scholarly journals Relation of FTO to BOLD response to receipt and anticipated receipt of food and monetary reward, food images, and weight gain in healthy weight adolescents

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 1135-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Stice ◽  
Sonja Yokum ◽  
Pascale Voelker
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Monetary Reward ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Palatable Food ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Food Images

Abstract Although the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) correlates with elevated body mass, it is unclear how it contributes to overeating. We tested if individuals with the A allele show greater reward region responsivity to receipt and anticipated receipt of food and money and palatable food images. We also tested if these individuals show greater future weight gain. Initially healthy weight adolescents (Study 1, N = 162; Study 2, N = 135) completed different functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigms and had their body mass measured annually over 3 years. Adolescents with the AA or AT genotypes showed less precuneus and superior parietal lobe response and greater cuneus and prefrontal cortex response to milkshake receipt and less putamen response to anticipated milkshake receipt than those with the TT genotype in separate analyses of each sample. Groups did not differ in response to palatable food images, and receipt and anticipated receipt of money, or in weight gain over 3-year follow-up. Results suggest that initially healthy weight adolescents with vs without the FTO A allele show differential responsivity to receipt and anticipated receipt of food but do not differ in neural response to palatable food images and monetary reward and do not show greater future weight gain.

scholarly journals Weight gain is associated with changes in neural response to palatable food tastes varying in sugar and fat and palatable food images: a repeated-measures fMRI study

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 1275-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Yokum ◽  
Eric Stice
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Neural Response ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Palatable Food ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
High Sugar ◽  
Food Images

ABSTRACT Background Emerging data suggest that weight gain is associated with changes in neural response to palatable food tastes and palatable food cues, which may serve to maintain overeating. Objective We investigated whether weight gain is associated with neural changes in response to tastes of milkshakes varying in fat and sugar content and palatable food images. Methods We compared changes in neural activity between initially healthy-weight adolescents who gained weight (n = 36) and those showing weight stability (n = 31) over 2–3 y. Results Adolescents who gained weight compared with those who remained weight stable showed decreases in activation in the postcentral gyrus, prefrontal cortex, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex, and increases in activation in the parietal lobe, posterior cingulate cortex, and inferior frontal gyrus in response to a high-fat/low-sugar compared with low-fat/low-sugar milkshake. Weight gainers also showed greater decreases in activation in the anterior insula and lateral orbitofrontal cortex in response to a high-fat/high-sugar compared with low-fat/low-sugar milkshake than those who remained weight stable. No group differences emerged in response to a low-fat/high-sugar compared with a low-fat/low-sugar milkshake. Weight gainers compared with those who remained weight stable showed greater decreases in activation in the middle temporal gyrus and increases in cuneus activation in response to appetizing compared with unappetizing food pictures. The significant interactions were partially driven by group differences in baseline responsivity and by opposite changes in neural activation in adolescents who remained weight stable. Conclusions Data suggest that weight gain is associated with a decrease in responsivity of regions associated with taste and reward processing to palatable high-fat- and high-fat/high-sugar food tastes. Data also suggest that avoiding weight gain increases taste sensitivity, which may prevent future excessive weight gain. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01949636.

scholarly journals Reward Region Responsivity Predicts Future Weight Gain and Further Evidence that the TaqIA Allele Moderates these Predictive Effects

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Stanley Burger
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Neural Response ◽  
Monetary Reward ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Vulnerability Factors ◽  
Allele Status ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Dopamine Signaling

As no large prospective study has evaluated neural vulnerability factors that predict future weight gain we tested whether neural response to receipt and anticipated receipt of palatable food and monetary reward predicted weight gain over 3-year follow-up in originally healthy-weight adolescents and whether relations were moderated by the TaqIA polymorphism, which affects dopamine signaling capacity. 153 adolescent humans completed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigms assessing response to these four events; body fat was assessed yearly over follow-up. Split half analyses indicated that elevated orbitofrontal cortex response to cues signaling impending milkshake receipt predicted future body fat gain (r = .32), which is a novel finding that provides support for the incentive sensitization theory of obesity. Neural response to receipt and anticipated receipt of monetary reward did not predict body fat gain, which has not been tested previously. Replicating an interaction reported previously (Stice et al., 2008a), elevated caudate response to milkshake receipt predicted future body fat gain for youth with a genetic propensity for greater dopamine signaling by virtue of possessing the TaqIA A2/A2 allele, but lower caudate response predicted body fat gain for youth with a genetic propensity for less dopamine signaling by virtue of possessing a TaqIA A1 allele, though this interaction was only marginal (pFWE = .06). Parental obesity, which correlated with TaqIA allele status (OR = 2.7), similarly moderated the predictive effects of caudate response to milkshake receipt to body fat gain, which is also a novel finding. The former interaction implies that too much or too little dopamine signaling capacity and reward region responsivity may increase risk for overeating, suggesting the possibility of qualitatively distinct reward surfeit and reward deficit pathways to obesity.

