Mill on the Liberty of Thought and Discussion

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Christopher Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Free Speech ◽  
Harm Principle ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Strong Connection ◽  
The World ◽  
Rule Out ◽  
The Way ◽  
The Harm Principle

This chapter discuses Chapter Two of John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty, ‘On the Liberty of Thought and Discussion’, which is the best-known defence of free speech in the philosophical canon. It suggests that Mill’s argument in chapter two of On Liberty is a distinctively epistemic argument, and one which relies on a specific conception of man’s cognitive nature and the character of human knowledge. There is a strong connection between Mill’s Freedom of Discussion Principle and the way in which human beings come to know the world. The chapter then identifies what Mill means to rule out by his argument—what, in short, freedom of discussion is freedom from—and what he means to rule in. It also considers the relation between the Freedom of Discussion Principle and its better known sibling, the Harm Principle, and the conditions under which these principles are applicable.

The Atonement and the Solution to the Problems of Guilt and Shame

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonore Stump
Keyword(s):  
Human Beings ◽  
The World ◽  
The Way

This chapter considers shame in its major varieties and shows that each of these kinds of shame has a defeat in the atonement of Christ. It then considers guilt in all its elements, including the brokenness in the psyche of the wrongdoer and the bad effects on the world resulting from his wrongdoing, and it shows that, on the interpretation of the doctrine of the atonement argued for in this book, the atonement can remedy all human guilt. Consequently, through the atonement of Christ, a person in grace is freed from guilt and reconciled with God and with other human beings as well, and his guilt is defeated in his flourishing. On this interpretation of the doctrine, one can see the way in which the atonement of Christ makes sense as a solution to the main problem that the atonement was meant to remedy.

scholarly journals KECERDASAN GURU DALAM PERSPEKTIF BARAT DAN ISLAM

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irwandy Irwandy
Keyword(s):  
Human Beings ◽  
The West ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Rule Out

<p>Abstrak: Untuk mencapai pembelajaran yang optimal, peran guru masih sangat penting sehingga seorang guru dituntut untuk memiliki berbagai kecerdasan untuk menopang profesionalismenya. Dalam konteks kekinian, kajian-kajian tentang kecerdasan masih tetap didominasi oleh penemuan-penemuan Barat, padahal dalam Islam tidaklah menutup kemungkinan persoalan ini terekam dalam sumber ajaran Islam secara rapi. Untuk mengetahui itu, dalam tulisan ini akan diulas dengan metode library research untuk mengungkap bagaimana kecerdasan guru perspektif Barat dan Islam. Kecerdasan merupakan daya dalam diri manusia yang mempengaruhi kemampuan seseorang di berbagai bidang. Dalam perspektif Barat, teori tentang kecerdasan banyak sekali bentuknya, namun tetap dalam lingkup pengembangan kualitas diri manusia. Dalam perspektif Islam, kecerdasan (al-dzaka) memiliki beberapa aspek, dan setiap aspek yang ada tetap sejalan dalam mewujudkan orientasi kehidupan dunia dan akhirat yang lebih baik.</p><p><br />Abstract: Teachers’ Intelligence in the Perspectives of the West and Islam. To achieveoptimal learning, the teacher’s roleis still very important that a teacheris required to have a variety of intelligence to sustain professionalism. In thepresent context, studies on intelligenceis still dominated by the discoveries of the West, but Islam does not rule out the possibility of this issueis recorded in the source of Islamic teachings neatly. To know that, in this paper we review the methods of library research to reveal how intelligence perspective teachers the West and Islam. Intelligence is a power in man which affectone’s ability invarious fields. In the perspective of the West, theories about intelligence in numerable forms, but still with in the scope of the development of quality human beings. In the perspective of Islam, intellect (al-dzaka) has several aspects, and each aspect that is still consistent in realizing the orientation of the life of the world and the here after better.</p><p><br />Kata Kunci: kecerdasan majemuk, pendidikan, guru, Islam</p>

scholarly journals Identity considerations for a psychology based on a complex epistemology

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Jaramillo Estrada
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Active Part ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Way

Born in the late nineteenth century, within the positivist paradigm, psychology has made important developments that have allowed its recognition in academia and labor. However, contextual issues have transformed the way we conceptualize reality, the world and man, perhaps in response to the poor capacity of the inherited paradigm to ensure quality of life and welfare of human beings. This has led to the birth and recognition of new paradigms, including complex epistemology, in various fields of the sphere of knowledge, which include the subjectivity, uncertainty, relativity of knowledge, conflict, the inclusion of "the observed" as an active part of the interventions and the relativity of a single knowable reality to move to co-constructed realities. It is proposed an approach to the identity consequences for a psychology based on complex epistemology, and the possible differences and relations with psychology, traditionally considered.

