TMS measures and voluntary motor function

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
New Information ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Before And After

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to probe the excitability of central nervous system pathways before, during, and after a movement. In addition, it can be used to interfere with movement and give information about the role of different cortical areas in different aspects of a task. This article reviews the work that has been carried out using TMS measures to probe the excitability of central circuits before and after different types of contraction in healthy subjects. In some cases the results confirm previous work on animals, which means that the same measures can be used to investigate the pathophysiology in human neurological disease. However, many results reveal new information that had not previously been described in experiments on animals. Therefore, it is not wrong to say that TMS measures can be used to describe in humans what has already been described in animals; they can become drivers of new concepts as well.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measures and voluntary motor function

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Rothwell ◽  
Ricci Hannah
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Voluntary Movement ◽  
Voluntary Activity ◽  
Paired Pulse ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Almost All

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be viewed as interacting with voluntary movement in two ways: it can used to probe the excitability of central nervous system (CNS) pathways before, during, and after a movement; alternatively, it can be used to interfere with movement and give information about the role of different cortical areas in different aspects of a task. This chapter concentrates on the role of single and paired pulse TMS methods that have been covered in detail in previous chapters. Long lasting effects of repetitive TMS (rTMS) are described in later chapters. Almost all of the TMS measures described in previous chapters differ in subjects at rest and during tonic voluntary activity.

scholarly journals Mechanistic link between right prefrontal cortical activity and anxious arousal revealed using transcranial magnetic stimulation in healthy subjects

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 694-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas L. Balderston ◽  
Emily M. Beydler ◽  
Camille Roberts ◽  
Zhi-De Deng ◽  
Thomas Radman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right

AbstractMuch of the mechanistic research on anxiety focuses on subcortical structures such as the amygdala; however, less is known about the distributed cortical circuit that also contributes to anxiety expression. One way to learn about this circuit is to probe candidate regions using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). In this study, we tested the involvement of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), in anxiety expression using 10 Hz repetitive TMS (rTMS). In a within-subject, crossover experiment, the study measured anxiety in healthy subjects before and after a session of 10 Hz rTMS to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). It used threat of predictable and unpredictable shock to induce anxiety and anxiety potentiated startle to assess anxiety. Counter to our hypotheses, results showed an increase in anxiety-potentiated startle following active but not sham rTMS. These results suggest a mechanistic link between right dlPFC activity and physiological anxiety expression. This result supports current models of prefrontal asymmetry in affect, and lays the groundwork for further exploration into the cortical mechanisms mediating anxiety, which may lead to novel anxiety treatments.

scholarly journals Role of Thrombin in Central Nervous System Injury and Disease

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 562
Author(s):  
Nathan A. Shlobin ◽  
Meirav Har-Even ◽  
Ze’ev Itsekson-Hayosh ◽  
Sagi Harnof ◽  
Chaim G. Pick
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System Tumors ◽  
Cell Protection ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Brain

Thrombin is a Na+-activated allosteric serine protease of the chymotrypsin family involved in coagulation, inflammation, cell protection, and apoptosis. Increasingly, the role of thrombin in the brain has been explored. Low concentrations of thrombin are neuroprotective, while high concentrations exert pathological effects. However, greater attention regarding the involvement of thrombin in normal and pathological processes in the central nervous system is warranted. In this review, we explore the mechanisms of thrombin action, localization, and functions in the central nervous system and describe the involvement of thrombin in stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and primary central nervous system tumors. We aim to comprehensively characterize the role of thrombin in neurological disease and injury.

scholarly journals Facial Anti-Aging Treatments with Soft Peeling and Microneedling Technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 6068
Author(s):  
Roberto Amore ◽  
Fiorella Deriu ◽  
Andrea Sbarbati ◽  
Domenico Amuso ◽  
Massimo Vitale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Facial Aging ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Face ◽  
Aesthetic Procedures

