Electoral Redistricting and Endogenous Partisan Control

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 155-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Jackman ◽  
Francis Vella
Keyword(s):  
Selection Bias ◽  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
The State ◽  
Alternative Strategy ◽  
Traditional Procedure ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Introduce Selection Bias

Recent efforts at estimating bias and responsiveness in electoral systems typically proceed by assigning observations to subsamples according to which party controlled the redistricting process. We show this traditional procedure to introduce selection bias into the resulting estimates of bias and responsiveness and present an alternative strategy for estimating these parameters. Using data from the state legislatures, and employing two different measures of partisan control of redistricting, we obtain results that modestly differ from those obtained with the traditional approach. Measures of control of redistricting utilizing information about the partisan intent of redistricting commissions and tribunals are exogenous to the seats-votes relationship.

Pola Implementasi Gerakan Literasi Sekolah Di SMP Negeri 5 Malang

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saiful Rahman ◽  
Akhsanul In’am
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Junior High ◽  
The State ◽  
School Resources ◽  
Lifelong Learners ◽  
Writing Ability ◽  
Reading Clubs ◽  
Using Data

Abstract:Description Alternative: Abstract: The students 'reading ability is low, it certainly affects the students' writing ability. Implementation of the School Literacy Movement at the stage of habituation to reading, the lack of assistance in extracurricular reading clubs that are scheduled at the State Junior High School 5 Malang. This study aims to foster students' character through the culture of school literacy that embodies the Implementation of the School Literacy Movement so that students of SMP Negeri 5 Malang become lifelong learners. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive type that describes the School Literacy Movement in State Junior High School 5 Malang by using data collection techniques of observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that: 1) The habituation phase was carried out by way of students bringing reading books from home or borrowing books to the library. At this stage a class reading corner was prepared, reading 15 minutes before learning began, and a literacy journal; 2) The Development and Learning Phase increases the school resources especially at the State Junior High School 5 Malang, namely the existence of a reading corner in each class, an increase in the number of books, a 30-minute reading club, and a product of the School Literacy Movement.Keywords: School Literacy Movement, Habituation, Development, and Learning Abstrak: Kemampuan membaca peserta didik tergolong rendah pasti berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan menulis peserta didik. Implementasi Gerakan Literasi Sekolah pada tahap pembiasaan minat baca, kurangnya pendampingan pada ekstrakurekuler club baca yang di agendakan di Sekolah Menengah Pertama Negeri 5 Malang.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menumbuhkembangkan budi pekerti peserta didik melalui pembudayaan literasi sekolah yang mewujudkan dalam Implementasi Gerakan Literasi Sekolah supaya peserta didik SMP Negeri 5 Malang menjadi pembelajar sepanjang hayat. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis deskriptif yang mendeksripsikan Gerakan Literasi Sekolah di Sekolah Menengah Pertama Negeri 5 Malang dengan  menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa: 1) Tahap Pembiasaan dilaksanakan dengan cara peserta didik membawa buku bacaan dari rumah atau meminjam buku ke perpustakaan. Pada tahap ini sudah disiapkan pojok baca kelas, membaca 15 menit sebelum pembelajaran dimulai, dan jurnal literas; 2) Tahap Pengembangan dan Pembelajaran meningkatkan sumber daya sekolah khusnya di Sekolah Menengah Pertama Negeri 5 Malang yaitu adanya pojok baca di masing-masing kelas, penambahan jumlah buku, adanya club baca 30 menit, dan hasil produk Gerakan Literasi Sekolah. Kata Kunci: Gerakan Literasi Sekolah, Pembiasaan, Pengembangan dan Pembelajaran

Constituency Effects and Legislative Dissent Under Closed-List Proportional Representation

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-99
Author(s):  
Eduardo Alemán ◽  
Juan Pablo Micozzi ◽  
Pablo M. Pinto ◽  
Sebastián Saiegh
Keyword(s):  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Proportional Representation ◽  
Roll Call ◽  
Electoral Rules ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
Electoral Incentives ◽  
Party Line ◽  
Ideological Space ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Unique Dataset

ABSTRACTAccording to conventional wisdom, closed-list proportional representation (CLPR) electoral systems create incentives for legislators to favor the party line over their voters’ positions. However, electoral incentives may induce party leaders to tolerate “shirking” by some legislators, even under CLPR. This study argues that in considering whose deviations from the party line should be tolerated, party leaders exploit differences in voters’ relative electoral influence resulting from malapportionment. We expect defections in roll call votes to be more likely among legislators elected from overrepresented districts than among those from other districts. We empirically test this claim using data on Argentine legislators’ voting records and a unique dataset of estimates of voters’ and legislators’ placements in a common ideological space. Our findings suggest that even under electoral rules known for promoting unified parties, we should expect strategic defections to please voters, which can be advantageous for the party’s electoral fortunes.

scholarly journals Pan-European sustainable forest management indicators for assessing Climate-Smart Forestry in Europe

