To Experience or to Be Informed? Classical Conditioning Induces Nocebo Hyperalgesia even when Placebo Analgesia Is Verbally Suggested—Results of a Preliminary Study

Pain Medicine ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta A Bajcar ◽  
Karolina Wiercioch-Kuzianik ◽  
Wacław M Adamczyk ◽  
Przemysław Bąbel
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Conditioning Group ◽  
Nocebo Effect ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Pain Experience ◽  
White Circle ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
And Control ◽  
Pain Stimuli

Abstract Objective To investigate whether direct experience (i.e., classical conditioning) or verbal suggestion is more important in inducing nocebo hyperalgesia, five groups (total sample size, N = 99) were studied: conditioning, congruent conditioning, incongruent conditioning, verbal suggestion, and control. Methods Participants in groups with conditioning experienced more intensive pain stimuli after presentation of a white circle. In the congruent conditioning group, suggestion that the circle would precede more intensive pain stimuli was additionally provided, whereas in the incongruent conditioning group, the opposite suggestion was used. Control and verbal suggestion groups received pain stimuli of one intensity; however, the latter received suggestion that a circle would precede pain stimuli of higher intensity. Results The nocebo effect was observed in all conditioning groups, regardless of the verbal suggestions used. Moreover, the experience of hyperalgesia was able to nullify the effect of the verbal suggestion of analgesia. Incongruence between verbal suggestion and pain experience produced expectancies that affected nocebo hyperalgesia. Conclusions The results of this preliminary study suggest that direct experience seems to be more important than verbal suggestion in inducing nocebo hyperalgesia.

scholarly journals Can Residential Greenspace Exposure Improve Pain Experience? A Comparison between Physical Visit and Image Viewing

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 918
Author(s):  
Hansen Li ◽  
Xing Zhang ◽  
Shilin Bi ◽  
Yang Cao ◽  
Guodong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
The State ◽  
Subjective Stress ◽  
Pain Experience ◽  
Scenic Beauty ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pain Stimuli

Reducing the burden of pain via greenspace exposure is a rising research topic. However, insufficient evidence has been found in relation to the environmental effect itself. Residential greenspace, as a convenient but limited natural environment for urban dwellers, has benefits and services yet to be discovered. Therefore, the current study recruited 24 young adults to evaluate the effects of physical visit to, or image viewing of, residential greenspace on pain perception and related psychophysiological outcomes, via simulated pain. Pain threshold and tolerance were recorded via the level of pain stimuli, and pain intensity was evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The state scale of the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) and two adjective pairs were employed to measure the state anxiety and subjective stress, respectively. Meanwhile, heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and blood pressure (BP) were measured to investigate physiological responses. Besides, Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) was also employed to assess participants’ preference regarding the experimental environments. The results revealed that visiting the greenspace significantly increased the pain threshold and tolerance, while no significant effect was observed for image viewing. On the other hand, no significant difference was observed in pain-related psychophysiological indices between the experimental settings, but significantly negative associations were found between the scores of SBE and subjective stress and state anxiety. In conclusion, the current study brings experimental evidence of improving pain experience via residential greenspace exposure, while the related psychophysiological benefits require further investigation.

scholarly journals Cognitive dysfunction in children with sleep disorders

2004 ◽  
Vol 62 (2a) ◽  
pp. 212-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciane Bizari Coin de Carvalho ◽  
Lucila Bizari Fernandes do Prado ◽  
Luciana Silva ◽  
Marilaine Medeiros de Almeida ◽  
Tatiana Almeida e Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lower Prevalence ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
And Control

Sleep is basic for physical and cognitive development and some studies have suggested that there may be an association between sleep disorders (SD) and cognitive dysfunction (CD) in children. Little is known, however, about SD and cognition in 7-10-year-old children, a fact that motivated the present study. METHOD: We applied an SD questionnaire in 1180 children, 547 with SD and 633 without SD (CG), to assess cognition with a screening test (Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test - BT). RESULTS: We observed a similar frequency of CD in the children with SD (39%) and that ot the CG (40%). The 8-year-old children with SD presented a lower prevalence of CD than the CG (SD=6%, n=6; CG=13%, n=16; p=0.04). CONCLUSION: The frequency of children with CD was equal in the study and control groups when considering the total sample (7- to 10-year-old children). In contrast to our expectations, the SD group of 8-year-old children presented a lower frequency of CD than the control group.

