scholarly journals Determination of plasma-chlortetracycline (CTC) concentrations in grazing beef cattle fed one of four FDA approved free-choice CTC-medicated minerals

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1128-1133
Author(s):  
Emily J Reppert ◽  
Kathryn E Reif ◽  
Shawnee R Montgomery ◽  
Geraldine Magnin ◽  
Yuntao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Choice ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Treatment Groups

Abstract Control of active bovine anaplasmosis in the United States is predicated on the use of chlortetracycline (CTC)-medicated feed throughout the vector season. However, data describing population pharmacokinetics of chlortetracycline in cows, on pasture, having free-choice access to CTC-medicated mineral for consecutive months is lacking. This study documented plasma-CTC concentrations in grazing cows during peak vector season in an anaplasmosis endemic herd. Each pasture was administered one of the four Food and Drug Administration approved CTC-medicated mineral formulations and were assigned as follows: 0.77 g/kg, Aureo Anaplaz C700 Pressed (Sweetlix Livestock Supplements, Mankato, MN); 5.5 g/kg, Purina Anaplasmosis Block (Purina Animal Nutrition, Gray Summit, MO); 6.6 g/kg, Stockmaster Aureo FC C6000 Mineral (Hubbard Feeds, Mankato, MN); 8.8 g/kg, MoorMan’s Special Range Minerals AU 168XFE (ADM Animal Nutrition, Quincy, IL). Blood samples were collected monthly for determining plasma drug concentration by Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and mass spectrometry. Continued plasma-CTC monitoring allowed for characterization of trends between treatment groups (pastures), age groups (<3 yr or >4 yr), and sampling times (June to October). Results indicate formulation (pasture) and time were significant factors affecting concentrations of CTC in plasma. Cows exposed to 5.5 g/kg block formulation recorded higher CTC plasma concentrations compared with other pasture groups (P = 0.037). Plasma-CTC concentrations increased over time (month of measurement; P = 0.0005). Specifically, concentrations measured after 5 months of continuous CTC treatment were higher than those measured in earlier months.

scholarly journals Simultaneous determination of various platycosides in Four Platycodon grandiflorum cultivars by UPLC-QTOF/MS

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dae Young Lee ◽  
Bo-Ram Choi ◽  
Jae Won Lee ◽  
Yurry Um ◽  
Dahye Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Platycodon Grandiflorum ◽  
Pentacyclic Triterpenoid ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Platycodi Radix ◽  
Isomeric Pairs ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract In Platycodi Radix (root of Platycodon grandiflorum), there are a number of platycosides that consist of a pentacyclic triterpenoid aglycone and two sugar moieties. Due to the pharmacological activities of platycosides, it is critical to assess their contents in PR, and develop an effective method to profile various platycosides is required. In this study, an analytical method based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) with an in-house library was developed and applied to profile various platycosides from four different Platycodi Radix cultivars. As a result, platycosides, including six isomeric pairs, were successfully analyzed in the PRs. In the principal component analysis, several platycosides were represented as main variables to differentiate the four Platycodi Radix cultivars. Their different levels of platycosides were also represented by relative quantification. Finally, this study indicated the proposed method based on the UPLC-QTOF/MS can be an effective tool for identifying the detail characterization of various platycosides in the Platycodi Radix.

scholarly journals Hiring Preferences of Nurseries and Greenhouses in U.S. Southern States

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
Benedict C. Posadas ◽  
Patricia R. Knight ◽  
Christine E.H. Coker ◽  
Randal Y. Coker ◽  
Scott A. Langlois
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hiring Decisions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Southern States ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Part Time ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Permanent Workers

