Biodeterioration of Oaks Killed Following Defoliation by the Gypsy Moth

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
D. M. Karasevicz ◽  
W. Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Gypsy Moth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Site Class ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Separate Population

Abstract The volume of sound wood in red oaks dead following gypsy moth defoliation (biotically killed trees) and in mechanically girdled control trees decreased significantly as time after death increased. Bark retention, site quality, and method of death were correlated with the volume ofwood degraded. Three growing seasons after death, biotically killed trees that retained their bark had greater volumes of degraded wood than those that shed their bark. Trees on oak site class 1 had greater volumes of degraded wood than those on oak site class 2. Wood of girdled trees deterioratedfaster than that of biotically killed trees. By the end of the third growing season after death, 19% of the gross merchantable volume and 21% of the board foot volume of biotically killed trees had been degraded. In a separate population of biotically killed trees, 44% of the trees had beenwind-thrown seven growing seasons after death. Based on these studies, salvage operations for most timber uses should be completed within 2 years after tree death. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):139-145.

Growth and Survival of Water Tupelo Coppice Regeneration after Six Growing Seasons

1982 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey E. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Nyssa Aquatica ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Water Tupelo ◽  
Basin Water

Abstract In the lower Atchafalaya Basin, water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.) trees were cut in May and November at three stump heights to study coppice regeneration. Sprouting was extremely good after one growing season, and live sprouts grew well through the third and fourth seasons. However, some stumps began to deteriorate and sprouts die after the second growing season. After six years, only 9 percent of the stumps cut in May and 18 percent of those cut in November had live sprouts.

Survival and Growth of Douglas-Fir Seedlings with Spot-Spraying, Mulching and Root-Dipping

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 108-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Hsiung Tung ◽  
Jim Batdorff ◽  
David R. DeYoe
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vegetation Management ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Survival Of Seedlings

Abstract Two vegetation management methods, paper mulching and spot-spraying with glyphosate, were combined with a root-dipping treatment, Terra Sorb®, to test effects on seedling survival and height growth on a harsh site in Oregon. Survival of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings was significantly higher after the third growing season when competing vegetation had been controlled with mulch or glyphosate during the first two growing seasons. Seedlings retreated with paper mulch and glyphosate before the second growing season had 36 and 25% higher survival than those that were not retreated. None of the seedlings was retreated before the third season; after this season, survival of seedlings treated twice with glyphosate was 26, 23, and 21% higher than seedlings receiving one glyphosate treatment and one or two mulch applications, respectively. There were no differences in seedling height growth among treatments. Rootdipping with Terra Sorb® did not influence survival or growth. West. J. Appl. For. 1:108-111 Oct. 86.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF MULCHES ON NURSERY SEEDBEDS OF WHITE SPRUCE

1965 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Rye Straw ◽  
A Minor

Several kinds of seedbed mulch were used in an experiment to study frost heaving of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in a nursery. Treatments consisted of silica gravel (of three sizes), hardwood sawdust, vermiculite, shredded sphagnum, mixed silica and sphagnum, and rye straw (the regular nursery mulch). These were applied to beds sown in the fall of 1958, 1959 and I960. Shading of beds during the winter between the first and second growing seasons was also examined.During the first growing season, several counts were made of the number of trees and weeds. At the beginning of the second growing season a count was made of the trees heaved and the residual stand. At the beginning of the third growing season, samples were taken for laboratory measurements of top length, root length, stem diameter, oven-dry weight and top-root ratio.The sawdust mulch was superior in most respects. It permitted the highest germination and survival, better prevention of heaving than rye straw, and better weed control than rye straw. Although the sawdust mulch treatment produced small and poorly balanced trees this was believed due chiefly to high bed density, and compared favourably with the rye straw. The use of hardwood sawdust as a mulch offered considerable advantage over the presently used rye-straw.Heaving was found to be a minor cause of mortality over the three year period examined. Shading of the beds offered no advantage in reducing this loss.

