History of Functional Brain Imaging

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Cole ◽  
Christopher N. Sozda ◽  
Mark D'Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Functional Organization ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Brain

Modern functional neuroimaging techniques can be dated to the 1960s, although humans have been trying to understand the functional organization of the brain for millennia. Precursors of modern techniques were quite crude and date roughly to the 19th century. Rapid technological advances during the end of the 20th century provided researchers with tools capable of measuring hemodynamic activity within the brain, such as changes in blood flow and metabolism, and these techniques quickly became core methodological approaches in the disciplines of cognitive and clinical neuroscience. Notably, clinicians and researchers were significantly aided in their ability to examine diffuse neural networks underlying complex cognitive functions such as working memory, learning, and attention in normal subjects and patient populations. Although the clinical application of functional neuroimaging methodologies have been limited to date, research in this area is rapidly growing and empirical support exists for effective use of techniques such as fMRI and PET, for instance, in presurgical mapping and early detection of Alzheimer’s disease.

scholarly journals Brown-Séquard: On neural networks and brain localization of functions

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-82
Author(s):  
Eliasz Engelhardt
Keyword(s):  
Functional Organization ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Current State ◽  
Brain Localization ◽  
Physical Functions ◽  
Action At A Distance ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

ABSTRACT The notion that the brain (encephalon) is a network of interconnected neurons has a long and memorable history. Cytoarchitectonic and hodological studies coupled with advanced neuroimaging techniques have produced a substantial body of knowledge on structural and functional organization. Acquiring the rich knowledge held today took a long and winding journey. Important advancements were made in the 19th century, with the remarkable Brown-Séquard figuring as one of the protagonists. Regarding the brain, he proposed nine mental and physical functions (organs) related to distributed cell clusters, interconnected according to their roles, the "network of anastomosing cells", dynamically submitted to "dynamogenic and inhibitory activities", and "action at a distance" concepts, the latter also related to his notion of "recovery". It is remarkable that someone was able to propose, ahead of his time, and with the limited technical resources available, such significant concepts that paved the way for the current state of knowledge.

scholarly journals Functional neuroimaging as a direct probe of the effects of gonadal steroid hormones on the brain

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-195
Keyword(s):  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Gonadal Steroid Hormones ◽  
Gonadal Steroid ◽  
Neurophysiological Data ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Brain

There is considerable evidence from animal studies dial gonadal steroid hormones modulate neuronal activity and affect behavior. In humans, however, the behavioral and cognitive evidence has not been conclusive, and, until recently, there have been few direct neurophysiological data. Functional brain imaging offers unique opportunities to characterize in humans the effects of gonadal steroid hormones on basic neurobiological parameters, such as neuronal metabolism and neurochemical systems, and to clarify the interactions between these hormones and cognition and mood regulation in health and disease. The most commonly used tools within the considerable armamentarium available for such research and the parameters of neural function that they can access are briefly reviewed here.

History of Neuropsychology in Germany

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Eling
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Elementary Functions ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Mental Functions ◽  
Brain Injured ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Injured Patients ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Brain

German neuroscientists played a crucial role in the foundation of neuropsychology. In the 19th century, Gall formulated new assumptions with respect to the nature and localization of mental functions in the brain. Wernicke popularized an approach in which mental functions were represented as networks of centers of more elementary functions. His followers, like Kussmaul, Lissauer and Liepmann, using this approach, created influential theories of aphasia, agnosia, and apraxia. In the 20th century, Goldstein and others opposed to this approach, arguing in favor of a more holistic view of the behavior of brain-injured patients. Many neuropsychological tests originate from assessment and rehabilitation procedures developed in German clinics for brain-injured soldiers. Because of the Nazi regime, individuals like Goldstein, Quadfasel, and Teuber emigrated to the United States and there contributed significantly to the rise of modern neuropsychology. From the 1960s, Poeck played a significant role in the “resurrection” of neuropsychology in Germany.