This work describes workers’ socioeconomic characteristics and evaluates the determinants of workers hiring decisions among 215 randomly selected wholesale nurseries and greenhouses located in eight selected southern states in the United States. The participating nurseries and greenhouses employed on average 5.40 permanent workers per horticulture operation or 2.27 permanent workers per acre under cultivation. Participating nurseries and greenhouses hired an average 2.38 part-time workers per horticulture operation or 0.80 part-time workers per acre placed under production. Empirical models were estimated to determine the significant factors affecting hiring decisions by this industry. Hiring decision models covered age groups, racial backgrounds, formal education levels, and gender. Analysis of the decision-making process involving the employment of hired workers among the participating wholesale nurseries and greenhouses provided insights into the hiring decisions in the industry. The hiring decisions by demographic characteristics serve as benchmarks for assessing impacts of regulations affecting the industry in the near future. About 1.9% of all the establishments employed more than 50 permanent and part-time workers and 1.4% employed more than 50 permanent workers.

Detection, Isolation, and Characterization of Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli in Flour

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICK KINDLE ◽  
MAGDALENA NÜESCH-INDERBINEN ◽  
NICOLE CERNELA ◽  
ROGER STEPHAN
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Conventional Pcr ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Isolation And Characterization

ABSTRACT Wheat flour has recently been described as a novel vehicle for transmission of Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Very recently, an outbreak of STEC O121 and STEC O26 infections was linked to flour in the United States. The aim of the present study was to generate baseline data for the occurrence of STEC in flour samples from different retailers in Switzerland. In total, 70 flour samples were analyzed. After enrichment, the samples were screened for stx1 and stx2 by the Assurance GDS MPX ID assay. STEC strains were isolated and serotyped by the E. coli SeroGenoTyping AS-1 kit. The determination of stx subtypes was performed with conventional PCR amplification. Screening for eae, aggR, elt, and estIa/Ib was performed by real-time PCR. Nine (12.9%) of the flour samples tested positive for stx by PCR. STEC was recovered from eight (88.9%) of the positive samples. Two isolates were STEC O11:H48 harboring stx1c/stx1d, two were O146:H28 containing stx2b, one was O103:H2 containing stx1a and eae, and three were O nontypeable: Ont:H12 (stx2a), Ont:H14 (stx2a/stx2g), and Ont:H31 (stx1c/stx1d). STEC O103 belongs to the “top five” serogroups of human pathogenic STEC in the European Union, and STEC O146 is frequently isolated from diseased humans in Switzerland. Our results show that flour may be contaminated with a variety of STEC serogroups. Consumption of raw or undercooked flour may constitute a risk for STEC infection.

scholarly journals Surveillance of Human Papilloma Virus in the United States to Evaluate Vaccine Impact

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Wilson ◽  
Ryan Welch ◽  
Rosemary She
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Vaccine Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a vaccine-preventable virus that can cause cervical cancer.  Widespread positivity rates in target groups before and since the introduction of the vaccine in 2006 would provide insight into the uptake of the vaccine. Data: Archived patient records were queried and formatted to allow analysis and determination of positivity rates. Results/Conclusions: Positivity rate estimates show a decrease in positivity for younger age groups. From 2004 to 2013, high-risk rates dropped 20% in women 14-24 years. After the vaccine introduction, HPV positivity has declined at a rate consistent with widespread inoculation, especially in younger women.

New Product Announcement Signals and Incumbent Reactions

1995 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Robertson ◽  
Jehoshua Eliashberg ◽  
Talia Rymon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Field Study ◽  
New Product ◽  
The United States ◽  
Competitive Response ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Managerial Implications

The authors focus on NPA signals, which they define as new product announcements in advance of market introduction. They develop a set of hypotheses regarding incumbent reactions to NPA signals and test them in a field study among managers in the United States and the United Kingdom. The authors’ findings provide a characterization of the factors affecting the likelihood of competitive response to NPA signals and suggest a set of managerial implications.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE ONSET OF PUBERTY, POST-WEANING ESTRUS AND BLOOD HORMONE LEVELS OF LACOMBE GILTS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. X. AHERNE ◽  
R. J. CHRISTOPHERSON ◽  
J. R. THOMPSON ◽  
R. T. HARDIN
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Blood Hormones