scholarly journals USING JUMBLED LETTERS TO IMPROVE STUDENTS VOCABULARY MASTERY

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
Sri Wahyuni ◽  
Ali Wira Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Total Sample ◽  
Crossword Puzzle ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Tenth Grade ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
And Control ◽  
Listening And Speaking ◽  
Academic Year

Vocabulary considered one of the important things to learn for students, the vocabulary is basic thing that students must be mastered in foreign language lessons, especially in English. Without vocabulary students will have difficulty in mastering skills in English such as writing, reading, listening and speaking.  Therefore, it is very important to find out the solution to enhance students’ vocabulary. The objective of the research is to find out whether or not using Jumbled letters can improve the students vocabulary of the tenth grade students in MAN 2 Barru and to find out whether or not using Crossword puzzle can improve the students vocabulary of the tenth grade students in MAN 2 Barru. This research applied quasi-experimental group design with two groups experimental and control class. The population of this research was the tenth grade students of MAN 2 Barru in academic year 2018/2019. The Total sample of the research was taken by using clustering random sampling which consisted of 141 students. From two classes taken from the population of the tenth grade students of MAN 2 Barru, X MIA 1 as the experimental class consisted 29 students and X MIA 3 as the control class that consisted 29 students. The result of the data analysis showed that there was a significant difference of students’ vocabulary before and after teaching vocabulary through jumbled word letters. The value of t-test pre-test 2.09 was higher than t-table 2.000, and the value of post-test 4.62 was higher than t-table 2.000, at the level significance a =0.05 and degree of freedom (df) = 56. It can be concluded that jumbled word letters can enhance the vocabulary of the tenth grade students’ of MAN 2 Barru

scholarly journals The Musical Offers of Children’s Programming on «Televisión Española» as its Hearing Universe

Comunicar ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (37) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amparo Porta-Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Popular Music ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Incidental Music ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Preliminary Study

The music that children are exposed to in their everyday lives plays an important role in shaping the way they interpret the world around them, and television soundtracks are, together with their direct experience of reality, one of the most significant sources of such input. This work is part of a broader research project that looks at what kind of music children listen to in a sample of Latin American and Spanish TV programmes. More specifically, this study focuses on children’s programmes in Spain, and was addressed using a semiotic theoretical framework with a quantitative and musical approach. The programme «Los Lunnis» was chosen as the subject of a preliminary study, which consisted in applying 90 templates and then analysing them in terms of the musical content. The results show that the programme uses music both as the leading figure and as a background element. The most common texture is the accompanied monody and the use of voice, and there is a predominance of electronic instrumental sounds, binary stress and major modes with modulations. Musical pieces are sometimes truncated and rhythmically the music is quite poor; the style used is predominantly that of foreign popular music, with a few allusions to the classical style and to incidental music. The data reveal the presence of music in cultural and patrimonial aspects, as well as in cognitive construction, which were not taken into account in studies on the influence of TV in Spain. Such aspects do emerge, however, when they are reviewed from the perspective of semiotics, musical representation, formal analysis and restructuring theories.La música de la vida cotidiana del niño tiene uno de sus referentes, junto a su experiencia real, en la banda sonora de la televisión, configurando una parte de su interpretación de la realidad. Este trabajo forma parte de una investigación más amplia sobre la escucha televisiva infantil en una muestra iberoamericana. El objetivo, conocer qué escuchan los niños en la programación infantil de «Televisión Española», ha sido estudiado desde un marco teórico semiótico con un enfoque cuantitativo y musical. El artículo presenta un resumen de los resultados obtenidos en un primer análisis del programa «Los Lunnis» mediante la aplicación de noventa plantillas y sus análisis musicales correspondientes. Estos resultados indican que el programa utiliza la música como fondo y figura, textura de monodía acompañada y utilización de la voz, predominio del sonido electrónico instrumental, acento binario y modo mayor con modulaciones. Aparecen piezas musicales cortadas y cierta pobreza rítmica, su opción estilística es la música popular no propia, con algunos guiños al estilo clásico y a la música incidental. Los datos muestran la presencia de la música en aspectos culturales, patrimoniales y de construcción cognitiva no considerados en los estudios sobre la influencia de la TV en España, pero que emergen cuando son revisados desde la semiótica, la representación musical, el análisis formal y las teorías de la reestructuración.

