultimate mechanisms, is their coexistence possible, at any rate.

Humor as an abrasive or a lubricant in social situations: Martineau revisited

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Janes ◽  
James Olson
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fear Of Failure ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Disparagement Humor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Creativity Measure

AbstractIn Martineau’s seminal chapter on the social functions of humor, he postulated some of the ways in which disparagement humor shapes social behavior. This research paper discusses three research studies that compared the effects of other-deprecating humor and self-deprecating humor on the observer and examines how they relate to Martineau’s theory. In our research, we hypothesized that people who observe ridicule of others experience “jeer pressure.” This inhibiting effect on behavior was expected to result in conformity to others’ opinions, fear about failing or standing out, and conventional thinking. In the first two studies, participants observed videotapes containing self-ridiculing humor, other-deprecating humor, or non-ridiculing/no humor. Participants then completed tasks assessing conforming, fear of failure, and creativity. Results of both studies showed that participants who observed ridicule of others were more conforming and more afraid of failing than participants who observed self-deprecating humor or the control condition. Study 3 examined the effects of ridicule of others versus self-deprecating humor on creativity using a more sophisticated creativity measure, and less caustic humor. Results supported the hypothesis that observing self-deprecating humor would result in higher levels of creativity compared to the other-ridicule condition. Implications of these findings for Martineau’s model are discussed.

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