Lacombe gilts which were exposed to a boar at 55 kg liveweight reached puberty at an average age of 145 days (range 102–200 days) and an average weight of 78.9 kg (range 55–118 kg). Restricting energy intake to 85% of free-choice intake from 45 to 90 kg increased the age at 90 kg by approximately 7 days but decreased the age at puberty by 9 days. Level of energy intake before service had no significant effect on the number of pigs born or weaned per litter. The overall average number of pigs born alive was 9.5, with 7.8 weaned per litter. Ninety-three percent of the gilts were rebred and the average time taken to post-weaning estrus was 8 days. Depriving the gilts of feed and water on the day of weaning did not significantly affect the time taken to return to estrus or influence the levels of any of the blood hormones measured. In sows that came into heat within 10 days of weaning, peak plasma concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) occurred on the day of weaning or the 1st day after weaning, and plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol were low at weaning but reached peak concentrations on the day of estrus or the day prior to estrus. Patterns of plasma FSH, LH and estradiol were different in sows that failed to show an early post-weaning estrus.

Clinical Factors and Outcomes Associated With Immune Non-response Among Virally Suppressed Adults With HIV From Africa and the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adi Noiman ◽  
Allahna Esber ◽  
Xun Wang ◽  
Emmanuel Bahemana ◽  
Yakubu Adamu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Clinical Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background: A significant minority of people living with HIV (PLWH) achieve viral suppression (VS) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) but do not regain healthy CD4 counts. Clinical factors affecting this immune non-response (INR) and its effect on incident serious non-AIDS events (SNAEs) have been challenging to understand due to confounders that are difficult to control in many study settings. Setting: The U.S. Military HIV Natural History Study (NHS) and African Cohort Study (AFRICOS). Methods: PLWH with sustained VS (<400 copies/mL for at least two years) were evaluated for INR (CD4 < 350 cells/µl at the time of sustained VS). Logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for factors associated with INR. Cox proportional hazards regression produced adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for factors associated with incident SNAE after sustained VS. Results: INR prevalence was 10.8% and 25.8% in NHS and AFRICOS, respectively. Higher CD4 nadir was associated with decreased odds of INR (aOR=0.31 [95% CI: 0.26, 0.37] and aOR=0.50 [95% CI: 0.43, 0.58] per 100 cells/µl in NHS and AFRICOS, respectively). After adjustment, INR was associated with a 61% increase in relative risk of SNAE [95% CI: 1.12, 2.33]. Probability of "SNAE-free" survival at 15 years since sustained VS was approximately 20% lower comparing those with and without INR; nearly equal to the differences observed by 15-year age groups. Conclusion: CD4 monitoring before and after VS is achieved can help identify PLWH at risk for INR. INR may be a useful clinical indicator of future risk for SNAEs.

State-by-State Use of AMA Guides

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 3-7, 16
Keyword(s):  
Expert Testimony ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
The United States ◽  
Workers Compensation ◽  
Federal Employees ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Canadian Provinces

Abstract This article presents a history of the origins and development of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), from the publication of an article titled “A Guide to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment of the Extremities and Back” (1958) until a compendium of thirteen guides was published in book form in 1971. The most recent, sixth edition, appeared in 2008. Over time, the AMA Guides has been widely used by US states for workers’ compensation and also by the Federal Employees Compensation Act, the Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act, as well as by Canadian provinces and other jurisdictions around the world. In the United States, almost twenty states have developed some form of their own impairment rating system, but some have a narrow range and scope and advise evaluators to consult the AMA Guides for a final determination of permanent disability. An evaluator's impairment evaluation report should clearly document the rater's review of prior medical and treatment records, clinical evaluation, analysis of the findings, and a discussion of how the final impairment rating was calculated. The resulting report is the rating physician's expert testimony to help adjudicate the claim. A table shows the edition of the AMA Guides used in each state and the enabling statute/code, with comments.

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