INFLUENCE OF CARBOFURAN AND BENOMYL ON YIELD AND PERSISTENCE OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. WILLIS ◽  
L. S. THOMPSON
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Plant Persistence ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Forage Yields

The effects of a preseeding application of the nematicide carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) and the fungicide benomyl (methyl-1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate), alone and in combination, on birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) were determined in the field. The nematicide and fungicide + nematicide treatments controlled root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) in soil and roots for two growing seasons and increased forage yield for the same periods. The reduction in the number of root sections with Fusarium spp. was comparable for the nematicide and fungicide treatments and greater for the fungicide + nematicide treatment for two growing seasons. Nematode numbers were greater in fungicide-treated plots and forage yields were lower for two growing seasons. The nematicide and fungicide had no effect on forage yield, nematode numbers or fungus recovery in the third growing season. Plant persistence was not affected by the nematicide or fungicide, alone or in combination.

BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL CULTIVARS AS HOSTS FOR ROOT-LESION NEMATODES AND EFFECTS OF NEMATODES ON YIELDS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-101
Author(s):  
C. B. WILLIS ◽  
L. S. THOMPSON
Keyword(s):  
Field Test ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Forage Yields

Results of a greenhouse test with eight cultivars and two selections of birdsfoot trefoil, Lotus corniculatus L., indicated that forage yields were significantly reduced by Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb 1917) Filip. and Stek. 1941. Forage yields of all cultivars and selections at the fifth and sixth cuttings and total yields for the 285-day experimental period were significantly lower than non-infested checks. Root production was significantly reduced by P. penetrans. Reductions in forage yield and root production as a result of nematode infestation were similar for all cultivars and selections. Nematode increase by the end of the experimental period did not differ significantly among cultivars or selections. In a field test, forage yields, numbers of nematodes recovered from rootlets, and recovery of Fusarium spp. fungi from rootlets and tap roots did not differ significantly among seven cultivars.

EFFECT OF NEMATICIDES ON ROOT LESION NEMATODES AND FORAGE LEGUME YIELDS

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 577-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. THOMPSON ◽  
C. B. WILLIS
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Forage Legume ◽  
Root Lesion Nematode ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Lesion Nematode ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes

A field study was made on the effectiveness of seven nematicides in reducing root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.) numbers in soil and roots of alfalfa, red clover, and birdsfoot trefoil. Each of the nematicides significantly reduced the number of nematodes recovered from soil 2 and 14 months after seeding, and from roots 4 and 16 months after seeding. Nematicide treatments significantly increased first cut (August) yields of red clover, alfalfa, and birdsfoot trefoil in the seeding year by 55, 28, and 47%, respectively. Total yields for the seeding year were increased by 22, 22, and 40%, respectively. Sixteen months after seeding, significantly more nematodes were recovered from birdsfoot trefoil roots than from red clover, and more from red clover than from alfalfa. The recovery of Fusarium spp. from rootlets 4 months after seeding was not affected by nematicide treatments; however, Fusarium spp. were recovered less frequently from birdsfoot trefoil than from red clover or alfalfa rootlets.

INFLUENCE OF FENSULFOTHION AND FENAMIPHOS ON ROOT LESION NEMATODE NUMBERS AND YIELD OF FORAGE LEGUMES

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 727-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. THOMPSON ◽  
C. B. WILLIS
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Root Lesion Nematode ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Lesion Nematode ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes

A field study was made of the effects of three rates of fenamiphos [ethyl-3-methyl-4-(methylthio) phenyl (1-methylethyl) phosphoramidate] and fensulfothion [O,O-diethyl O-(p-(methylsulfinyl) phenyl) phosphorothioate] on root lesion nematode numbers (Pratylenchus spp.), and on forage yields of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). Both nematicides, at the rates tested (fensulfothion − 11.2, 22.4 and 44.8 kg/ha; fenamiphos − 5.6, 11.2 and 22.4 kg/ha) reduced populations of root lesion nematodes in the soil, as well as in rootlets of the three forage legumes. Seeding year yields were increased by both nematicides. Neither nematicide resulted in substantial yield increases at the time of the the first cut (June) of the second growing season, but did result in considerably increased yields at the time of the second and third cuts. At the same rates of application, fenamiphos provided better control of nematodes than did fensulfothion, particularly with increasing time following treatment. The larger total yield increases for the two growing seasons from fenamiphos-treated plots were coincident with better root lesion nematode control. Fewer alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil and red clover taproots were infected by Fusarium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani Kühn in fenamiphos-treated plots, where there were fewer root lesion nematodes, than in check plots. Laboratory tests indicated that field rates of fensulfothion and fenamiphos were not fungicidal to a number of soil fungi, including Fusarium spp. and R. solani, found associated with forage legume roots.

