scholarly journals First Report of Lolium latent virus in Ryegrass in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 528-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Maroon-Lango ◽  
J. Hammond ◽  
S. Warnke ◽  
R. Li ◽  
R. Mock
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
The United States ◽  
Latent Virus ◽  
Hybrid Population ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
High Sequence Identity ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Pcr Test

Initial reports of the presence of Lolium latent virus (LLV) in Lolium perenne L. and L. multiflorum Lam. breeding clones in Germany, the Netherlands, France (2), and recently the United Kingdom (3,4; described as Ryegrass latent virus prior to identification as LLV) prompted us to evaluate clonally propagated Lolium plants from the United States. Four genetically distinct plants (viz., MF22, MF48, MF125, and MF132) that have been maintained clonally for 5 years from a Lolium perenne × L. multiflorum hybrid population established in the United States exhibited either no symptoms or mild chlorotic flecking that coalesced to form chlorotic to necrotic streaking on the leaves. All four clonal plants tested positive using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with the Potexvirus group PCR test (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN), whereas all clones but MF48 tested positive using the Potyvirus group PCR test (Agdia, Inc.). No amplicons were obtained when the same plants were tested for tobamovirus, carlavirus, and closterovirus using appropriate virus group-specific primers. Cloning and sequencing of the potexviral amplicons revealed very high sequence identity with the comparable region of LLV-UK (GenBank Accession No. DQ333886), whereas those of the potyviral amplicons (GenBank Accession Nos. DQ355837 and DQ355838) were nearly identical with the comparable region of Ryegrass mosaic virus (RGMV), a rymovirus first reported from the United States in 1957 (1). Using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), extracts from all four Lolium clonal propagations tested positive for LLV using the antiserum raised to LLV-Germany (courtesy of Dr. Huth), whereas the potyvirus-positive results from RT-PCR of the three clones were confirmed using indirect ELISA with the broad spectrum potyvirus monoclonal antibody, PTY-1. LLV from singly or dually infected Lolium clones was transmitted to Nicotiana benthamiana Domin. but not to N. tabacum L. by mechanical inoculation. LLV was purified from infected N. benthamiana. Similar sized flexuous rods were observed using electron microscopy in leaf dip samples from Lolium clones and aliquots of the virions purified from N. benthamiana. References: (1) G. W. Bruehl et al. Phytopathology 47:517, 1957. (2) W. Huth et al. Agronomie 15:508, 1995. (3) R. Li et al. Asian Conf. Plant Pathol. 2:89, 2005. (4) C. Maroon-Lango et al. Int. Congr. Virol. 13:63, 2005.

scholarly journals Alternanthera mosaic virus Found in Scutellaria, Crossandra, and Portulaca spp. in Florida

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 833-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Baker ◽  
L. Breman ◽  
L. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
United States ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Indicator Plants ◽  
Partial Identity ◽  
Pcr Products

In the fall of 1998, the Division of Plant Industry (DPI) received vegetative propagations of Scutellaria longifolia (skullcap) with symptoms of foliar mosaic, chlorotic/necrotic ringspots, and wavy line patterns from a nursery in Manatee County. Flexuous particles approximately 500 nm long were found with electron microscopy. The plants tested positive for Papaya mosaic virus (PaMV) in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test with antiserum to PaMV (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). However, in immunodiffusion tests (antiserum from D. Purcifull, University of Florida), this virus gave a reaction of partial identity indicating it was related but not identical to PaMV (1). The original infected plants were kept in a greenhouse. In January 2005, a specimen of Crossandra infundibuliformis (firecracker plant) with mosaic symptoms was submitted to the DPI from a nursery in Alachua County. Inclusions found with light microscopy and particles found with electron microscopy indicated that this plant was infected with a potexvirus. This was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primers designed to detect members of the virus family Potexviridae (3). These plants reacted positive to PaMV antiserum in ELISA and gave a reaction of partial identity to PaMV in immunodiffusion. A specimen of Portulaca grandiflora (moss rose) with distorted leaves found at a local retail store was also tested and gave the same results. Leaves from each of the three plant species were rubbed onto a set of indicator plants using Carborundum and potassium phosphate buffer. Total RNA was extracted from symptomatic indicator plants of Nicotiana benthamiana. RT-PCR (3) was performed, and PCR products were sequenced directly. Sequences of approximately 700 bp were obtained for all three plant species and showed 98% identity with each other. BLAST search results showed that these sequences were 93% identical to an Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV) sequence at the nucleotide level but only 76% identical to PaMV. The amino acid sequences were 98 and 82% identical to AltMV and PaMV, respectively. The PCR products of the virus from Scutellaria sp. were cloned, resequenced, and the sequence was entered into the GenBank (Accession No. DQ393785). The bioassay results matched those found for AltMV in Australia (2) and the northeastern United States (4), except that the Florida viruses infected Datura stramonium and Digitalis purpurea (foxglove). The virus associated with the symptoms of these three plants appears to be AltMV and not PaMV. AltMV has been found in ornamental plants in Australia, Italy, and the United States (Pennsylvania, Maryland, and now Florida). Since this virus is known to infect several plants asymptomatically and can be easily confused with PaMV serologically, it is likely that the distribution of this virus is much wider than is known at this time. References: (1) L. L. Breman. Plant Pathology Circular No. 396. Fla. Dept. Agric. Consum. Serv. DPI, 1999. (2) A. D. W. Geering and J. E. Thomas. Arch Virol 144:577, 1999. (3) A. Gibbs et al. J Virol Methods 74:67, 1998. (4) J. Hammond et al. Arch Virol. 151:477, 2006.