The Sphere of the Human

2019 ◽  
pp. 267-322
Author(s):  
Helmuth Plessner ◽  
J. M. Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Psychological Experience ◽  
The World ◽  
Forms Of Life ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Way

“Centric positionality” is a form of organism-environment relation exhibited by animal forms of life. Human life is characterized not only by centric but also by excentric positionality—that is, the ability to take a position beyond the boundary of one’s own body. Excentric positionality is manifest in: the inner, psychological experience of human beings; the outer, physical being of their bodies and behavior; and the shared, intersubjective world that includes other human beings and is the basis of culture. In each of these three worlds, there is a duality symptomatic of excentric positionality. Three laws characterize excentric positionality: natural artificiality, or the natural need of humans for artificial supplements; mediated immediacy, or the way that contact with the world in human activity, experience, and expression is both transcendent and immanent, both putting humans directly in touch with things and keeping them at a distance; and the utopian standpoint, according to which humans can always take a critical or “negative” position regarding the contents of their experience or their life.

Origins

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-70
Author(s):  
Christopher Coker
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
The World ◽  
Nature And Nurture ◽  
The Way

Human beings began hunting each other after dispatching the competition – the megafauna that once roamed the planet. From prey we became the Alpha predator. War has its origins in hunting, and the other criteria which distinguishes as a species – the use of language, the capacity for sacrifice and altruism; the use of tools and the ability to bind socially with small communities from clans to tribes which also encourages us of course to separate insiders from outsiders.  It owes much to the very human interplay of nature and nurture, and the way in which humans ha e gendered war from the very beginning. Above all, we are still lumbered with the brains of our Stone Age ancestors which is why evolutionary psychologists argue that we are so maladapted to the world in which we live

scholarly journals An Inquiry into the Semiotic Thought of Laozi

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-39
Author(s):  
Dong Zhu ◽  
Wei Ren
Keyword(s):  
Social Stability ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Tao Te Ching ◽  
The World ◽  
Imperial China ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Natural Life ◽  
Origin Of The Universe ◽  
The Way

Abstract Tao Te Ching, the masterpiece of Laozi the renowned philosopher of Pre-Imperial China, plays an important role in Chinese history. Laozi’s philosophy centres on such concepts as ming (names), li (rituals), and dao (the way). Ming, originally developed as a result of human beings’ endeavours to understand the world in which they live and to bring order to their society, has degenerated into the sources of evils and the reason for turbulence when people stop at nothing for fame and fortune; Li, an effective and efficient means for the kings of West Zhou Dynasty to maintain social stability, has become but a collection of empty sign vehicles with the disintegration of rituals and music; Dao concerns Laozi’s metaphysical reflection on the origin of the universe and its ultimate laws. Ming and li are but artificial restraints imposed on human intelligence whereas dao provides the way out. Therefore, to lead a simple and natural life, it is advisable to eliminate ming and li, and worship dao. In semiotic terms, this means that desemiotisation is the solution to the crisis.

scholarly journals John Stuart Mill's Harm Principle and Free Speech: Expanding the Notion of Harm

Utilitas ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Melina Constantine Bell
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Free Speech ◽  
Harm Principle ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Epistemic Injustice ◽  
Offense Principle ◽  
Systemic Oppression ◽  
Social Coercion ◽  
The Harm Principle

