scholarly journals Changes of evening exposure to electronic devices during the COVID-19 lockdown affect the time course of sleep disturbances

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Salfi ◽  
Giulia Amicucci ◽  
Domenico Corigliano ◽  
Aurora D’Atri ◽  
Lorenzo Viselli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Sleep Onset Latency ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Sleep Health ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
Insomnia Symptoms

Abstract Study Objectives During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown, there was a worldwide increase in electronic devices’ daily usage. Prolonged exposure to backlit screens before sleep influences the circadian system leading to negative consequences on sleep health. We investigated the relationship between changes in evening screen exposure and the time course of sleep disturbances during the home confinement period due to COVID-19. Methods 2,123 Italians (mean age ± standard deviation, 33.1 ± 11.6) were tested longitudinally during the third and the seventh week of lockdown. The web-based survey evaluated sleep quality and insomnia symptoms through the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Insomnia Severity Index. The second assessment survey inquired about intervening changes in backlit screen exposure in the two hours before falling asleep. Results Participants who increased electronic device usage showed decreased sleep quality, exacerbated insomnia symptoms, reduced sleep duration, prolonged sleep onset latency, and delayed bedtime and rising time. In this subgroup, the prevalence of poor sleepers and individuals reporting moderate/severe insomnia symptoms increased. Conversely, respondents reporting decreased screen exposure exhibited improved sleep quality and insomnia symptoms. In this subgroup, the prevalence of poor sleepers and moderate/severe insomniacs decreased. Respondents preserving screen time habits did not show variations of the sleep parameters. Conclusions Our investigation demonstrated a strong relationship between modifications of evening electronic device usage and time course of sleep disturbances during the lockdown period. Monitoring the potential impact of excessive evening exposure to backlit screens on sleep health is recommendable during the current period of restraining measures due to COVID-19.

scholarly journals Changes of evening exposure to electronic devices during the COVID-19 lockdown affect the time course of sleep disturbances

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Salfi ◽  
Giulia Amicucci ◽  
Domenico Corigliano ◽  
Aurora D’Atri ◽  
Lorenzo Viselli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Screen Time ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insomnia Symptoms

AbstractStudy ObjectivesDuring the COVID-19 lockdown, there was a worldwide increase in electronic devices’ daily usage. The exposure to backlit screens before falling asleep leads to negative consequences on sleep health through its influence on the circadian system. We investigated the relationship between the changes in evening screen exposure and the time course of sleep disturbances during the home confinement period due to COVID-19.Methods2123 Italians were longitudinally tested during the third and the seventh week of lockdown. The web-based survey evaluated sleep quality and insomnia symptoms through the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Insomnia Severity Index. During the second assessment, respondents reported the changes in the backlit screen exposure in the two hours before falling asleep.ResultsParticipants who increased electronic device usage showed decreased sleep quality, exacerbated insomnia symptoms, reduced sleep duration, higher sleep onset latency, and delayed bedtime and rising time. In this subgroup, the prevalence of poor sleepers and clinical insomniacs increased. Conversely, respondents reporting decreased screen exposure exhibited improved sleep quality and insomnia symptoms. In this subgroup, the prevalence of poor sleepers and clinical insomniacs decreased. Respondents preserving their screen time habits did not show any change in the sleep parameters.ConclusionsOur investigation demonstrated a strong relationship between the modifications of the evening electronic device usage and the time course of sleep disturbances during the lockdown period. Interventions to raise public awareness about the risks of excessive exposure to backlit screens are necessary to prevent sleep disturbances and foster well-being during the home confinement due to COVID-19.Statement of SignificanceThe present investigation is the first to provide insights about the relationship between the changes in evening electronic device usage and the time course of sleep disturbances during the COVID-19 lockdown. Consistent with the well-known negative effect of backlit screen lights on circadian physiology, we demonstrated a strong relationship between the screen time modifications in the hours before falling asleep, the development and exacerbation of sleep disturbances, and the changes of sleep/wake patterns during the period of home confinement due to COVID-19 pandemic. To date, hundreds of thousands of people are subjected to restraining measures worldwide. Our findings have large scale and broad-spectrum implications, considering the unavoidable increase of electronic device usage during the current period of limited social interactions.

