Using the TMS-induced Motor-evoked potential to evaluate the neurophysiology of psychiatric disorders

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertram Möller ◽  
Andrea J. Levinson ◽  
Zafiris J. Daskalakis
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Motor Evoked Potential ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Direction Opposite

This article reviews studies carried out on the role of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as an important neurophysiological tool to assess a variety of cortical neurophysiological processes including excitability, inhibition, and plasticity. It discusses how TMS has helped to enhance the understanding of the neurobiology and the treatment of a variety of psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and Tourette's disorder (TD). The findings from these studies demonstrate that TMS is a useful tool to evaluate several neurophysiological processes that may be altered in psychiatric illness. Evidence suggests that disorders including SCZ, MDD, BD, and OCD may, in part, be associated with deficient inhibition, altered cortical excitability, and disrupted neural plasticity. Evidence also suggests that psychotropic medications alter the mechanisms, often in a direction opposite to that of illness, thus reflecting on some of their therapeutic effects.

Brain Hemispheric Organization, Anxiety, and Psychoses

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 58-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana Galderisi ◽  
Armida Mucci ◽  
Mario Maj
Keyword(s):  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Developmental Perspective ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Hemispheric Functioning

AbstractAbnormalities of brain hemispheric organization have been found in a variety of psychiatric disorders. Despite the great amount of data collected and the number of theoretical models elaborated, the role of these abnormalities in the pathogenesis of these disorders remains controversial. This article briefly reviews current concepts of hemispheric functioning, discusses the role of abnormalities of brain hemispheric organization in schizophrenia and in two anxiety disorders (panic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder), and outlines a developmental perspective that accounts for the observed abnormalities.

scholarly journals Novel genome-wide associations for anhedonia, genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders, and polygenic association with brain structure

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joey Ward ◽  
Laura M. Lyall ◽  
Richard A. I. Bethlehem ◽  
Amy Ferguson ◽  
Rona J. Strawbridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Genome Wide

AbstractAnhedonia is a core symptom of several psychiatric disorders but its biological underpinnings are poorly understood. We performed a genome-wide association study of state anhedonia in 375,275 UK Biobank participants and assessed for genetic correlation between anhedonia and neuropsychiatric conditions (major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and Parkinson’s Disease). We then used a polygenic risk score approach to test for association between genetic loading for anhedonia and both brain structure and brain function. This included: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments of total grey matter volume, white matter volume, cerebrospinal fluid volume, and 15 cortical/subcortical regions of interest; diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures of white matter tract integrity; and functional MRI activity during an emotion processing task. We identified 11 novel loci associated at genome-wide significance with anhedonia, with a SNP heritability estimate (h2SNP) of 5.6%. Strong positive genetic correlations were found between anhedonia and major depressive disorder, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; but not with obsessive compulsive disorder or Parkinson’s Disease. Polygenic risk for anhedonia was associated with poorer brain white matter integrity, smaller total grey matter volume, and smaller volumes of brain regions linked to reward and pleasure processing, including orbito-frontal cortex. In summary, the identification of novel anhedonia-associated loci substantially expands our current understanding of the biological basis of state anhedonia and genetic correlations with several psychiatric disorders confirm the utility of this phenotype as a transdiagnostic marker of vulnerability to mental illness. We also provide the first evidence that genetic risk for state anhedonia influences brain structure, including in regions associated with reward and pleasure processing.

Comorbidity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: focus on depression

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 379-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Milanfranchi ◽  
D Marazziti ◽  
C Pfanner ◽  
S Presta ◽  
P Lensi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

SummaryThe authors investigated the comorbidity between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and other psychiatric disorders in a group of 154 outpatients. The influence of an associate major depressive disorder (MDD) on the outcome of treatment with clomipramine was examined in a subgroup of 52 patients. The results showed that MDD was the most frequent disorder associated with OCD (almost 20% of the patients), followed by generalized anxiety and panic disorder. The co-presence of depression delayed the effect of clomipramine.

scholarly journals Novel genome-wide associations for anhedonia, genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders, and polygenic association with brain structure

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joey Ward ◽  
Laura M. Lyall ◽  
Richard A. I. Bethlehem ◽  
Amy Ferguson ◽  
Rona J. Strawbridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Genome Wide