Background: The interest in maintaining a young and attractive appearance in an era with increasingly hectic rhythms has generated a pressing demand for effective aesthetic procedures with the shortest possible recovery period, stimulating the search for non-invasive, yet successful, solutions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the combined soft peeling and MN technique on the various imperfections typical of facial aging. Methods: This multicentric uncontrolled experimental study recruited a population of healthy subjects of both sexes with advanced signs of photo- and chrono-aging. These subjects were provided with a single session of microneedling and peeling at the same time. Recruited subjects were re-evaluated 30 (±4) and 60 (±4) days after treatment by photographic comparison before and after treatment. The physicians evaluated the improvement of facial wrinkles according to the Wrinkle Assessment Scale of Lemperle. Forty-nine subjects completed the study and showed a significant improvement in wrinkles in all areas of the face. Results: There were no significant differences in the different subpopulations compared: males–females, Glogau 3–Glogau 4, smokers–non-smokers, phototypes 1–4, and check up at 30 days–control at 60 days. The adverse events manifested were localized edema in four cases (8.2%) lasting an average of 3–4 days, very fine crustiness in four cases (8.2%), transient post inflammatory dyschromia in two cases (4.1%) lasting 2–3 weeks, and herpetic reactivation in one case (2.0%). Conclusions: The study demonstrates the therapeutic efficacy of the combined needling-peeling treatment in different types of wrinkles.

scholarly journals The Bifurcations of the Critical Points and the Role of Depth in a Symmetric Caldera Potential Energy Surface

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 2130034
Author(s):  
Y. Geng ◽  
M. Katsanikas ◽  
M. Agaoglou ◽  
S. Wiggins
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Potential Energy Surface ◽  
Critical Points ◽  
Energy Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The One ◽  
The Way

In this work, we continue the study of the bifurcations of the critical points in a symmetric Caldera potential energy surface. In particular, we study the influence of the depth of the potential on the trajectory behavior before and after the bifurcation of the critical points. We observe two different types of trajectory behavior: dynamical matching and the nonexistence of dynamical matching. Dynamical matching is a phenomenon that limits the way in which a trajectory can exit the Caldera based solely on how it enters the Caldera. Furthermore, we discuss two different types of symmetric Caldera potential energy surface and the transition from the one type to the other through the bifurcations of the critical points.

scholarly journals Effects of Rapid Palatal Expansion on Chewing Biomechanics in Children with Malocclusion: A Surface Electromyography Study

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 2086
Author(s):  
Fabiola Spolaor ◽  
Martina Mason ◽  
Alberto De Stefani ◽  
Giovanni Bruno ◽  
Ottavia Surace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Electromyography ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Palatal Expansion ◽  
Posterior Crossbite ◽  
Rapid Palatal Expansion ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right

Malocclusion during childhood may affect both morphology and masticatory function and could greatly affect the subsequent growth and development of the jaws and face. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of surface electromyography in describing the effects of the rapid palatal expansion (RPE) on Masseter (M) and Temporalis Anterior (T) muscles’ activity in 53 children with different types of malocclusion: bilateral posterior crossbite (BPcb), underdeveloped maxillary complex without crossbite (NOcb) and unilateral posterior crossbite on the right (UPCBr) and on the left (UPCBl). The muscular activities during chewing tasks were assessed bilaterally before and after RPE application and three months after removal. Both the envelope’s peak (µV) and its occurrence (% of chewing task) were extracted from the surface electromyography signal. Our results showed the presence of statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) on temporomandibular joint muscles, across different assessments, in all the tested populations of subjects. Surface electromyography demonstrated a relationship between the correction of a maxillary transverse discrepancy and the restoration of a muscle’s activation patterns comparable to healthy subjects for both T and M.