Biodeterioration of Oaks Killed Following Defoliation by the Gypsy Moth

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
D. M. Karasevicz ◽  
W. Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Gypsy Moth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Site Class ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Separate Population

Abstract The volume of sound wood in red oaks dead following gypsy moth defoliation (biotically killed trees) and in mechanically girdled control trees decreased significantly as time after death increased. Bark retention, site quality, and method of death were correlated with the volume ofwood degraded. Three growing seasons after death, biotically killed trees that retained their bark had greater volumes of degraded wood than those that shed their bark. Trees on oak site class 1 had greater volumes of degraded wood than those on oak site class 2. Wood of girdled trees deterioratedfaster than that of biotically killed trees. By the end of the third growing season after death, 19% of the gross merchantable volume and 21% of the board foot volume of biotically killed trees had been degraded. In a separate population of biotically killed trees, 44% of the trees had beenwind-thrown seven growing seasons after death. Based on these studies, salvage operations for most timber uses should be completed within 2 years after tree death. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):139-145.

Effectiveness of elemental S fertilizers on forage grass

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Malhi ◽  
K. Heier ◽  
E. Solberg
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Forage Grass ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
S Uptake ◽  
S Application ◽  
S Fertilizers

Two field experiments were conducted from 1993 to 1995 to compare the effectiveness of various cumulative elemental S and sulphate-S fertilizer applications in increasing dry matter yield (DMY) and S uptake of forage grass. In exp. 1, one sulphate-S (Na2SO4) and two elemental S (Agric-Grade 0-0-0-95 and Tiger 90) fertilizers were applied annually to grass in mid to late April at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kg S ha−1 rates. The increase in DMY from S application was significantly lower with elemental S fertilizers than with Na2SO4 in the first and second years, but in the third year elemental S fertilizers had DMY increase similar to Na2SO4 In exp. 2, a number of elemental S and sulphate-S fertilizers were applied annually to grass in mid- to late April at 15 kg S ha−1 rate. There was a marked increase in DMY from S application in all the 3 yr with the three sulphate-containing S fertilizers (Na2SO4, K2SO4 and CaSO4). When elemental S fertilizers were used, only Turf-Grade 0-0-0-95 increased DMY in all the 3 yr and it produced DMY increase similar to the sulphate-S fertilizers in the third year. Elemental S Prills did not produce any significant increase in DMY in any of the 3 yr. Other elemental S fertilizers [e.g., Elemental S Powder, Agric-Grade 0-0-0-95 and Tiger 90] increased DMY in the third year only, but this increase was still less than the sulfate-S fertilizers. Turf-Grade 0-0-0-95 (with smaller granules) produced greater DMY increase than Agric-Grade 0-0-0-95 (with larger granules) in all the 3 yr (though significant in the third year only). The S fertilizers that contained small amounts of sulphate-S in addition to elemental S were generally more effective in increasing DMY than the similar fertilizers containing only elemental S. The increase in S uptake from applied S in grass showed usually similar trends as DMY increase. In conclusion, the results suggest that some elemental S fertilizers can be as effective in increasing forage DMY on perennial grass as sulfate-S fertilizers. However, depending upon soil type and climatic conditions two or more growing seasons may be needed for S in the elemental S fertilizers to become fully available to the plants. Key words: Elemental S fertilizers, forage yield, grassland, sulphate-S fertilizers, sulphur uptake

EFFECT OF THE ROOT-LESION NEMATODE ON YIELD OF FOUR FORAGE LEGUMES UNDER GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Willis ◽  
L. S. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes

Foliage yields of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) were reduced by root-lesion nematodes [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb, 1917) Filip. and Stekh, 1941]. Foliage yields generally decreased with increased infestation levels. Significant yield reductions were recorded at the time of first cutting for white clover and birdsfoot trefoil, but not until several cuts later for red clover and alfalfa. Mean yields of birdsfoot trefoil, red clover, alfalfa, and white clover infested with 7,500 nematodes per pail were 50, 73, 83, and 93%, respectively, of control yields.

Growth and Survival of Water Tupelo Coppice Regeneration after Six Growing Seasons

1982 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey E. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Nyssa Aquatica ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Water Tupelo ◽  
Basin Water

Abstract In the lower Atchafalaya Basin, water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.) trees were cut in May and November at three stump heights to study coppice regeneration. Sprouting was extremely good after one growing season, and live sprouts grew well through the third and fourth seasons. However, some stumps began to deteriorate and sprouts die after the second growing season. After six years, only 9 percent of the stumps cut in May and 18 percent of those cut in November had live sprouts.