scholarly journals Detection and Confirmation of Potato mop-top virus in Potatoes Produced in the United States and Canada

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Xu ◽  
T.-L. DeHaan ◽  
S. H. De Boer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Coat Protein ◽  
Coat Protein Gene ◽  
Protein Gene ◽  
The United States ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
The North ◽  
Potato Mop Top Virus ◽  
Pcr Targeting

Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) was detected in potatoes grown in the United States and Canada during surveillance testing by a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the coat protein gene in RNA3. Out of 3,221 lots of seed and ware potatoes that were tested, 4.3% were positive for PMTV. The reliability of the survey results was confirmed by reextraction of selected samples and additional RT-PCR tests using two primer sets targeting gene segments in RNA2 and RNA3. Amplicons generated from RNA2 and RNA3 were identified by analysis of fragment length polymorphisms after digestion with BamHI and HindIII, respectively. PMTV was further identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, bioassay on Nicotiana debneyi, and transmission electron microscopy. Sequencing of a portion of the coat protein gene revealed near 100% identity among isolates from the United States and Canada and >97% homology of the North American isolates with European isolates.

scholarly journals First Report of Potato spindle tuber viroid Naturally Infecting Field Tomatoes in the Dominican Republic

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-701
Author(s):  
K.-S. Ling ◽  
R. Li ◽  
D. Groth-Helms ◽  
F. M. Assis-Filho
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid ◽  
The United States ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Spot Virus ◽  
Three Samples

In recent years, viroid disease outbreaks have resulted in serious economic losses to a number of tomato growers in North America (1,2,3). At least three pospiviroids have been identified as the causal agents of tomato disease, including Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd), and Mexican papita viroid (MPVd). In the spring of 2013, a severe disease outbreak with virus-like symptoms (chlorosis and plant stunting) was observed in a tomato field located in the Dominican Republic, whose tomato production is generally exported to the United States in the winter months. The transplants were produced in house. The disease has reached an epidemic level with many diseased plants pulled and disposed of accordingly. Three samples collected in May of 2013 were screened by ELISA against 16 common tomato viruses (Alfalfa mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, Impatiens necrotic spot virus, Pepino mosaic virus, Potato virus X, Potato virus Y, Tobacco etch virus, Tobacco mosaic virus, Tobacco ringspot virus, Tomato aspermy virus, Tomato bushy stunt virus, Tomato mosaic virus, Tomato ringspot virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus, Groundnut ringspot virus, and Tomato chlorotic spot virus), a virus group (Potyvirus group), three bacteria (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, and Xanthomonas spp.), and Phytophthora spp. No positive result was observed, despite the presence of symptoms typical of a viral-like disease. Further analysis by RT-PCR using Agdia's proprietary pospiviroid group-specific primer resulted in positive reactions in all three samples. To determine which species of pospiviroid was present in these tomato samples, full-genomic products of the expected size (~360 bp) were amplified by RT-PCR using specific primers for PSTVd (4) and cloned using TOPO-TA cloning kit (Invitrogen, CA). A total of 8 to 10 clones from each isolate were selected for sequencing. Sequences from each clone were nearly identical and the predominant sequence DR13-01 was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KF683200). BLASTn searches into the NCBI database demonstrated that isolate DR13-01 shared 97% sequence identity to PSTVd isolates identified in wild Solanum (U51895), cape gooseberry (EU862231), or pepper (AY532803), and 96% identity to the tomato-infecting PSTVd isolate from the United States (JX280944). The relatively lower genome sequence identity (96%) to the tomato-infecting PSTVd isolate in the United States (JX280944) suggests that PSTVd from the Dominican Republic was likely introduced from a different source, although the exact source that resulted in the current disease outbreak remains unknown. It may be the result of an inadvertent introduction of contaminated tomato seed lots or simply from local wild plants. Further investigation is necessary to determine the likely source and route of introduction of PSTVd identified in the current epidemic. Thus, proper control measures could be recommended for disease management. The detection of this viroid disease outbreak in the Dominican Republic represents further geographic expansion of the viroid disease in tomatoes beyond North America. References: (1). K.-S. Ling and M. Bledsoe. Plant Dis. 93:839, 2009. (2) K.-S. Ling and W. Zhang. Plant Dis. 93:1216, 2009. (3) K.-S. Ling et al. Plant Dis. 93:1075, 2009. (4) A. M. Shamloul et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 19:89, 1997.

