scholarly journals World Health Organization growth standards: How do Canadian children measure up?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celia Rodd ◽  
Allison Feely ◽  
Allan B Becker ◽  
Theo J Moraes ◽  
Padmaja Subbarao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
World Health ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards for children aged 0 to 5 years describe growth under optimal conditions and were adopted for use in Canada in 2012. We are seeking to validate these charts in a well-characterized, longitudinal cohort of healthy, Canadian youngsters, assess tracking over time, and evaluate the prognostic implications of early growth. Methods Data from 2,795 mother–infant dyads from the CHILD birth cohort were classified by feeding modality at 6 months as exclusively breastfed, partially breastfed, or formula-fed. WHO z-scores (z) were calculated at birth, 3 months, 1 year, and 3 years. Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) assessed the predictive performance of early weight (WT), weight-for-length (WfL), or body mass index (BMI) z-scores for overweight/obesity at 3 years. Results Compared to WHO standards, Canadian children at birth had lower median WfLz (−0.73) and BMIz (−0.29), with more positive scores by 3 years (WfLz=BMIz=0.58). At both 1 and 3 years, formula feeding was associated with higher scores than breastfeeding, even after regression adjustment for covariates. Head circumference z-score was typically positive at all times and regardless of feeding modality. At 1 year, ROC area under the curve was 0.79 for WTz, WfLz, and BMIz, and BMIz>0.88 identified children with increased risk of overweight/obesity (BMIz >2) at age 3 years (20.3% versus 3.0%, P<0.001). Conclusions Compared to WHO growth charts, Canadian children at 3 years show an upward shift in BMIz and WfLz, particularly when formula-fed. Infant growth parameters may identify infants with increased risk of overweight/obesity at age 3 years; early recognition may allow targeting infants at higher risk.

Construction of the World Health Organization child growth standards: selection of methods for attained growth curves

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Borghi ◽  
M. de Onis ◽  
C. Garza ◽  
J. Van den Broeck ◽  
E. A. Frongillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
World Health ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Selection Of

scholarly journals Covid-19 and Acute Kidney Injury: Recent Updates

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salman Tahir Shafi
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
World Health ◽  
Related Disease ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

In January 2020, the pathogen was identified and named by the World Health Organization as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). The consequent SARS-CoV-2-related disease was defined as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As data emerged about characteristics of the disease, it was found to be associated with increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI). We explore the recent literature and reports emerging from the epicenters of the pandemic to help our viewers understand the nature of AKI among these patients. 