scholarly journals Postdiagnosis Body Mass Index, Weight Change, and Mortality From Prostate Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and All Causes Among Survivors of Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (18) ◽  
pp. 2018-2027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa N. Troeschel ◽  
Terryl J. Hartman ◽  
Eric J. Jacobs ◽  
Victoria L. Stevens ◽  
Ted Gansler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
All Cause Mortality

PURPOSE To investigate the association of postdiagnosis body mass index (BMI) and weight change with prostate cancer–specific mortality (PCSM), cardiovascular disease–related mortality (CVDM), and all-cause mortality among survivors of nonmetastatic prostate cancer. METHODS Men in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort diagnosed with nonmetastatic prostate cancer between 1992 and 2013 were followed for mortality through December 2016. Current weight was self-reported on follow-up questionnaires approximately every 2 years. Postdiagnosis BMI was obtained from the first survey completed 1 to < 6 years after diagnosis. Weight change was the difference in weight between the first and second postdiagnosis surveys. Deaths occurring within 4 years of the follow-up were excluded to reduce bias from reverse causation. Analyses of BMI and weight change included 8,330 and 6,942 participants, respectively. RESULTS Postdiagnosis BMI analyses included 3,855 deaths from all causes (PCSM, n = 500; CVDM, n = 1,155). Using Cox proportional hazards models, hazard ratios (HRs) associated with postdiagnosis obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) compared with healthy weight (BMI 18.5 to < 25.0 kg/m2) were 1.28 for PCSM (95% CI, 0.96 to 1.67), 1.24 for CVDM (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.49), and 1.23 for all-cause mortality (95% CI, 1.11 to 1.35). Weight gain analyses included 2,973 deaths (PCSM, n = 375; CVDM, n = 881). Postdiagnosis weight gain (> 5% of body weight), compared with stable weight (± < 3%), was associated with a higher risk of PCSM (HR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.21 to 2.25) and all-cause mortality (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.45) but not CVDM. CONCLUSION Results suggest that among survivors of nonmetastatic prostate cancer with largely localized disease, postdiagnosis obesity is associated with higher CVDM and all-cause mortality, and possibly higher PCSM, and that postdiagnosis weight gain may be associated with a higher mortality as a result of all causes and prostate cancer.

Intracranial parenchymal schwannoma

1993 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gian Piero Casadei ◽  
Takashi Komori ◽  
Bernd W. Scheithauer ◽  
Gary M. Miller ◽  
Joseph E. Parisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Cystic Degeneration ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Imaging Characteristics ◽  
Benign Nature ◽  
Peripheral Enhancement

✓ The clinical, radiological, and pathological features of nine cases of intracranial parenchymal schwannoma are described. The clinical course in four patients 23 years of age or younger mirrored the indolent nature of this neoplasm. Imaging studies included computerized tomography in eight patients and magnetic resonance imaging in three. The lesions were well demarcated with only mild surrounding edema. Five tumors were deep within the temporoparieto-occipital region, three were in the cerebellum, and one lay peripherally in the parietal lobe. Over two-thirds of the nine tumors were either cystic (five) or contained areas of cystic degeneration (two). One lesion was frankly hemorrhagic. A variety of imaging characteristics and contrast enhancement patterns were observed, including those of a cyst with a mural nodule and peripheral enhancement. Of the four solid neoplasms, two enhanced homogeneously while the other two demonstrated heterogeneous enhancement. Six tumors were resected totally. The follow-up period ranging from 2 months to 2 years has shown no recurrences. Microscopically, immunohistochemically, and ultrastructurally, the tumors were indistinguishable from peripheral schwannomas. A possible mechanism underlying the histogenesis of these rare lesions is discussed. The importance of recognizing this tumor is stressed, particularly in younger patients, given its benign nature, radiological resemblance to other tumors such as pilocytic astrocytoma, and favorable response to resection.