534 Food Insecurity and Sleep Health by Race/Ethnicity and Age Group in the United States

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A211-A211
Author(s):  
Nyree Riley ◽  
Dana Alhasan ◽  
W Braxton Jackson ◽  
Chandra Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
The United States ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
High Food ◽  
Short Sleep Duration ◽  
Sleep Health ◽  
Falling Asleep

Abstract Introduction Food insecurity may influence sleep through poor mental health (e.g., depression) and immune system suppression. Although prior studies have found food insecurity to be associated with poor sleep, few studies have investigated the food security-sleep association among racially/ethnically diverse participants and with multiple sleep dimensions. Methods Using National Health Interview Survey data, we examined overall, age-, sex/gender-, and racial/ethnic-specific associations between food insecurity and sleep health. Food security was categorized as very low, low, marginal, and high. Sleep duration was categorized as very short (<6 hours), short (<7 hours), recommended (7–9 hours), and long (≥9 hours). Sleep disturbances included trouble falling and staying asleep, insomnia symptoms, waking up feeling unrested, and using sleep medication (all ≥3 days/times in the previous week). Adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and other confounders, we used Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for sleep dimensions by very low, low, and marginal vs. high food security. Results The 177,435 participants’ mean age was 47.2±0.1 years, 52.0% were women, 68.4% were Non-Hispanic (NH)-White. Among individuals reporting very low food security, 75.4% had an annual income of <$35,000 and 60.3% were ≥50 years old. After adjustment, very low vs. high food security was associated with a higher prevalence of very short (PR=2.61 [95%CI: 2.44–2.80]) and short (PR=1.66 [95% CI: 1.60–1.72]) sleep duration. Very low vs. high food security was associated with both trouble falling asleep (PR=2.21 [95% CI: 2.12–2.30]) and trouble staying asleep (PR=1.98 [95% CI: 1.91–2.06]). Very low vs. high food security was associated with higher prevalence of very short sleep duration among Asians (PR=3.64 [95% CI: 2.67–4.97]), Whites (PR=2.73 [95% CI: 2.50–2.99]), Blacks (PR=2.03 [95% CI: 1.80–2.31]), and Hispanic/Latinxs (PR=2.65 [95% CI: 2.30–3.07]). Conclusion Food insecurity was associated with poor sleep in a diverse sample of the US population. Support (if any):

Abstract P359: Difficulty Falling Asleep is Predictive of Metabolic Syndrome

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan E Petrov ◽  
Alex J Zautra ◽  
Nicole Hoffmann ◽  
Mary C Davis
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Moderate Physical Activity ◽  
Sleep Onset Latency ◽  
Onset Latency ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
Insomnia Symptoms

Introduction: Insomnia symptoms are associated with cardiovascular disease and multiple metabolic syndrome components, yet few studies have investigated their association with metabolic syndrome. Hypothesis: Insomnia symptoms will be significantly associated with prevalent metabolic syndrome. Methods: Middle-aged, community-dwelling adults, ages 40-65 yrs, were recruited to participate in a study on healthy aging. All participants completed questionnaires on demographics, medical history, and sleep patterns in the past month including estimated sleep-onset latency, frequency of difficulty falling asleep, and severity of difficulty falling asleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, and early morning awakenings. Measurements for metabolic syndrome were collected at a home health visit. All metabolic syndrome criteria consisting of waist circumference, triglyceride level, HDL cholesterol level, blood pressure, and fasting glucose were identified using the American Heart Association definitions. Participants with three or more positive criteria were considered to have metabolic syndrome. Of a total sample of 770 individuals, 557 participants who did not have a history of cardiovascular events (n = 62), and had complete sleep and metabolic syndrome data were included in the analysis. We conducted logistic regression models predicting presence of metabolic syndrome from the sleep measures adjusting for age, sex, race, education level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, moderate physical activity minutes per week, and current major depression diagnosis. Results: Metabolic syndrome was prevalent in 24.2% of the sample (n = 135). Sleep onset latency of greater than 30 minutes and difficulty falling asleep three or more nights per week were significantly related to metabolic syndrome, but no other insomnia symptoms were related (see Table). Conclusions: Difficulty falling asleep, a marker of physiological and emotional hyperarousal, may be a modifiable risk factor for metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals 0916 The Use of Immersive Virtual Reality and Slow Breathing to Enhance Relaxation and Sleep in Adolescents