Abstract This article advocates employing John Stuart Mill's harm principle to set the boundary for unregulated free speech, and his Greatest Happiness Principle to regulate speech outside that boundary because it threatens unconsented-to harm. Supplementing the harm principle with an offense principle is unnecessary and undesirable if our conception of harm integrates recent empirical evidence unavailable to Mill. For example, current research uncovers the tangible harms individuals suffer directly from bigoted speech, as well as the indirect harms generated by the systemic oppression and epistemic injustice that bigoted speech constructs and reinforces. Using Mill's ethical framework with an updated notion of harm, we can conclude that social coercion is not justified to restrict any harmless speech, no matter how offensive. Yet certain forms of speech, such as bigoted insults, are both harmful and fail to express a genuine opinion, and so do not deserve free speech protection.

scholarly journals The Theory of Thinking and the Capacity to Mentalize: A Comparison of Fonagy's and Bion's Models

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Mantilla Lagos
Keyword(s):  
Mental States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Developmental Line ◽  
The Way

This paper presents a comparison of two psychoanalytic models of how human beings learn to use their mental capacities to know meaningfully about the world. The first, Fonagy's model of mentalization, is concerned with the development of a self capable of reflecting upon its own and others' mental states, based on feelings, thoughts, intentions, and desires. The other, Bion's model of thinking, is about the way thoughts are dealt with by babies, facilitating the construction of a thinking apparatus within a framework of primitive ways of communication between mother and baby. The theories are compared along three axes: (a) an axis of the theoretical and philosophical backgrounds of the models; (b) an axis of the kind of evidence that supports them; and (c) the third axis of the technical implications of the ideas of each model. It is concluded that, although the models belong to different theoretical and epistemological traditions and are supported by different sorts of evidence, they may be located along the same developmental line using an intersubjective framework that maintains tension between the intersubjective and the intrapsychic domains of the mind.

scholarly journals KAVIÑAR AṞIVUMATI KAVITAIKAḶIL UVAKAI [HILARITY IN ARIVUMATHI’S POETRY]

2022 ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
SUGUNADEVI VEERAN ◽  
S.SANTHIYA
Keyword(s):  
Emotional State ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Happiness ◽  
The World ◽  
Living Being ◽  
The Way

It is knowledge and emotion that haunt human society. From the day the world appeared until the day the world ended, knowledge and emotion existed. According to Thiruvalluvar, knowledge that calms the emotion in his kural. Meyppatu are manifestations of mental consciousness. Tholkkappiyar has numbered the emotions that appear in the human mind in his epic Tholkkappiyam in Chapter Porulathigaaram. He has analyzed the emotions that appear within him in a way that others can know and understand very accurately (Meyppatu). They are eight types of emotions that apply to all human beings in the world. Meyppatu are the expression of human instincts. This dissertation aims to find out how the poetic enlightenment has been manipulated in the poetic epistemology of the numerical facts stated in the economics of Tholkappiam the fact of the matter is that consciousness is an emotional state that paves the way for human happiness. Any living being born into the world wants to be happy. Therefore, the researcher has used the poems of Arivumathi to prove this fact.

scholarly journals El ejercicio docente y la ética profesional desde la perspectiva de Paulo Freire

2014 ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Antonio Calderón
Keyword(s):  
Professional Ethics ◽  
Paulo Freire ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Education Professional ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

El ejercicio docente y la ética profesional desde la perspectiva de Paulo Freire. The teaching labor and the professional ethics from Paulo Freire’s perspective.  Recibido: 31/07/2013 ∙ Aceptado: 28/08/2013ResumenLa ética es una disciplina que ofrece una perspectiva integral de la conduc­ta, facilitando la comprensión del ser humano sobre su propia realidad, sobre su mundo y la manera en que enfrenta y busca la felicidad. La ética para Freire es la herramienta a través de la cual se puede plantear una reflexión sobre el adecuado comportamiento de las personas; el ámbito profesional no escapa a las consideraciones de la ética porque antes de ser profesional se es persona.Palabras clave: Compromiso - diálogo - crítica - humanismo - profesionalAbstractEthics is a discipline which offers and integrating perspective of behaviour; it facilitates the understanding of human beings on their own realities, the world they live in and the way they look for and face happiness. Freire suggests ethics is also a tool to think about people’s proper behaviour. In consequence, the professional sphere is not away from the scope of ethics as people are human beings before having a certain profession. This article intends to explore the relationship among education, professional ethics in people’s thoughts and the practice of the Brazilian educator.KeyWords: Commitment - dialogue - critical - humanism - professional 

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