scholarly journals The relationship between body mass index before pregnancy and the amount of weight that should be gained during pregnancy: A cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Resmiye Özdilek ◽  
Yılda Arzu Aba ◽  
Sena Dilek Aksoy ◽  
Bulat Aytek Şık ◽  
Yaşam Kemal Akpak
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: To investigate the adaptation of pregnant women to the recommended weight gain range according to body mass index (BMI) and to determine the factors affecting them. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in a university hospital’s obstetrics and gynecology unit (tertiary center) in Turkey. This study was conducted between March 2018 and August 2018 (6 months) in pregnant women. Pregnant women with chronic disease and receiving treatment during antenatal follow-up, with twin pregnancy, with a fetus with a congenital abnormality, and nutritional disturbance were excluded from the study. Eight hundred twelve pregnant women with normal antenatal follow-up and who volunteered to participate were included in the study. Results: The mean age of the participants was 27.66±5.05 years. The mean weight and BMI before pregnancy were near standard in all participants. The group with the highest rate of recommended weight gain according to BMI before pregnancy was the group with low weight pregnant women. The ideal weight gain rate in all groups was 32%. Conclusions: The groups with overweight and obese pregnant women according to BMI before pregnancy had the highest rates of weight gain, above the recommended limits. BMI before pregnancy directly affects weight gain during pregnancy and the importance of pre-pregnancy counseling and weight loss is emphasized once again. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.133 How to cite this:Ozdilek R, Aba YA, Aksoy SD, Sik BA, Akpak YK. The relationship between body mass index before pregnancy and the amount of weight that should be gained during pregnancy: A cross-sectional study. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(5):---------.  doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.133 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

scholarly journals Functional Connectivity of Nucleus Accumbens and Medial Prefrontal Cortex With Other Brain Regions During Early-Abstinence Is Associated With Alcohol Dependence and Relapse: A Resting-Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia Yang ◽  
Ya-jing Meng ◽  
Yu-jie Tao ◽  
Ren-hao Deng ◽  
Hui-yao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Anterior Cortex ◽  
The Right

Background: Alcohol dependence (AD) is a chronic recurrent brain disease that causes a heavy disease burden worldwide, partly due to high relapse rates after detoxification. Verified biomarkers are not available for AD and its relapse, although the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) may play important roles in the mechanism of addiction. This study investigated AD- and relapse-associated functional connectivity (FC) of the NAc and mPFC with other brain regions during early abstinence.Methods: Sixty-eight hospitalized early-abstinence AD male patients and 68 age- and education-matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-functional magnetic resonance imaging (r-fMRI). Using the NAc and mPFC as seeds, we calculated changes in FC between the seeds and other brain regions. Over a follow-up period of 6 months, patients were measured with the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) scale to identify relapse outcomes (AUDIT ≥ 8).Results: Thirty-five (52.24%) of the AD patients relapsed during the follow-up period. AD displayed lower FC of the left fusiform, bilateral temporal superior and right postcentral regions with the NAc and lower FC of the right temporal inferior, bilateral temporal superior, and left cingulate anterior regions with the mPFC compared to controls. Among these FC changes, lower FC between the NAc and left fusiform, lower FC between the mPFC and left cingulate anterior cortex, and smoking status were independently associated with AD. Subjects in relapse exhibited lower FC of the right cingulate anterior cortex with NAc and of the left calcarine sulcus with mPFC compared to non-relapsed subjects; both of these reductions in FC independently predicted relapse. Additionally, FC between the mPFC and right frontal superior gyrus, as well as years of education, independently predicted relapse severity.Conclusion: This study found that values of FC between selected seeds (i.e., the NAc and the mPFC) and some other reward- and/or impulse-control-related brain regions were associated with AD and relapse; these FC values could be potential biomarkers of AD or for prediction of relapse. These findings may help to guide further research on the neurobiology of AD and other addictive disorders.

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