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A348-A348
Author(s):  
D Yüksel ◽  
A Goldstone ◽  
D Prouty ◽  
M Forouzanfar ◽  
S Claudatos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Apparent Difference ◽  
Sleep Onset Latency ◽  
Onset Latency ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
Slow Breathing

Abstract Introduction Sleep disturbances frequently emerge during adolescence amongst profound, normative, sleep maturation and biopsychosocial changes. Factors like stress, worry or rumination may make falling asleep and maintaining sleep more difficult. Here, we evaluate the efficacy of a novel intervention based on virtual reality (VR) and slow breathing to promote bedtime relaxation and facilitate sleep in high-school adolescents. Methods Twenty-nine 16-18 year-old adolescents with (N=9, 6 girls) and without (N=20, 11 girls) sleep difficulties underwent two counterbalanced in-lab relaxation and baseline polysomnography (PSG) nights. For the relaxation condition, immediately preceding bedtime, participants were engaged in slow diaphragmatic breathing (to promote physiological downregulation) whilst passively experiencing a relaxation immersive VR environment, designed to promote cognitive relaxation/distraction (20min). On the baseline night, participants engaged in quiet activities (e.g., reading a book) before bedtime (20min). Results The VR intervention resulted in a significant immediate increase in perceived relaxation and reduced worry (p<0.05). Also, heart rate dropped (~5bpm) in the pre-to-post intervention (p<0.05), while no significant change in heart rate was evident before and after the time spent in quiet activities on the baseline night. PSG-defined sleep onset latency was shorter (~6min reduction) and sleep efficiency was greater (~3% increase) on the VR relaxation night compared to the baseline night (p<0.05). In addition, baseline sleep onset latency was related to the magnitude of the baseline-to-relaxation reduction in sleep onset latency in participants (R2=0.70; p<0.01). There was no apparent difference in responses to the VR intervention between adolescents with or without insomnia. Conclusion Our data highlight the potential for combining cognitive relaxation/distraction strategies, using immersive VR technology and physiological downregulation, to promote bedtime relaxation and improve overall sleep quality in adolescents. Further research is needed to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of such interventions over time. Support National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) R01HL139652 (to MdZ)

Sleep Disturbance and Self-management in Adults With Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Qualitative Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 105477382110640
Author(s):  
Eeeseung Byun ◽  
Susan M. McCurry ◽  
Boeun Kim ◽  
Suyoung Kwon ◽  
Hilaire J. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Sleep Health ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
Sleep Management

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) survivors often experience sleep disturbances. Little is known about sleep-management practices used to improve their sleep. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore interest in and engagement with self-management practices to promote sleep health in SAH survivors. We conducted a cross-sectional qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with a convenience sample of 30 SAH survivors recruited from a university hospital. We conducted content analysis of interview transcripts. Three themes and 15 subcategories were identified: (1) sleep disturbances (difficulties falling asleep, wake after sleep onset, daytime sleepiness, too much or insufficient sleep, and poor sleep quality); (2) sleep-management practices (exercise, regular sleep schedule, relaxation, keeping busy and staying active, changing beverage intake, taking supplements, taking medications, recharging energy, and barriers to sleep management); and (3) consulting with healthcare providers (discussing sleep problems with healthcare providers). Self-management strategies focusing on health-promoting behaviors may improve SAH survivors’ sleep health.

scholarly journals 0007 Daytime Sleep in Night Shift Workers: Quantifying the Role of Circadian Misalignment

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A3-A3
Author(s):  
E Mann ◽  
C Sagong ◽  
A Cuamatzi Castelan ◽  
M Singh ◽  
T Roth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Night Shift ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Sleep Onset Latency ◽  
Shift Workers ◽  
Circadian Misalignment ◽  
Daytime Sleep ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
Dim Light

