Why and When Do Peasants Rebel?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Trejo
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Rural Poor ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Land Redistribution ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Peasant Protest

This article explores the origins and consequences of direct political action as a means for the rural poor to overcome economic destitution. Three forms of rural collective action are discussed: peaceful protest, armed rebellion, and civil war. The article first reviews classic statements and recent findings in the literature on peasant collective action before considering why poor peasants rebel. Drawing on recent studies of peasant protest, armed insurgency, and civil war, it then outlines four lessons that help us rethink dynamics of poor people’s movements. It also assesses the long-term economic and political consequences of peasant collective action and whether violent or nonviolent forms of rural mobilization have an impact on land redistribution and democratization. Finally, it describes conditions under which the poor try to overcome their destitution through direct political action.

scholarly journals Asset vulnerability analytical framework and systems thinking as a twin methodology for highlighting factors that undermine efficient food production

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eromose E. Ebhuoma ◽  
Danny M. Simatele ◽  
Henry B. Tantoh ◽  
Felix K. Donkor
Keyword(s):  
Systems Thinking ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Rural Poor ◽  
Livelihood Assets ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The One ◽  
Twin Methodology

Food production in developing countries has been highly susceptible to both climatic and non-climatic stressors. To identify the factors that prevent the rural poor from producing food efficiently, various participatory methodologies have been utilised. However, most methodologies have implicitly illustrated how vulnerable the livelihood activities of the poor are from an asset-based perspective. As assets give people the capability to thrive, we make a case for the asset vulnerability analytical framework (AVAF) and systems thinking (ST) as an integrated methodological framework. Data for this study were obtained from the rural Delta State of Nigeria through the principles and traditions of participatory research, which include Venn (or institutional) diagrams, transect walks, brainstorming, community risk mapping and historical timelines. Findings indicate that the AVAF, on the one hand, will make it relatively easier for development practitioners to effectively identify the factors that undermine the poor’s ability to maximise their livelihood assets during food production. The ST, on the other hand, will enable development practitioners to visualise the long-term consequences of the continued inability of the poor to maximise their livelihood assets. This article argues that the utilisation of both AVAF and ST will simplify the complex challenges of decision-making. This, in turn, will facilitate the implementation of appropriate policy interventions to protect the crucial assets necessary for the rural poor to produce their food efficiently and sustainably.

Ethical Challenges for Mineral Resource Extraction in Sierra Leone

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Rollinson
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Free Play ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Human Flourishing ◽  
The Poor

<p>Sierra Leone is one of the world’s poorest countries and has been so for over 40 years. It is currently ranked by the IMF as the tenth poorest country with a per capita GDP of $505. In recent years it has been ravaged by civil war (1991-2002) and paralysed by the Ebola virus. Yet it is a country rich in mineral resources – in particular diamonds, thus an economy highly dependent upon geoscientific knowledge. Sierra Leone therefore serves as an illustration of other African countries also rich in mineral resources. At The Faraday Institute for Science and Religion in Cambridge we are engaged in research into the relationship between Science, Faith and Human flourishing. However, in Sierra Leone the application of geoscientific knowledge is not leading to human flourishing. In fact the reverse is true. Maconachie, writing in 2012, states that ‘today, some of the worst poverty in Sierra Leone is concentrated in diamond mining towns’. In this particular context therefore the application of geoscience prevents human flourishing, a topic discussed elsewhere as the ‘resource curse’. It is suggested that an appropriate solution can be found in the concept of a ‘preferential option for the poor’ rooted in a Christian understanding of God’s priority for the poor.</p><p>Diamonds have been mined in Sierra Leone since the 1930’s and in 2016 it was Africa’s seventh largest diamond producer and diamond exports made the largest contribution to the GDP. Much of the mining is alluvial and the deposits, distributed over several thousand km<sup>2</sup>, are impossible to police. This has led to widespread illegal artisanal mining, extreme social exploitation through patronage, diamond smuggling, the funding and prolonging of a civil war. Further, legally exported diamonds yield a very low return to the local economy and there is a lack of economic transparency.</p><p>The fact that mining was not included in the UN 1992 Agenda 21, the Agenda for Sustainable Development means that the minerals industry globally is controlled almost entirely by the ‘free play of a market that is interested primarily in profits’. Recent models of sustainable development challenge this view and now see people as a part of the total ecosystem, so success is measured in terms of its long term contribution to human flourishing and will be expressed in respectful and authentic relationships at a local level between a mine and its community.</p><p>At a governmental level Sierra Leone is seeking to adopt the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative requiring greater corporate and social responsibility on the part of mining companies. This initiative, which has received a renewed emphasis under President Bio, is designed to ensure that the ‘natural resource wealth becomes an engine for sustainable economic growth and poverty eradication in Sierra Leone’. However, it is unclear whether a governmental initiative can generate suitable authentic relationships at a local level. It is suggested here that locally based faith communities, where natural networks already exist, can play a better role in generating long-term authentic relationships between mine and community to foster human flourishing.</p>