INFLUENCE OF CARBOFURAN AND BENOMYL ON YIELD AND PERSISTENCE OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. WILLIS ◽  
L. S. THOMPSON
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Plant Persistence ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Forage Yields

The effects of a preseeding application of the nematicide carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) and the fungicide benomyl (methyl-1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate), alone and in combination, on birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) were determined in the field. The nematicide and fungicide + nematicide treatments controlled root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) in soil and roots for two growing seasons and increased forage yield for the same periods. The reduction in the number of root sections with Fusarium spp. was comparable for the nematicide and fungicide treatments and greater for the fungicide + nematicide treatment for two growing seasons. Nematode numbers were greater in fungicide-treated plots and forage yields were lower for two growing seasons. The nematicide and fungicide had no effect on forage yield, nematode numbers or fungus recovery in the third growing season. Plant persistence was not affected by the nematicide or fungicide, alone or in combination.

Type and Timing of Thinning Hybrid Poplar Coppice Affects Growth

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 166-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Druck ◽  
Silvia Strobl
Keyword(s):  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Operational Efficiency ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Eastern Ontario ◽  
Sprout Growth

Abstract To optimize the growth of a hybrid poplar coppice plantation, a thinning trial was established in eastern Ontario. Four treatments were investigated: (1) thinning stools to one dominant sprout with residuals clipped at a height of 1 m (to increase operational efficiency of thinning), (2) thinning to one dominant sprout with residuals completely removed, (3) thinning to three dominant sprouts with residuals completely removed, and (4) no thinning. All treatments were performed at the beginning of either the third or fifth growing seasons (timing treatment one and two, respectively). When the 7-yr-old data were analyzed (i.e., 5 growing seasons after timing treatment one and 3 growing seasons after timing treatment two), thinning did not increase dominant sprout growth and significantly larger quantities of wood fiber were produced with lower thinning intensities or no thinning because of the greater number of sprouts per stool. Results of this trial suggest there is no advantage to thinning hybrid poplar coppice after the beginning of the third growing season. North. J. Appl. For. 8(4):166-168.

Herbicide and Fire Effects on Smooth Brome (Bromus inermis) and Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis) in Invaded Prairie Remnants

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt A. Bahm ◽  
Thomas G. Barnes ◽  
Kent C. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Control ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Smooth Brome ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons

AbstractSmooth brome and Kentucky bluegrass are introduced cool-season perennial grasses known to invade grasslands throughout North America. During the fall of 2005 and spring of 2006, we implemented a restoration study at six native prairie sites in eastern South Dakota that have been invaded by smooth brome and Kentucky bluegrass. Treatments included five herbicide combinations, a fall prescribed burn, and an untreated control to determine the potential of each for renovation of invaded native grasslands. Herbicide treatments tested were sulfosulfuron, imazapyr, imazapic + sulfosulfuron, and imazapyr + imazapic, and were applied in late September 2005 and mid-May 2006. Untreated control plots averaged 64% (± 3.1) smooth brome cover and 38% (± 5.5) Kentucky bluegrass cover after the third growing season. Smooth brome cover in herbicide treated plots ranged from 6 to 23% and Kentucky bluegrass cover ranged from 15 to 35% after the third growing season. Smooth brome cover was 20% (± 2.9) and Kentucky bluegrass cover was 19% (± 4.0) in burned plots after the third growing season. Spring and fall treatments had similar native plant cover after three growing seasons. Spring and fall application of 0.33 kg ai ha−1 imazapyr and 0.10 kg ai ha−1 imazapic + 0.16 kg ai ha−1 imazapyr had ≤ 10% smooth brome cover and increased native species cover after three growing seasons. Herbicides were effective at reducing cover of smooth brome and Kentucky bluegrass, and can be incorporated with other management strategies to restore prairie remnants.