Role of endogenous female hormones in hypoxic chemosensitivity

1997 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 1706-1710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichiro Tatsumi ◽  
Cheryl K. Pickett ◽  
Christopher R. Jacoby ◽  
John V. Weil ◽  
Lorna G. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Shape Parameter ◽  
Ovarian Hormones ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Female Hormones ◽  
Before And After ◽  
End Tidal

Tatsumi, Koichiro, Cheryl K. Pickett, Christopher R. Jacoby, John V. Weil, and Lorna G. Moore. Role of endogenous female hormones in hypoxic chemosensitivity. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(5): 1706–1710, 1997.—Effective alveolar ventilation and hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) are higher in females than in males and after endogenous or exogenous elevation of progesterone and estrogen. The contribution of normal physiological levels of ovarian hormones to resting ventilation and ventilatory control and whether their site(s) of action is central and/or peripheral are unclear. Accordingly, we examined resting ventilation, HVR, and hypercapnic ventilatory responses (HCVR) before and 3 wk after ovariectomy in five female cats. We also compared carotid sinus nerve (CSN) and central nervous system translation responses to hypoxia in 6 ovariectomized and 24 intact female animals. Ovariectomy decreased serum progesterone but did not change resting ventilation, end-tidal[Formula: see text], or HCVR (all P = NS). Ovariectomy reduced the HVR shape parameter A in the awake (38.9 ± 5.5 and 21.2 ± 3.0 before and after ovariectomy, respectively, P < 0.05) and anesthetized conditions. The CSN response to hypoxia was lower in ovariectomized than in intact animals (shape parameter A = 22.6 ± 2.5 and 54.3 ± 3.5 in ovariectomized and intact animals, respectively, P < 0.05), but central nervous system translation of CSN activity into ventilation was similar in ovariectomized and intact animals. We concluded that ovariectomy decreased ventilatory and CSN responsiveness to hypoxia, suggesting that the presence of physiological levels of ovarian hormones influences hypoxic chemosensitivity by acting primarily at peripheral sites.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN THE PERINATAL ASSESSMENT OF THE CONDITION FETAL CNS WITH HEMOLYTIC DISEASE, WHO RECEIVED TREATMENT BY INTRAUTERINE INTRAVASCULAR BLOOD TRANSFUSION

2018 ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
A. A. Berman ◽  
A. V. Vazhenin ◽  
O. N. Chernova ◽  
N. V. Bashmakova
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Hemolytic Disease ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Objective: to determine the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the pathomorphological evaluation of focal changes in the central nervous system (CNS) of fetuses with hemolytic disease before and after treatment, by intrauterine intravascular blood transfusion, and to compare the MRI data of fetuses with ultrasound neurosonography (NSH) newborns. The study included 45 pregnant women and their 45 newborns. Patients are divided into 2 groups. The main group: 30 pregnant women (mean gestation period 32,1 weeks) with hemolytic disease of the fetus who underwent intrauterine intravascular blood transfusion and their 30 newborns with hemolytic disease of the newborn. In this group, comparative MRI examinations of the central nervous system were performed using a protocol including fast MP sequences based on T1 and T2-weighted images, as well as the DWI pulse sequence, both before treatment (intrauterine intravascular blood transfusion of the fetus), and after treatment (regardless of the multiplicity of intrauterine intravascular transfusion — before delivery). The comparison group comprised 15 pregnant women (mean gestation period of 38,6 weeks) with no signs of hemolytic disease, examined by MRI for other indications (concomitant pathology of pregnancy) and their 15 newborns, comparable in gestational age to the main group. The obstetric anamnesis, the MRI data of the central nervous system of fetuses before the treatment (the first intrauterine intravascular transfusion) and after the treatment (before the delivery) and the results of ultrasound for the first day of life were analyzed. When comparing the MRI data of changes in the central nervous system, in the main group (in fetuses with bladder) in relation to the comparison group before treatment (the first intrauterine, intravascular transfusion), a high incidence of focal changes in the brain substance in the main group was revealed. The use of MRIdiagnostics demonstrates a decrease in the risk of development of PCNC in ischemic type, in dynamics before and after treatment. Based on the MRI diagnostic data of the fetal CNS, it is possible to judge the prognosis of the outcomes of hemolytic disease of the fetus, in comparison with the neonatal neurosonography data for the first day.

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