Óscar Romero and the Politics of Sainthood

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-291
Author(s):  
Manuel A. Vasquez ◽  
Anna L. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil War ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
The Other ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Holy See ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Face ◽  
Crisis Of Modernity ◽  
The One

In this article, we explore the debates surrounding the proposed canonization of Archbishop Oscar Romero, an outspoken defender of human rights and the poor during the civil war in El Salvador, who was assassinated in March 1980 by paramilitary death squads while saying Mass. More specifically, we examine the tension between, on the one hand, local and popular understandings of Romero’s life and legacy and, on the other hand, transnational and institutional interpretations. We argue that the reluctance of the Vatican to advance Romero’s canonization process has to do with the need to domesticate and “privatize” his image. This depoliticization of Romero’s work and teachings is a part of a larger agenda of neo-Romanization, an attempt by the Holy See to redeploy a post-colonial and transnational Catholic regime in the face of the crisis of modernity and the advent of postmodern relativism. This redeployment is based on the control of local religious expressions, particularly those that advocate for a more participatory church, which have proliferated with contemporary globalization

Percepción de la Población Pobre de Santiago sobre el Mercado Laboral en Chile al año 2011 y evolución desde el año 2003

Oikos ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (31) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Marcelo Yáñez Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Capital Social ◽  
Union Power ◽  
Family Labor ◽  
The Poor ◽  
State Unemployment ◽  
Poor Population

RESUMENEl artículo muestra los principales resultados de la investigación Percepción de la Población Pobre de Santiago sobre el Mercado Laboral en Chile, realizada durante 9 años consecutivos desde 2003, por la Escuela de Administración y Economía de la Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez. El estudio incluye antecedentes sobre las concepciones de empleo y desempleo de este grupo de la población, así como la identificación de quienes –a su juicio– serían los responsables de que las personas pobres obtengan un trabajo y la calificación que le asignan a su gestión. También contempla sus percepciones en torno al apoyo del Estado, nivel de desempleo, influencia del capital social, respeto por los trabajadores, igualdad de oportunidades, poder de los sindicatos, entre otros aspectos, además del nivel de desempleo familiar y tipo de problemas laborales que han enfrentado.Palabras clave: mercado laboral, pobreza, percepciones, equidad.Este estudio ha sido realizado en el contexto de la investigación “Percepción de la población pobre de Santiago sobre las condiciones de acceso, equidad y satisfacción en la obtención de bienes básicos y públicos – año 2011: visión evolutiva desde el año 2003”, que es parte del Programa de Investigación de la Escuela de Administración y Economía de la UCSH. Esta investigación ha sido financiada desde sus inicios y en su totalidad con fondos propios de esta Universidad.Perception of the Poor Population from Santiago of The Labor Market in Chile in the year 2011 and evolution from 2003ABSTRACTThe paper shows the main results of a long-term investigation on the perceptions of the poor of Santiago of the labor market in Chile, which began in 2003 and was carried out by the School of Management and Economics at the Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez. The study includes background on the concepts of employment and unemployment in this group of the population, and the identification of those who, in his opinion, would be responsible for the poor to get a job and the rating assigned to their management. It also includes their perceptions of the support of the state, unemployment, social capital influence, respect for workers, equal opportunities, union power, among other things, besides the level of unemployment and type of family labor problems they have faced.Keywords: labor market, poverty, perceptions, equity.

Language Movement and Civil War in West Africa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ericka A. Albaugh
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Language Spread ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter examines how civil war can influence the spread of language. Specifically, it takes Sierra Leone as a case study to demonstrate how Krio grew from being primarily a language of urban areas in the 1960s to one spoken by most of the population in the 2000s. While some of this was due to “normal” factors such as population movement and growing urbanization, the civil war from 1991 to 2002 certainly catalyzed the process of language spread in the 1990s. Using census documents and surveys, the chapter tests the hypothesis at the national, regional, and individual levels. The spread of a language has political consequences, as it allows for citizen participation in the political process. It is an example of political scientists’ approach to uncovering the mechanisms for and evidence of language movement in Africa.

Case Evidence: Conflict Trajectories in Indonesia, Ivory Coast, and Syria

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Tir ◽  
Johannes Karreth
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
East Timor ◽  
Intergovernmental Organizations ◽  
Crisis Resolution ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
The Government

Two low-level armed conflicts, Indonesia’s East Timor and Ivory Coast’s post-2010 election crises, provide detailed qualitative evidence of highly structured intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) engaging in effective civil warpreventing activities in member-states. Highly structured IGOs threatened and sanctioned each of these states and offered (long-term) benefits conditional on successful crisis resolution. The governments were aware of and responded to these IGOs’ concerns, as did the rebels in these respective cases. The early stages of the conflict in Syria in 2011 provide a counterpoint. With Syria’s limited engagement in only few highly structured IGOs, the Syrian government ignored international calls for peace. And, without highly structured IGOs’ counterweight to curtail the government, the rebels saw little reason to stop their armed resistance. The result was a brutal and deadly civil war that continues today.