AbstractAnhedonia is a core feature of several psychiatric disorders but its biological underpinnings are poorly understood. We performed a genome-wide association study of anhedonia in 375,275 UK Biobank participants and assessed for genetic correlation between anhedonia and neuropsychiatric conditions (major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and Parkinson’s Disease). We then used a polygenic risk score approach to test for association between genetic loading for anhedonia and both brain structure and brain function. This included: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments of total grey matter volume, white matter volume, cerebrospinal fluid volume, and 15 cortical/subcortical regions of interest; diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures of white matter tract integrity; and functional MRI activity during an emotion processing task. We identified 11 novel loci associated at genome-wide significance with anhedonia, with a SNP heritability estimate (h2SNP) of 5.6%. Strong positive genetic correlations were found between anhedonia and major depressive disorder, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; but not with obsessive compulsive disorder or Parkinson’s Disease. Polygenic risk for anhedonia was associated with poorer brain white matter integrity, smaller total grey matter volume, and smaller volumes of brain regions linked to reward and pleasure processing, including nucleus accumbens, caudate and medial frontal cortex. In summary, the identification of novel anhedonia-associated loci substantially expands our current understanding of the biological basis of anhedonia and genetic correlations with several psychiatric disorders confirm the utility of this trait as a transdiagnostic marker of vulnerability to mental illness. We also provide the first evidence that genetic risk for anhedonia influences brain structure, particularly in regions associated with reward and pleasure processing.

scholarly journals Role of deep brain stimulation in modulating memory formation and recall

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. E3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rollin Hu ◽  
Emad Eskandar ◽  
Ziv Williams
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Parkinson Disease ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Deep Brain

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become an increasingly popular tool for treating a variety of medically refractory neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Parkinson disease, essential tremor, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Several targets have been identified for ablation or stimulation based on their anatomical location and presumed function. Areas such as the subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus, and thalamus, for example, are believed to play a key role in motor control and execution, and they are commonly used in the treatment of motor disorders. Limbic structures such as the cingulate cortex and ventral striatum, believed to be important in motivation, emotion, and higher cognition, have also been targeted for treatment of a number of psychiatric disorders. In all of these settings, DBS is largely aimed at addressing the deleterious aspects of these diseases. In Parkinson disease, for example, DBS has been used to reduce rigidity and tremor, whereas in obsessive-compulsive disorder it has been used to limit compulsive behavior. More recently, however, attention has also turned to the potential use of DBS for enhancing or improving otherwise nonpathological aspects of cognitive function. This review explores the potential role of DBS in augmenting memory formation and recall, and the authors discuss recent studies and future trends in this emerging field.

Family Accommodation in OCD

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Koller ◽  
Eli R. Lebowitz
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Treatment Response ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Family Accommodation ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
The Impact

The impact of psychiatric disorders often goes beyond the affected individual, extending to family members, partners, and close friends. This is certainly true in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Clinical experience and empirical research have long shown that relatives of individuals with OCD commonly become involved in the symptoms of the disorder, through a process known as family accommodation. Family accommodation has important implications for the conceptualization, clinical course, and treatment of OCD. This chapter provides a brief review of family accommodation in OCD and its implications for the disorder’s clinical course. It also addresses the role of family accommodation in treatment response and highlights some novel interventions that have incorporated a focus on family accommodation in OCD treatment programs.

EMDR as therapy for conditions other than PTSD: a systematic review.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Scelles ◽  
LUIS CARLO BULNES
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Treatment As Usual ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Adult Personality ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
Research Criteria ◽  
Positive Effect

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a treatment for post-traumatic stressdisorder (PTSD). The technique is known to stimulate the capacity to reprocess maladaptive memoriesthat are thought to be central to this pathology. Here we investigate if EMDR therapy can be used in otherconditions than PTSD. We conducted a systematic literature search on PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science. Wesearched for published empirical findings on EMDR, excluding those centred on trauma and PTSD,published up to 2020. The results were classified by psychiatric categories.   Ninety articles met our research criteria. A positive effect was reported in addictions, somatoformdisorders, sexual dysfunction, eating disorder, disorders of adult personality, mood disorders, reaction tosevere stress, anxiety disorders, performance anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), pain,neurodegenerative disorders, paedopsychiatry and sleep. The evidence was more consistent in pain, OCD,mood disorders, and reaction to severe stress.EMDR’s efficiency across numerous pathological situations, highlighted the central role of affectivememory in several psychiatric and non-psychiatric conditions. Furthermore, EMDR seems to besuccessful in usually uncooperative (e.g. Dementia) or unproductive cases (e.g. aphasia). Moreover, insome severe medical situations were psychologic distress was an obstacle, EMDR allowed thecontinuation of treatment-as-usual. Our review suggests that it is a safe and economical therapeuticoption, and its effect in non-pathological situations opens new avenues for translational research. Overallmore methodologically rigorous studies are needed.

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