scholarly journals Preschool Child Nutritional Status in Nepal in 2016 and Comparative Trends (P11-074-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela KC ◽  
Andrew Thorne-Lyman ◽  
Binod Shrestha ◽  
Swetha Manohar ◽  
Patrick Webb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Child ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
World Health ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Community Studies ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Child Undernutrition ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Feed The Future ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Objectives Estimate the national and agro-ecological zonal prevalence of preschool child undernutrition and review temporal trends in the prevalence of undernutrition. Methods In 2016, we conducted the last in a series of 3 (also 2013 and 2014) nationally representative, annual, same-season, mixed-longitudinal nutrition surveys – PoSHAN Community Studies – in the same 21 Village Development Committees sampled across the Mountains, Hills and Tarai of Nepal. Height/length and weight measurements of 5479 children < 5 years were converted to z-scores of height-for-age (HAZ) and weight-for-height (WHZ) based on World Health Organization growth standards. Cut-offs of < -2 z-scores of HAZ and WHZ were applied to define stunting and wasting, respectively. Rates of stunting and wasting were compared to four Demographic and Health Surveys of Nepal (NDHS) from 2001–2016. Annual rates of decline in stunting and wasting were calculated. Results Preschool stunting and wasting rates from PoSHAN in 2016 were 34% [95% CI: 29.5 to 38.9%] and 13.7% [11.0 to 16.9%], similar to those observed in the 2016 NDHS: 35.8% [33.5 to 38.3%] and 9.7% [8.4 to 11.1%], respectively. Stunting was highest in the Mountains (40.6%), and wasting in the Tarai (18.9%). PoSHAN surveys revealed an annual decrease in the prevalence of stunting of 1.5% from 2013–2016 and 2.3% from 2011–2016, representing a lesser decline than in the earlier period of 2001–2011 (3.3%) (Figure 1 a). In contrast, neither series of surveys has revealed a marked decline in the national prevalence of wasting over the past 15 years (Figure 1 b). Conclusions The rates of stunting and wasting seen in the PoSHAN survey were comparable to other contemporary surveys in 2016 and suggest that the current rate of decline is inadequate to meet Nepal's 2025 World Health Assembly (WHA) target of reducing stunting to 26.5%. However, wasting has changed very little, threatening the potential to reach Nepal's national WHA target of 5%. Funding Sources Funded by USAID Feed the Future Nutrition Innovation Lab, with assistance from Sight and Life and The Gates Foundation. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals Outcomes of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Related Hospitalization Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in the ISARIC World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Characterization Protocol (UK): A Prospective Observational Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Geretti ◽  
Alexander J Stockdale ◽  
Sophie H Kelly ◽  
Muge Cevik ◽  
Simon Collins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background Evidence is conflicting about how human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) modulates coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We compared the presentation characteristics and outcomes of adults with and without HIV who were hospitalized with COVID-19 at 207 centers across the United Kingdom and whose data were prospectively captured by the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Characterization Protocol (CCP) study. Methods We used Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox regression to describe the association between HIV status and day-28 mortality, after separate adjustment for sex, ethnicity, age, hospital acquisition of COVID-19 (definite hospital acquisition excluded), presentation date, 10 individual comorbidities, and disease severity at presentation (as defined by hypoxia or oxygen therapy). Results Among 47 592 patients, 122 (0.26%) had confirmed HIV infection, and 112/122 (91.8%) had a record of antiretroviral therapy. At presentation, HIV-positive people were younger (median 56 vs 74 years; P &lt; .001) and had fewer comorbidities, more systemic symptoms and higher lymphocyte counts and C-reactive protein levels. The cumulative day-28 mortality was similar in the HIV-positive versus HIV-negative groups (26.7% vs. 32.1%; P = .16), but in those under 60 years of age HIV-positive status was associated with increased mortality (21.3% vs. 9.6%; P &lt; .001 [log-rank test]). Mortality was higher among people with HIV after adjusting for age (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–2.14; P = .05), and the association persisted after adjusting for the other variables (aHR 1.69; 95% CI 1.15–2.48; P = .008) and when restricting the analysis to people aged &lt;60 years (aHR 2.87; 95% CI 1.70–4.84; P &lt; .001). Conclusions HIV-positive status was associated with an increased risk of day-28 mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19.

World Health Organization 2006 Child Growth Standards and 2007 Growth Reference Charts

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Turck ◽  
Kim F. Michaelsen ◽  
Raanan Shamir ◽  
Christian Braegger ◽  
Cristina Campoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
World Health ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Growth Reference ◽  
Health Organization

Oxidative and haemostatic effects of copper, manganese and mercury, alone and in combination at physiologically relevant levels: An ex vivo study

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ van Rensburg ◽  
M van Rooy ◽  
MJ Bester ◽  
JC Serem ◽  
C Venter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
The World ◽  
Subsequent Exposure ◽  
Health Organization

Water contamination with metals due to anthropogenic activity is increasing and subsequent exposure increases the risk of associated toxicity. Exposure is not limited to a single metal but usually involves mixtures of different metals at different concentrations. Little is known about the contribution of this type of exposure, in humans, to the development of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, and an increased risk to thrombosis. The World Health Organization has established limits for metal levels in drinking water and this includes levels for copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and mercury (Hg). In this study, at 100X these limits, the ability of the metals’ oxidative effects as catalysts of the Fenton reaction and/or ability to bind glutathione (GSH) were determined. The haemostatic effects of these metals, alone and in combination, at the World Health Organization limit were then evaluated. The ultrastructural and viscoelastic alterations of exposed ex vivo whole blood were also evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and thromboelastography® (TEG), respectively. Cu, alone and in combination with Mn and/or Hg, induced hydroxyl radical formation and reduced GSH levels. Ex vivo exposure caused deformation of erythrocytes and accelerated platelet activation especially for Cu, alone and in combination, with Mn. Reduction in the lysis potential of the clot was also observed for all combinations, especially Cu in combination with Hg as well as Mn alone. Although the TEG findings were not statistically significant, the trends indicate that the exposure to these metals, alone and in combination, adversely affects thrombus formation in ex vivo blood, thereby potentially increasing the risk in exposed individuals for thrombosis.

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