Abstract Introduction Circadian misalignment is commonly cited as a culprit of daytime sleep disturbances in night shift workers; however, the specific impact and magnitude that circadian misalignment has on daytime sleep has not been well-characterized in larger samples of night shift workers. Methods Participants included fixed-night shift workers (n=52, ages 18–50) who completed an 8-hour daytime polysomnography (PSG) in the lab following a night shift. Measures of sleep disturbances included: difficulty falling asleep (sleep onset latency [SOL], latency to persistent sleep [LPS]), difficulty staying asleep (sleep efficiency [SE], wake after sleep onset [WASO]), and sleep duration (total sleep time [TST]). Melatonin samples were collected hourly for 24 hours under dim light (<10 lux) and used to determine dim light melatonin offset (DLMOff). Circadian misalignment (CM) was calculated as the time difference between bedtime and DLMOff (higher values represented sleeping after DLMOff), and correlated with PSG sleep variables. Results CM was significantly associated with difficulty staying asleep (WASO: r=0.48, p<0.001; SE: r=-0.45, p<0.001), and sleep duration (TST: r=-0.38, p<0.01). Specifically, every 3 hours of CM on average added 19.2 minutes of WASO and reduced TST by 15 minutes. In contrast, CM was not significantly correlated with sleep onset difficulties (SOL: r=-0.27; LPS: r=-0.02). Conclusion These data suggest that circadian misalignment in shift workers may be a better predictor of difficulties staying asleep and sleep duration during the day relative to difficulties falling asleep. Because longer work hours (10–12 hours) are common in night shift worker, it may be that sleep initiation difficulties associated with circadian misalignment is masked by elevated fatigue or an increased homeostatic drive from prolonged wakefulness. These results may help guide decisions about the magnitude of phase shifts required (e.g., with light therapy) for the desired improvement in daytime sleep. Support Support for this study was provided to PC by the NHLBI (K23HL138166)

scholarly journals 0831 Hot Flashes and Insomnia Throughout the Life Span of Women from the Episono Cohort

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A316-A317
Author(s):  
H Hachul ◽  
L S Castro ◽  
A G Bezerra ◽  
D Poyares ◽  
M L Andersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Hot Flashes ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Sleep Onset Latency ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Sleep Alterations ◽  
Insomnia Symptoms

Abstract Introduction Hormonal changes may trigger sleep disturbances in women. Insomnia affects one in every three-to-four of them, most likely during pre to post menopause, and especially in association with hot flashes. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of hot flashes among women with and without insomnia and on different reproductive stages. Methods Sampling procedure was a three-stage clustering of the population of Sao Paulo, Brazil according to gender, age (20-80 years), and socio-economic status. A total of 574 women were interviewed, underwent polysomnographic recording (PSG), and had fasting-blood samples collected. Hormone levels and a gynecological questionnaire were used to classify reproductive stages. Premenopausal women were classified either in the follicular, luteal, or periovulatory stage or as anovulatory or under hormonal contraceptives; whereas those menopausal were classified in perimenopause or in early or late stages. Individuals reporting frequent and persistent insomnia symptoms accompanied by relevant daytime impairment were classified with insomnia syndrome. Objective insomnia was defined by increased sleep onset latency and/or awake after sleep onset, decreasing sleep duration. Results The final sample included 550 women, representing 53% of the EPISONO cohort (n=1,042). Hot flashes were reported by 9% of the premenopausal women (n=339) and by 42% of the menopausal. Complaints were more frequent among women in perimenopause (67%) and those in use of hormonal therapy (60%), and it tended to decrease in later stages (33%); whereas before menopause, hot flashes were especially reported by anovulatory women (26%), while significantly less by those using contraceptives (6%). Hot flashes were associated with a 2-fold increase in insomnia symptoms and while it predicted objective sleep alterations among premenopausal women, they did not after menopause, when alterations in sleep were better explained by an effect of aging. Conclusion Our current findings suggest that hot flashes are associated with irregular menstrual cycles among premenopausal women, and particularly with early stages of menopause, predicting both subjective and objective sleep alterations. Support This research was supported by fellowships from Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa (AFIP) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.

scholarly journals Sleep disturbances in patients with Addison's disease

2003 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Lovas ◽  
ES Husebye ◽  
F Holsten ◽  
B Bjorvatn
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Addison’S Disease ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Addison's Disease ◽  
Sleep Onset Latency ◽  
Onset Latency ◽  
Sleep Diaries ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

