Agent-Relative and Agent-Neutral Reasons

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krister Bykvist
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Form ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Normative Ethics ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Recent Contribution ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Common Sense Morality

The distinction between agent-relative and agent-neutral reasons, at least in its explicit form, is a fairly recent contribution to normative ethics. That the distinction is both well-defined and significant is often taken for granted in contemporary normative ethics. For example, it is supposed to help us characterize many aspects of common-sense morality, such as personal duties, and deontological restrictions or constraints. The main question of this chapter is whether there is a well-defined distinction between agent-relative and agent-neutral reasons that has this high level of significance. Is the distinction really “an extremely important one,” as Nagel said, or perhaps even one of “the greatest contributions of recent ethics,” as Tom Hurka suggests? A variety of accounts of this distinction is discussed and it is argued that none live up to this hype, at least if the distinction is supposed not to beg other important questions in normative ethics.

REVISIONARY INTUITIONISM

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 368-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Huemer
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Ethical Reasoning ◽  
Normative Ethics ◽  
Ethical Knowledge ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Sense Morality ◽  
Personal Interests

I discuss four kinds of challenges to the reliability of ethical intuitions. Ethical intuitions have been impugned for being incoherent with each other, for being unduly influenced by culture, for being unduly influenced by biological instincts, and for being unduly influenced by personal interests and emotions. I argue that, rather than giving up on the possibility of ethical knowledge through intuition, intuitionists should use the skeptical challenges to help identify which intuitions are most likely to be reliable, and which are instead likely to be biased or otherwise distorted. In many cases, abstract, formal intuitions about value and obligation prove to be least susceptible to skeptical attack and for that reason should be given preference in our ethical reasoning over most intuitions about concrete situations. In place of the common sense morality with which intuitionism has traditionally been allied, my approach is likely to generate a highly revisionary normative ethics.

scholarly journals The reality of management by roaming practice of principles of Tatweer schools in Riyadh

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nof Ahmed Al-Hawishl
Keyword(s):  
Response Category ◽  
High Response ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Arithmetic Average ◽  
General Average ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
High Level ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Very High

The aim of this research is to recognize the reality of management by roaming practice of principles of Tatweer schools in Riyadh, through answering the main question of the research: What is the reality of management by roaming practice of principles of Tatweer schools in Riyadh? And for achieving that the researcher used the descriptive approach and the survey method, the questionnaire was used as a tool of the research consisting of (47) clauses and distributed over three axes. The sincerity and stability of the tool was confirmed by appropriate statistical and educational methods. The research has found out many results the most notably is that management by roaming practice of principles of Tatweer schools in Riyadh in all its fields was in a very high degree with a general average reached (4.46) of the very high response category, where the guidance field ranked first with an arithmetic average of (4.67) of the very high response category, followed by organization field with an arithmetic average of (4.49) in the very high response category, then the field of ​​planning with an arithmetic average of (4.39) in the very high response category, while the supervision field was in the last order with an arithmetic average of (4.26) in the very high response category. And the center of the obstacles of management by roaming practice of principles of Tatweer schools in Riyadh was in a high level with an arithmetic average of (3.81) in the high response category. The study also mentioned that there were no statistically significant differences at the level of significance of (0.05) in the view of the sample attributable to variable years of experience, variable qualification and variable size of the building, while the focus of the proposals that contribute to management by roaming of the directors of the Tatweer schools in Riyadh, has a high degree of approval with an arithmetic average of (4.01) in the high response category.

Quantitative indicators of air traffic controllers’ attitude to the danger of errors

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
O. M. Reva ◽  
V. V. Kamyshin ◽  
S. P. Borsuk ◽  
V. A. Shulhin ◽  
A. V. Nevynitsyn
Keyword(s):  
Human Factor ◽  
Differential Method ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Aviation Accidents ◽  
Air Traffic Controllers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

The negative and persistent impact of the human factor on the statistics of aviation accidents and serious incidents makes proactive studies of the attitude of “front line” aviation operators (air traffic controllers, flight crewmembers) to dangerous actions or professional conditions as a key component of the current paradigm of ICAO safety concept. This “attitude” is determined through the indicators of the influence of the human factor on decision-making, which also include the systems of preferences of air traffic controllers on the indicators and characteristics of professional activity, illustrating both the individual perception of potential risks and dangers, and the peculiarities of generalized group thinking that have developed in a particular society. Preference systems are an ordered (ranked) series of n = 21 errors: from the most dangerous to the least dangerous and characterize only the danger preference of one error over another. The degree of this preference is determined only by the difference in the ranks of the errors and does not answer the question of how much time one error is more dangerous in relation to another. The differential method for identifying the comparative danger of errors, as well as the multistep technology for identifying and filtering out marginal opinions were applied. From the initial sample of m = 37 professional air traffic controllers, two subgroups mB=20 and mG=7 people were identified with statisti-cally significant at a high level of significance within the group consistency of opinions a = 1%. Nonpara-metric optimization of the corresponding group preference systems resulted in Kemeny’s medians, in which the related (middle) ranks were missing. Based on these medians, weighted coefficients of error hazards were determined by the mathematical prioritization method. It is substantiated that with the ac-cepted accuracy of calculations, the results obtained at the second iteration of this method are more ac-ceptable. The values of the error hazard coefficients, together with their ranks established in the preference systems, allow a more complete quantitative and qualitative analysis of the attitude of both individual air traffic controllers and their professional groups to hazardous actions or conditions.