Survival and Growth of Douglas-Fir Seedlings with Spot-Spraying, Mulching and Root-Dipping

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 108-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Hsiung Tung ◽  
Jim Batdorff ◽  
David R. DeYoe
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vegetation Management ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Survival Of Seedlings

Abstract Two vegetation management methods, paper mulching and spot-spraying with glyphosate, were combined with a root-dipping treatment, Terra Sorb®, to test effects on seedling survival and height growth on a harsh site in Oregon. Survival of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings was significantly higher after the third growing season when competing vegetation had been controlled with mulch or glyphosate during the first two growing seasons. Seedlings retreated with paper mulch and glyphosate before the second growing season had 36 and 25% higher survival than those that were not retreated. None of the seedlings was retreated before the third season; after this season, survival of seedlings treated twice with glyphosate was 26, 23, and 21% higher than seedlings receiving one glyphosate treatment and one or two mulch applications, respectively. There were no differences in seedling height growth among treatments. Rootdipping with Terra Sorb® did not influence survival or growth. West. J. Appl. For. 1:108-111 Oct. 86.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF MULCHES ON NURSERY SEEDBEDS OF WHITE SPRUCE

1965 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Rye Straw ◽  
A Minor

Several kinds of seedbed mulch were used in an experiment to study frost heaving of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in a nursery. Treatments consisted of silica gravel (of three sizes), hardwood sawdust, vermiculite, shredded sphagnum, mixed silica and sphagnum, and rye straw (the regular nursery mulch). These were applied to beds sown in the fall of 1958, 1959 and I960. Shading of beds during the winter between the first and second growing seasons was also examined.During the first growing season, several counts were made of the number of trees and weeds. At the beginning of the second growing season a count was made of the trees heaved and the residual stand. At the beginning of the third growing season, samples were taken for laboratory measurements of top length, root length, stem diameter, oven-dry weight and top-root ratio.The sawdust mulch was superior in most respects. It permitted the highest germination and survival, better prevention of heaving than rye straw, and better weed control than rye straw. Although the sawdust mulch treatment produced small and poorly balanced trees this was believed due chiefly to high bed density, and compared favourably with the rye straw. The use of hardwood sawdust as a mulch offered considerable advantage over the presently used rye-straw.Heaving was found to be a minor cause of mortality over the three year period examined. Shading of the beds offered no advantage in reducing this loss.

scholarly journals Impact of sowing time, hybrid and environmental conditions on the contamination of maize by emerging mycotoxins and fungal metabolites

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Blandino ◽  
Valentina Scarpino ◽  
Debora Giordano ◽  
Michael Sulyok ◽  
Rudolf Krska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Late Sowing

Mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites represent the most insidious safety risks to cereal food and the feed chain. Optimising agronomic practices is one of the main strategies adopted to minimise the contents of these undesirable substances in grain-based commodities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the combination of sowing times and hybrids on the occurrence of emerging mycotoxins and fungal metabolites in maize. Field experiments were carried out in 2 sowing times (early vs late) and 3 maize hybrids were compared in the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. Overall, 37 fungal metabolites produced by Fusarium and Alternaria species were detected. Apart from fumonisins type B (FBs), other metabolites produced by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum, such as fumonisins type A, fusaric acid, bikaverin and fusaproliferin, were also detected in all of the samples. Fusarin C was found in 61% of the samples. Deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, culmorin and zearalenone, all of which are produced prevalently by Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum, were found in all the samples. Their contents were clearly affected by the meteorological trend: the highest contamination was detected in the 2014 growing season, which was characterised by abundant rainfall and lower temperatures from flowering to maize ripening. Among the mycotoxins produced by other Fusarium species, aurofusarin was found to clearly be associated with DON, while moniliformin and beauvericin followed the same behaviour as the FBs. A late sowing time significantly increased the FBs and fumonisin- associated mycotoxins in both growing seasons. The increase in contamination with the delay of sowing was more pronounced in the 2015 growing season, as the environmental conditions were less favourable to the infection of other Fusarium species. The effect of sowing time on DON and DON-associated mycotoxins produced conflicting results for the two growing seasons, because contamination by these metabolites depends more on the conditions that occur during maize flowering than those that occur during ripening. A clearer hybrid susceptibility was observed for these compounds. Other metabolites, such as enniatins, equisetin, T-2 and HT-2 toxins and Alternaria toxins, were always found in traces. The occurrence of these metabolites seems to be influenced less by the considered agronomic practices. The results, obtained under naturally-infected field conditions, underline the key role that the sowing date and hybrid susceptibility play in influencing, in a variable way, the contamination of mycotoxins produced by different Fusarium species in maize subjected to different meteorological conditions. The content of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. section Liseola is more directly and steadily related to late sowing time, while the contamination of mycotoxins associated to Fusarium spp. section Discolor depend more strongly on the environmental conditions at maize flowering and on hybrid susceptibility.

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