The Search for the Phonological Store: From Loop to Convolution

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 762-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley R. Buchsbaum ◽  
Mark D'Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Phonological Loop ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Phonological Store ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Brain

The phonological loop system of Baddeley and colleagues' Working Memory model is a major accomplishment of the modern era of cognitive psychology. It was one of the first information processing models to make an explicit attempt to accommodate both traditional behavioral data and the results of neuropsychological case studies in an integrated theoretical framework. In the early and middle 1990s, the purview of the phonological loop was expanded to include the emerging field of functional brain imaging. The modular and componential structure of the phonological loop seemed to disclose a structure that might well be transcribed, intact, onto the convolutions of the brain. It was the phonological store component, however, with its simple and modular quality, that most appealed to the neuroimaging field as the psychological “box” that might most plausibly be located in the brain. Functional neuroimaging studies initially designated regions in the parietal cortex as constituting the “neural correlate” of the phonological store, whereas later studies pointed to regions in the posterior temporal cortex. In this review, however, we argue the phonological store as a theoretical construct does not precisely correspond to a single, functionally discrete, brain region. Rather, converging evidence from neurology, cognitive psychology, and functional neuroimaging argue for a reconceptualization of phonological short-term memory as emerging from the integrated action of the neural processes that underlie the perception and production of speech.

Aberrant interhemispheric alpha coherence on electroencephalography in schizophrenic patients during activation tasks

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Morrison-Stewart ◽  
D. Velikonja ◽  
W. C. Corning ◽  
P. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Interhemispheric Coherence ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Coherence Patterns ◽  
Drug Free ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Normal Controls

SynopsisThirty schizophrenic patients (20 medicated, 10 off medication) were compared with 30 normal controls subjects matched for age, sex, handedness and intelligence. During the performance of a frontal activation task, normal subjects showed increased interhemispheric coherence between anterior brain regions. Schizophrenic patients did not show the same amount of bilateral anterior activation. During the performance of right hemisphere cognitive activation tasks, normal subjects and medicated schizophrenic patients showed significantly reduced bilateral interhemispheric coherence patterns, while the drug-free schizophrenic patients showed a trend towards this same pattern. It is suggested that these findings provide additional evidence for an aberrant functional organization of the brain in schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Utility of SPECT Functional Neuroimaging of Pain

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Bermo ◽  
Mohammed Saqr ◽  
Hunter Hoffman ◽  
David Patterson ◽  
Sam Sharar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Brain Perfusion ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Clinical Scenarios ◽  
The Brain

Functional neuroimaging modalities vary in spatial and temporal resolution. One major limitation of most functional neuroimaging modalities is that only neural activation taking place inside the scanner can be imaged. This limitation makes functional neuroimaging in many clinical scenarios extremely difficult or impossible. The most commonly used radiopharmaceutical in Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT) functional brain imaging is Technetium 99 m-labeled Ethyl Cysteinate Dimer (ECD). ECD is a lipophilic compound with unique pharmacodynamics. It crosses the blood brain barrier and has high first pass extraction by the neurons proportional to regional brain perfusion at the time of injection. It reaches peak activity in the brain 1 min after injection and is then slowly cleared from the brain following a biexponential mode. This allows for a practical imaging window of 1 or 2 h after injection. In other words, it freezes a snapshot of brain perfusion at the time of injection that is kept and can be imaged later. This unique feature allows for designing functional brain imaging studies that do not require the patient to be inside the scanner at the time of brain activation. Functional brain imaging during severe burn wound care is an example that has been extensively studied using this technique. Not only does SPECT allow for imaging of brain activity under extreme pain conditions in clinical settings, but it also allows for imaging of brain activity modulation in response to analgesic maneuvers whether pharmacologic or non-traditional such as using virtual reality analgesia. Together with its utility in extreme situations, SPECTS is also helpful in investigating brain activation under typical pain conditions such as experimental controlled pain and chronic pain syndromes.