scholarly journals The Effect of Heterogenous Subregions in Glioblastomas on Survival Stratification: A Radiomics Analysis Using the Multimodality MRI

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 153303382110330
Author(s):  
Lulu Yin ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Xi Zhang ◽  
Hongbing Lu ◽  
Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Intratumor Heterogeneity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Prognostic Information ◽  
Manual Delineation ◽  
Flair Sequence ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Mri Sequences

Intratumor heterogeneity is partly responsible for the poor prognosis of glioblastoma (GBM) patients. In this study, we aimed to assess the effect of different heterogeneous subregions of GBM on overall survival (OS) stratification. A total of 105 GBM patients were retrospectively enrolled and divided into long-term and short-term OS groups. Four MRI sequences, including contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging (T1C), T1, T2, and FLAIR, were collected for each patient. Then, 4 heterogeneous subregions, i.e. the region of entire abnormality (rEA), the regions of contrast-enhanced tumor (rCET), necrosis (rNec) and edema/non-contrast-enhanced tumor (rE/nCET), were manually drawn from the 4 MRI sequences. For each subregion, 50 radiomics features were extracted. The stratification performance of 4 heterogeneous subregions, as well as the performances of 4 MRI sequences, was evaluated both alone and in combination. Our results showed that rEA was superior in stratifying long-and short-term OS. For the 4 MRI sequences used in this study, the FLAIR sequence demonstrated the best performance of survival stratification based on the manual delineation of heterogeneous subregions. Our results suggest that heterogeneous subregions of GBMs contain different prognostic information, which should be considered when investigating survival stratification in patients with GBM.

scholarly journals Applying Responsible Ownership to Advance SDGs and the ESG Framework, Resulting in the Issuance of Green Bonds

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7331
Author(s):  
Gudrun Erla Jonsdottir ◽  
Throstur Olaf Sigurjonsson ◽  
Ahmad Rahnema Alavi ◽  
Jordan Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Governance Mechanism ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Energy Company ◽  
Ownership Strategy ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Virtuous Cycle ◽  
Responsible Ownership ◽  
Social Causes

This study aimed to contribute to the strand of literature encompassing governance, sustainability, and stakeholder theory by addressing an inchoate element of responsible ownership: collective action by different stakeholders. Our study’s originality rests on the introduction of an ownership strategy as a governance mechanism for collective action and responsible ownership in order to implement the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and an environmental, social, and governance (ESG) framework. Using a twofold empirical methodology—studying of archival data and qualitative case work—we provide empirical evidence from a case study of a Nordic energy company showing that applying an ownership strategy helped to strengthen the approach to SDGs and ESG while leading to positive benefits: in this case, the issuance of green bonds. Our theoretical contribution is the addressing of a gap in the literature exploring how an ownership strategy can be a uniting point for collective action, based on the hypothesis that an ownership strategy provides an important reinforcement of a “virtuous cycle”. Policymakers who are interested in promoting long-term commitment of different stakeholders with a focus on sustainability and improved agency should encourage the formulation of an ownership strategy that explains the owners’ commitment to the environment, social causes, and/or governance guidelines. Therein lies the practical contribution of this work. In this study, we found that an ownership strategy with these elements helped to strengthen the firm’s commitment to SDGs and ESG.

Inequality, Collective Action, and Democratization

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (04) ◽  
pp. 661-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Keefer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich

Epic redistributive struggles between the rich and poor lie at the heart of prominent theories of economic development and the emergence of democracy (e.g., Boix 2003; Acemoglu and Robinson 2006). The poor pursue democracy to secure credible redistribution away from wealthy elites; elites, fearing redistribution, but also the costs of revolution, decide whether to repress these efforts or to surrender to them. These theories, and the historical examples of working classes exacting redistributive or political concessions from elites, have been interpreted as suggesting that inequality and redistributive struggles should be central features of development and democratization. Where inequality is high, democracy should be unlikely to emerge, or to emerge and be unstable. Because elites in unequal societies are unwilling to adopt institutions that encourage growth and investment (such as institutions that protect non-elites from predation by elites), incomes should be lower as well.

The Conservative Management of Bennett’s Fracture-Dislocation: A 26-Year Follow-Up

1990 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-294
Author(s):  
P. J. LIVESLEY
Keyword(s):  
Conservative Management ◽  
Fracture Dislocation ◽  
Range Of Movement ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Bennett’S Fracture ◽  
Hand Radiographs

Seventeen patients who had suffered a Bennett’s fracture-dislocation have been reviewed with an average follow up of 26 years. All were treated conservatively. At review, only seven patients had symptoms, but all had a decreased range of movement and grip strength. Twelve had a characteristic deformity in the hand. Radiographs showed persistent subluxation of the first carpo-metacarpal joint and marked degenerative changes. We suggest that, in the light of the poor long-term outcome, this injury should not be managed conservatively but by some operative means.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document