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
G. Santopuoli ◽  
C. Temperli ◽  
I. Alberdi ◽  
I. Barbeito ◽  
M. Bosela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Forest Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Forest Damage ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Management Indicators ◽  
Using Data

The increasing demand for innovative forest management strategies to adapt to and mitigate climate change and benefit forest production, the so-called Climate-Smart Forestry, calls for a tool to monitor and evaluate their implementation and their effects on forest development over time. The pan-European set of criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management is considered one of the most important tools for assessing many aspects of forest management and sustainability. This study offers an analytical approach to selecting a subset of indicators to support the implementation of Climate-Smart Forestry. Based on a literature review and the analytical hierarchical approach, 10 indicators were selected to assess, in particular, mitigation and adaptation. These indicators were used to assess the state of the Climate-Smart Forestry trend in Europe from 1990 to 2015 using data from the reports on the State of Europe’s Forests. Forest damage, tree species composition, and carbon stock were the most important indicators. Though the trend was overall positive with regard to adaptation and mitigation, its evaluation was partly hindered by the lack of data. We advocate for increased efforts to harmonize international reporting and for further integrating the goals of Climate-Smart Forestry into national- and European-level forest policy making.

scholarly journals Corporate governance in Poland

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Mortimer
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
The State ◽  
The Future ◽  
Stakeholder Model ◽  
State Models

This article considers the traditional approach to the ’state’ Models of corporate governance, namely shareholder Model and stakeholder Model. It then considers the extent to which developments in a recent accession EU country, Poland, reflects either of these Models or adopts a hybrid approach. It then offers proposals for the future development of corporate governance within Poland.

scholarly journals Uncovering interpretable potential confounders in electronic medical records

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaming Zeng ◽  
Michael F. Gensheimer ◽  
Daniel L. Rubin ◽  
Susan Athey ◽  
Ross D. Shachter
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Medical Records ◽  
Selection Bias ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Research Database ◽  
High Stake ◽  
Medical Decisions ◽  
Clinical Text ◽  
Using Data

AbstractIn medicine, randomized clinical trials (RCT) are the gold standard for informing treatment decisions. Observational comparative effectiveness research (CER) is often plagued by selection bias, and expert-selected covariates may not be sufficient to adjust for confounding. We explore how the unstructured clinical text in electronic medical records (EMR) can be used to reduce selection bias and improve medical practice. We develop a method based on natural language processing to uncover interpretable potential confounders from the clinical text. We validate our method by comparing the hazard ratio (HR) from survival analysis with and without the confounders against the results from established RCTs. We apply our method to four study cohorts built from localized prostate and lung cancer datasets from the Stanford Cancer Institute Research Database and show that our method adjusts the HR estimate towards the RCT results. We further confirm that the uncovered terms can be interpreted by an oncologist as potential confounders. This research helps enable more credible causal inference using data from EMRs, offers a transparent way to improve the design of observational CER, and could inform high-stake medical decisions. Our method can also be applied to studies within and beyond medicine to extract important information from observational data to support decisions.

scholarly journals Adoption of Natural Gas Vehicles – Estimates for the U.S. and the State of Texas

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen (Sarah) Xu ◽  
Liang-Chieh (Victor) Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Diffusion Models ◽  
The State ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Fuel Taxes ◽  
Natural Gas Vehicles ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The U.S

Natural gas vehicles (NGV) have attracted more and more attention from policy makers since natural gas is a clean substitute for traditional fossil fuel that is also readily accessible. In some areas such as the state of Texas, vehicles that do not use traditional fossil fuel (e.g., NGVs) are exempt from paying fuel taxes. Government financial incentives have motivated substantial adoption of NGVs. This paper studies NGV adoption behavior in both U.S. and Texas markets to estimate the dynamics of NGV diffusion. This research employs well-known Bass diffusion models applied to NGV adoption, using data from both the U.S. and Texas. Among several interesting results, we find that NGV adoption through an imitation effect appears to be significant for the U.S. NGV market.

Getting a Hand By Cutting Them Off: How Uncertainty over Political Corruption Affects Violence

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-480
Author(s):  
Paul Zachary ◽  
William Spaniel
Keyword(s):  
Political Corruption ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Criminal Violence ◽  
Police Enforcement ◽  
Using Data

Criminal violence differs from other conflicts because illegal cartels primarily use violence to eliminate rivals rather than overthrow the state. However, politicians’ ability to influence cartel behavior remains unclear. This article argues that politicians alter the use of violence by setting their jurisdiction’s police enforcement levels, but that cartels can bribe politicians to look the other way. Because cartels are uncertain about politicians’ corruptibility, not every bribe is successful. Following an election, cartels must invest resources into learning politicians’ level of corruption. Cartels only increase their level of violence after successfully bribing political leaders, which implies that local violence levels should increase the longer parties remain in office. The study formalizes this argument and tests its implications using data on homicides and political tenure from Mexico. The results link incumbency to violence and suggest Mexico experiences an additional 948 homicides for each year of increased political tenure after holding an election.

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