Michel Foucault and Western Medicine

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-81
Keyword(s):  
Western Medicine ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Social Medicine ◽  
Western Society ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The Veil ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article analyzes Michel Foucault’s philosophical ideas on Western medicine and delves into three main insights that the French philosopher developed to expose the presence of power behind the veil of the conventional experience of medicine. These insights probe the power-disciplining function of psychiatry, the administrative function of medical institutions, and the role of social medicine in the administrative and political system of Western society. Foucault arrived at theses insights by way of his intense interest in three elements of the medical system that arose almost simultaneously at the end of the 18th century - psychiatry as “medicine for mental illness”, the hospital as the First and most well-known type of medical institution, and social medicine as a type of medical knowledge focused more on the protection of society and far less on caring for the individual. All the issues Foucault wrote about stemmed from his personal and professional sensitivity to the problems of power and were a part of the “medical turn” in the social and human sciences that occurred in the West in the 1960s and 1970s and led to the emergence of medical humanities. The article argues that Foucault’s stories about the power of medical knowledge were philosophical stories about Western medicine. Foucault always used facts, dates, and names in an attempt to identify some of the general tendencies and patterns in the development of Western medicine and to reveal usually undisclosed mechanisms for managing individuals and populations. Those mechanisms underlie the practice of providing assistance, be it the “moral treatment” practiced by psychiatrists before the advent of effective medication, or treating patients as “clinical cases” in hospitals, or hospitalization campaigns that were considered an effective “technological safe-guard ” in the 18th and most of the 19th century.

What Has Direct Cortical and Subcortical Electrostimulation Taught Us about Neurolinguistics?

2019 ◽  
pp. 185-211
Author(s):  
Hugues Duffau
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Great Accuracy ◽  
Subcortical White Matter ◽  
Cerebral Lesions ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Postoperative Mri ◽  
The Brain

Investigating the neural and physiological basis of language is one of the most important challenges in neurosciences. Direct electrical stimulation (DES), usually performed in awake patients during surgery for cerebral lesions, is a reliable tool for detecting both cortical and subcortical (white matter and deep grey nuclei) regions crucial for cognitive functions, especially language. DES transiently interacts locally with a small cortical or axonal site, but also nonlocally, as the focal perturbation will disrupt the entire subnetwork sustaining a given function. Thus, in contrast to functional neuroimaging, DES represents a unique opportunity to identify with great accuracy and reproducibility, in vivo in humans, the structures that are actually indispensable to the function, by inducing a transient virtual lesion based on the inhibition of a subcircuit lasting a few seconds. Currently, this is the sole technique that is able to directly investigate the functional role of white matter tracts in humans. Thus, combining transient disturbances elicited by DES with the anatomical data provided by pre- and postoperative MRI enables to achieve reliable anatomo-functional correlations, supporting a network organization of the brain, and leading to the reappraisal of models of language representation. Finally, combining serial peri-operative functional neuroimaging and online intraoperative DES allows the study of mechanisms underlying neuroplasticity. This chapter critically reviews the basic principles of DES, its advantages and limitations, and what DES can reveal about the neural foundations of language, that is, the large-scale distribution of language areas in the brain, their connectivity, and their ability to reorganize.

scholarly journals Lost in Migration – Mirandese at a Crossroads

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 488-495
Author(s):  
Cláudia Martins ◽  
Sérgio Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Minority Language ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Linguistic Rights ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Literary Forms ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractThe linguistic rights of Mirandese were enshrined in Portugal in 1999, though its “discovery” dates back to the very end of the 19th century at the hands of Leite de Vasconcellos. For centuries, it was the first or only language spoken by people living in the northeast of Portugal, particularly the district of Miranda do Douro. As a minority language, it has always moved among three dimensions. On the one hand, the need to assert and defend this language and have it acknowledged by the country, which proudly believe(d) in their monolingual history. Unavoidably, this has ensued the action of translation, especially active from the mid of the 20th century onwards, with an emphasis on the translation of the Bible and Portuguese canonical literature, as well as other renowned literary forms (e.g. The Adventures of Asterix). Finally, the third axis lies in migration, either within Portugal or abroad. Between the 1950s and the 1960s, Mirandese people were forced to leave Miranda do Douro and villages in the outskirts in the thousands. They fled not only due to the deeply entrenched poverty, but also the almost complete absence of future prospects, enhanced by the fact that they were regarded as not speaking “good” Portuguese, but rather a “charra” language, and as ignorant backward people. This period coincided with the building of dams on the river Douro and the cultural and linguistic shock that stemmed from this forceful contact, which exacerbated their sense of not belonging and of social shame. Bearing all this in mind, we seek to approach the role that migration played not only in the assertion of Mirandese as a language in its own right, but also in the empowerment of new generations of Mirandese people, highly qualified and politically engaged in the defence of this minority language, some of whom were former migrants. Thus, we aim to depict Mirandese’s political situation before and after the endorsement of the Portuguese Law no. 7/99.

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