Variability in growth during the first 3 years of life of cod (Gadus morhua) in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 614-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D. Beacham
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Commercial Fishery ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growth Compensation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Back Calculation

Variability in growth rates during the first three growing seasons of cod (Gadus morhua) in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence was investigated by back calculation of length at a particular age from a body–otolith relationship. The data suggested that cod year classes partially recruited to the commercial fishery had larger back calculated l1 lengths than did fully recruited year classes. There was no relationship between length at the end of the first growing season and length at the end of either the third or fourth growing season. Growth compensation occurred in the second and third growing seasons. Size of age 0 cod was inversely correlated with biomass of spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus) and not significantly correlated with year-class abundance of cod.

scholarly journals Improving the Growth of Newly Planted Apple Trees

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 840-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley R. Autio ◽  
Duane W. Greene ◽  
Daniel R. Cooley ◽  
James R. Schupp
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
N Application ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
N Application Rate

Increasing the N application rate (in the form NH4NO3 to newly planted `Marshall McIntosh'/M.9 apple (Malus domestica, Borkh.) trees beyond 76 g N per tree per year reduced growth in the first two growing seasons. Peat moss or composted manure mixed into the planting hole of `Royal Gala'/M.26 increased growth in the first growing season after planting. The soil-active fungicides, fosetyl-Al and metalaxyl, increased trunk and shoot growth of `Royal Gala'/M.26 in the first season after planting. Mulching enhanced growth of `Gala'/M.26 only in the third season after planting, a season during which the region experienced a drought. Mulching significantly increased bloom on `Gala'/M.26 2 years after planting. The growth of `Royal Gala'/M.26, `Marshall McIntosh'/M.26, and `Ace Delicious'/M.26 was not affected by planting technique planting by hand in 61-cm augered holes vs. planting with a mechanical tree planter. Chemical names used N-(2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-(methloxyacetyl)alanine methyl ester (metalaxyl); aluminum tris (O-ethyl phosphonate) (fosetyl-Al); 1,1'-dimethyl-4-4'-bipyridinium ion (paraquat); isopropylamine salt of N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (glyphosate).

scholarly journals Cultivar Influences Cranberry Response to Surface Sanding

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan R. Davenport ◽  
Daniel E. Schiffhauer
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Insect Pest Management ◽  
Insect Management ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Surface Sand

Surface sand application to cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) is commonly practiced for a combination of vine and insect management. However, the efficacy of sanding on crop production has been poorly documented. This study determined the effect of three rates of sand application using a barge sanding technique on two different cultivars—`Early Black' and `Stevens'. Beds were sanded to a depth of 0, 1.3, or 2.5 cm in November and monitored at the end of the following three growing seasons for yield, berry weight, and upright distribution. The 2.5-cm sanding rate adversely affected yield in `Early Black' during the first two growing seasons. In `Stevens' yields were not reduced until the third season and then only by the 2.5-cm rate. Although the 2.5-cm sanding rate increased vegetative upright density in both cultivars in the first growing season, yield and number of fruiting uprights were not significantly influenced the next year. Application of 1.3 cm of sand could improve insect pest management without negatively impacting yields of `Early Black' and `Stevens'.

scholarly journals Effects of Timing and Intensity of Summer Pruning on Vegetative Traits of Two Southern Highbush Blueberry Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisson P. Kovaleski ◽  
Jeffrey G. Williamson ◽  
Bruno Casamali ◽  
Rebecca L. Darnell
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
First Year ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Vegetative Traits ◽  
Southern Highbush

Pruning is a recommended practice for blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) production and is usually done in the summer in warm subtropical climates with long growing seasons. Summer pruning promotes healthy vegetative growth during the remainder of the growing season; however, research-based recommendations for summer pruning strategies are lacking. The objective of this study was to determine effects of summer pruning timing and intensity on vegetative growth in ‘Jewel’ and ‘Emerald’ southern highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum-interspecific hybrid), two cultivars of the primary species grown in subtropical areas. To determine effects of pruning time, 30% of the canopy was removed in June or July. To determine pruning intensity effects, either 30% or 60% of the canopy was removed in June, both followed by shoot tipping in July. Both timing and intensity treatments were compared with a non-pruned control. Lack of pruning in the first year had no negative effects on growth; however, lack of pruning for two or more seasons decreased regrowth volume and shoot length of both cultivars. By the third season, canopy regrowth volume in both cultivars decreased in the non-pruned control compared with the 30% and 60% pruning treatments and compared with the June pruning treatment. Disease infection in ‘Jewel’ was also increased in the non-pruned control compared with these pruning treatments. Summer pruning, regardless of timing or intensity, generally increased vigor of vegetative growth for both cultivars and decreased incidence of leaf disease in ‘Jewel’.

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