scholarly journals A Preliminary Study on The Prevention and Control of Seawater Intrusion in Northern Pingtan Island with Freshwater Recharge Curtain

2020 ◽  
Vol 199 ◽  
pp. 00012
Author(s):  
Mengyao Diao ◽  
Panlin Li ◽  
Weifang Ruan ◽  
Wanglin Li
Keyword(s):  
Seawater Intrusion ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Intrusion Prevention ◽  
The North ◽  
Pingtan Island ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Over Exploitation ◽  
And Control

Seawater intrusion caused by groundwater over-exploitation is a kind of geological disaster caused by human economic activities and natural environment changes. Using freshwater recharge curtain technology is an effective means to prevent seawater intrusion. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of seawater intrusion in Pingtan island, Fujian Province, and in view of the possible seawater intrusion problems in the construction of Luyangpu underground reservoir in Pingtan Island, this paper expounds the basic principle of seawater intrusion prevention with freshwater recharge curtain , the technical measures of installing a row of recharge wells in the northern coastal zone of Luyangpu plain in Pingtan Island and using freshwater recharge curtain are put forward to prevent seawater intrusion. Through groundwater numerical simulation, the dynamic distribution of groundwater level in the north of Pingtan Island in the next 20 years is analyzed and predicted. The results show that the seawater intrusion can be effectively prevented by installing freshwater curtain recharge wells in the northern coast of Luyangpu.

scholarly journals Preliminary Study, Risk Analysis and HACCP in Cold Chain System, Frozen Yellow Fin Tuna in Moluccas

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Grasiano Warakano Lailossa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Field Observation ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Chain System ◽  
System Risk ◽  
Paper Review ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

The differences In cold chain system, Risk analysis and Hazard Analysis and Critical Crisis Point(HACCP) is a procedure for the identification, assessment and control of hazards in, and indirectly risks from, food. HACCP procedures focus on chemical, physical and microbiological hazards, Yellow Fin Tuna is the one of the most superior export fishery product of Moluccas, based on paper review and field observation in Molucass, this paper is a preliminary study to development HACCP framework of frozen Yellow Fin Tuna in Moluccas.

Operant Conditioning of the Pain Experience

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 883-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lousberg ◽  
N. H. Groenman ◽  
A. J. M. Schmidt ◽  
A. A. C. M. Gielen
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Skin Conductance Response ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Conditioning Group ◽  
Pain Experience ◽  
Psychological Measures ◽  
Electric Shocks ◽  
Pain Report ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Rule Out

Two experiments were carried out to study operant conditioning of pain report. Further, it was investigated whether pain-related psychophysiological and psychological measures (skin conductance response and magnitude matching) could also be conditioned operantly. In both experiments subjects received 12 painful electric shocks of equal intensity. In Exp. 1 healthy subjects were assigned to either a control group or an up-conditioning group. Up-conditioning occurred by verbally rewarding increases in pain report and punishing decreases. Analyses indicated that up-conditioning of both pain report and the pain-related psychophysiological measures succeeded. To rule out alternative explanations of the results (attention shift towards pain and conditioning of anxiety) the verbal punishments were adjusted in Exp. 2. A down-conditioning group was also added. The attempt to replicate the results of Exp. 1 failed and down-conditioning of the pain report could not be established. These inconsistent results are most probably due to modified punishment of responses. The consequences for the results of Exp. 1 are discussed. Based on the results of post hoc analyses, some suggestions are made for operant conditioning studies of pain.

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