OBJECTIVE: The standard replacement therapy in Addison's disease does not restore normal nocturnal levels of the hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The aim of the study was to describe the prevalence and characteristics of sleep disturbances in patients with Addison's disease. METHODS: Sixty patients completed a self-administered sleep questionnaire and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) questionnaire. Activity-based monitoring (actigraph recordings) and sleep diaries were obtained from eight patients. RESULTS: Thirty-four percent reported weekly sleep disturbances (difficulties falling asleep in 13%; repeated awakenings in 14%; early morning awakenings in 20%). The sleep need was 8.21 h (s.d. 1.34; range 6-14 h), and sleep onset latency was 29 min (s.d. 29, range 2-150 min). Forty percent of the patients were tired during daily activities more than once a week, but the scores of the ESS were 6.0 (s.d. 3.5), which is not higher than normal. The actigraph recordings showed higher sleep efficiency than the subjective recordings. CONCLUSION: We did not identify specific sleep disturbances which were characteristic for patients with Addison's disease. Patients with Addison's disease have increased daytime fatigue, but no more daytime sleepiness than normal.

scholarly journals Suicide Ideation & Sleep Quality

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamna Amin ◽  
Kathy Sexton-Radek
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
Waking Up ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Good Sleep

Suicide Ideation & Sleep Quality Sleep disturbances were found to be associated with suicidal idealization (Benert & Joiner, 2007). Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a significant role in sleep regulation and has been identified to be relevant in studies of suicide as well. Serotonin is released when individuals wake up, reduced during sleep, and lowest during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep (Benneditti, Serettti et al, 1999). Hypothesis: Less time on screens before falling asleep will have better sleep quality and higher self esteem. Lower chances of committing suicide. Methods: All participants took a pretest during the informational session and a post test during the debriefing session. The pretest and posttest were contrived of demographic and sleep pattern questions. Both assessments were exactly the same. All participants filled out wake up diaries that contained scales in which they had to rate the quality of their sleep from 1 (poor sleep) to 10 (good sleep). These were filled out for seven days immediately after waking up. Control group= No manipulations Experimental group= 30 minutes without smart screen technology + filling out sleep diaries Sleeping diaries did not include any questions or structure. Participants were encouraged to record whatever was on their minds/how they felt about their days. Conclusion: Increase in negative emotions between day 3 and day 6 of the experiment. - Statistical significance was measured (chi square=15.276**, df=1). - “I miss my phone” and “I don’t know how I am going to do this” appeared several times. - “Nomophobia” is a fear of being unable to communicate through a cellular device or the internet. Future Implications: There is no concrete definition of what “good sleep” is. Participants had different definitions as to what they constituted as “good sleep” For example, good sleep is being able to sleep without any disturbances for eight or more hours. Another definition of good sleep could reiterate the amount of alertness one feels after waking up. Further analysis questions can be made in order to establish a definition.

scholarly journals Does Sars-Cov-2 Threaten Our Dreams? Effect of Quarantine on Sleep Quality and Body Mass Index

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Barrea ◽  
Gabriella Pugliese ◽  
Lydia Framondi ◽  
Rossana Di Matteo ◽  
Daniela Laudisio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Sleep Onset Latency ◽  
Smart Working

Abstract Background: COVID 19- related quarantine led to a sudden and radical lifestyle changes, in particular in eating habits. Objectives of the study were to investigate the effect of quarantine on sleep quality (SQ) and body mass index (BMI), and if change in SQ was related to working modalities.Materials: We enrolled 121 adults (age 44.9±13.3 years and 35.5% males). Anthropometric parameters, working modalities and physical activity were studied. Sleep quality was evaluated by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). At baseline, the enrolled subjects were assessed in outpatient clinic and after 40 days of quarantine/lockdown by phone interview. Results: Overall, 49.6% of the subjects were good sleepers (PSQI < 5) at the baseline and significantly decreased after quarantine (p<0.001). In detail, sleep onset latency (p<0.001), sleep efficiency (p=0.03), sleep disturbances (p<0.001), and daytime dysfunction (p<0.001) significantly worsened. There was also a significant increase in BMI values in normal weight (p=0.023), in subjects grade I (p=0.027) and II obesity (p=0.020). In all cohort, physical activity was significantly increased (p=0.004). However, analyzing the data according gender difference, males significantly increased physical activity compared to females in which there was only a trend without reaching statistical significance (46.5% vs 74.4%; p=0.015 and 50.0% vs 64.1%, p=0.106; in males and females, respectively). Also, smart working activity resulted in a significant worsening of SQ, particularly in males (p<0.001). Conclusions: Quarantine was associated to a worsening of SQ, particularly in males doing smart working, and to an increase in BMI values.

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