Moral Responsibility for Unwitting Omissions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Kay Nelkin ◽  
Samuel C. Rickless
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Moral Significance ◽  
Common Sense Morality ◽  
And Control

Unwitting omissions pose a challenge for theories of moral responsibility. For common-sense morality holds many unwitting omitters morally responsible for their omissions, even though they appear to lack both awareness and control. People who leave dogs in their car on a hot day or forget to pick something up from the store as they promised seem to be blameworthy. If moral responsibility requires awareness of one’s omission and its moral significance, it appears that the protagonists of these cases are not morally responsible. This chapter considers and rejects a number of influential views on this problem, including a view that grounds responsibility for such omissions in previous exercises of conscious agency, and “Attributionist” views that ground responsibility for such omissions in the value judgments or other aspects of the agents’ selves. The chapter proposes a new tracing view that grounds responsibility for unwitting omissions in past opportunities to avoid them.

Act Consequentialism and Common Sense Morality

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Parfit
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Act Consequentialism ◽  
Common Sense Morality

This chapter reveals some insights into act consequentialism. It begins with the claim that it would often be wrong to treat people in certain ways, such as deceiving or coercing them, or breaking our promises to them, even when such acts would make things go better. The chapter then turns to deontic and non-deontic badness. These are different kinds of badness, as is shown by cases in which such acts are not wrong, because their non-deontic badness is outweighed by the goodness of their effects. Since these acts would have this intrinsic badness, though they would not be wrong, it could not be their wrongness that made them intrinsically bad.

Common-Sense Morality and Consequentialism. Michael Slote

Ethics ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-172
Author(s):  
Dale Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Michael Slote ◽  
Common Sense Morality

scholarly journals HANDLING DISTRUST ON RISK COMMUNICATION IN NIGERIA: A STRATEGY TO STRENGTHENING THE COVID-19 OUTBREAK RESPONSE

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi ◽  
Priscilla Onaopemipo Akosile ◽  
Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi ◽  
Victor Okoliko Ukwenya
Keyword(s):  
Risk Communication ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
High Level

Abstract Background This study aimed to assess the level of trust in the COVID-19 risk communication efforts in Nigeria. Methods We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study among community members aged 15 years and above in Ondo state in October, 2020. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Descriptive statistics were summarized using frequencies. Trust was ranked from “1” implying “Low level of trust” to “7” denoting “High level of trust”. We conducted bivariate Chi-square test on respondents’ level of trust in the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) and socio-demographic characteristics. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results Among the 691 respondents, 244 (35.3%) were aged 21 to 29 years, and 304 (51.4%) used the NCDC to obtain COVID-19 knowledge. Overall, 205 (41.8%) had high level of trust in the NCDC. Furthermore, 51 (51.5%) individuals aged 30-39 years had high level of trust in the NCDC (ᵡ2=17.455, p= 0.001). Also, 114 (48.5%) persons who lived with children below 18 years had high level of trust in the NCDC (ᵡ2= 8.266, p= 0.004). Conclusion Policy makers should prioritize the involvement of young and educated persons in COVID-19 risk communication strategies.

NOT SO PROMISING AFTER ALL: EVALUATOR-RELATIVE TELEOLOGY AND COMMON-SENSE MORALITY

2006 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARK SCHROEDER
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Common Sense Morality

scholarly journals From Driverless Dilemmas to More Practical Common-Sense Tests for Automated Vehicles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian De Freitas ◽  
Bryant Walker Smith ◽  
Andrea Censi ◽  
Luigi Di Lillo ◽  
Sam E. Anthony ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Driving Behavior ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
The Common ◽  
High Level ◽  
First Time ◽  
Trolley Dilemmas ◽  
Relevant Component

For the first time in history, automated vehicles (AVs) are being deployed in populated environments. This unprecedented transformation of our everyday lives demands a significant undertaking: endowing complex autonomous systems with ethically acceptable behavior. We outline how one prominent, ethically-relevant component of AVs—driving behavior—is inextricably linked to stakeholders in the technical, regulatory, and social spheres of the field. Whereas humans are presumed (rightly or wrongly) to have the ‘common sense’ to behave ethically in new driving situations beyond a standard driving test, AVs do not (and probably should not) enjoy this presumption. We examine, at a high level, how to test the common sense of an AV. We start by reviewing discussions of ‘driverless dilemmas’, adaptions of the traditional ‘trolley dilemmas’ of philosophy that have sparked discussion on AV ethics but have limited use to the technical and legal spheres. Then, we explain how to substantially change the premises and features of these dilemmas (while preserving their behavioral diagnostic spirit) in order to lay the foundations for a more practical and relevant framework that tests driving common sense as an integral part of road rules testing.

scholarly journals The Issue of Alternative Assessment on Students' Achievement from the Viewpoints of Teachers’ at Elementary Schools in Gaza

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S3) ◽  
pp. 414-418
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Alternative Assessment ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Gaza Strip ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
High Level ◽  
High Degree

This study aimed at identifying the effect of alternative assessment on academic achievement, from the viewpoint of teachers in elementary schools in Gaza. To achieve the study objectives, a questionnaire developed consisting of 21 items then reliability and validity were calculated, the study population consisted of 120 teachers. The study sample consisted of 92 teachers, selected in a stratified random method, where the total of 87 valid statistical analyzes retrieved by 94.56%. The results of the study showed: The perceptions of the members of the study sample to the alternative assessment came to a high degree, the academic achievement from teachers in the basic schools in the Gaza Strip came at the macro level at a high level, and there is a statistically significant effect at the level of significance (α<=0.05) of alternative assessment on academic achievement. In light of the results, a set of recommendations were proposed, including The Directorate of Education in the Gaza Strip should be concerned with the adoption of alternative assessment methods in its affiliated schools, because of the importance of alternative assessment in improving the level of academic achievement of students

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