scholarly journals Meningococcal Antigen Typing System (MATS)-Based Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup B Coverage Prediction for the MenB-4C Vaccine in the United States

mSphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gowrisankar Rajam ◽  
Maria Stella ◽  
Ellie Kim ◽  
Simon Paulos ◽  
Giuseppe Boccadifuoco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
The United States ◽  
Factor H ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Immune Reactivity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Efficacy Trials ◽  
Typing System

ABSTRACT The meningococcal antigen typing system (MATS) is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based system that assesses the levels of expression and immune reactivity of the three recombinant MenB-4C antigens and, in conjunction with PorA variable 2 (VR2) sequencing, provides an estimate of the susceptibility of NmB isolates to killing by MenB-4C-induced antibodies. MATS assays or similar antigen phenotype analyses assume importance under conditions in which analyses of vaccine coverage predictions are not feasible with existing strategies, including large efficacy trials or functional antibody screening of an exhaustive strain panel. MATS screening of a panel of NmB U.S. isolates (n = 442) predicts high MenB-4C vaccine coverage in the United States. Neisseria meningitidis is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children and young adults worldwide. A 4-component vaccine against N. meningitidis serogroup B (MenB) disease (MenB-4C [Bexsero]; GSK) combining factor H binding protein (fHBP), neisserial heparin binding protein (NHBA), neisserial adhesin A (NadA), and PorA-containing outer membrane vesicles was recently approved for use in the United States and other countries worldwide. Because the public health impact of MenB-4C in the United States is unclear, we used the meningococcal antigen typing system (MATS) to assess the strain coverage in a panel of strains representative of serogroup B (NmB) disease in the United States. MATS data correlate with killing in the human complement serum bactericidal assay (hSBA) and predict the susceptibility of NmB strains to killing in the hSBA, the accepted correlate of protection for MenB-4C vaccine. A panel of 442 NmB United States clinical isolates (collected in 2000 to 2008) whose data were down weighted with respect to the Oregon outbreak was selected from the Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs; CDC, Atlanta, GA) laboratory. MATS results examined to determine strain coverage were linked to multilocus sequence typing and antigen sequence data. MATS predicted that 91% (95% confidence interval [CI95], 72% to 96%) of the NmB strains causing disease in the United States would be covered by the MenB-4C vaccine, with the estimated coverage ranging from 88% to 97% by year with no detectable temporal trend. More than half of the covered strains could be targeted by two or more antigens. NHBA conferred coverage to 83% (CI95, 45% to 93%) of the strains, followed by factor H-binding protein (fHbp), which conferred coverage to 53% (CI95, 46% to 57%); PorA, which conferred coverage to 5.9%; and NadA, which conferred coverage to 2.5% (CI95, 1.1% to 5.2%). Two major clonal complexes (CC32 and CC41/44) had 99% strain coverage. The most frequent MATS phenotypes (39%) were fHbp and NHBA double positives. MATS predicts over 90% MenB-4C strain coverage in the United States, and the prediction is stable in time and consistent among bacterial genotypes. IMPORTANCE The meningococcal antigen typing system (MATS) is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based system that assesses the levels of expression and immune reactivity of the three recombinant MenB-4C antigens and, in conjunction with PorA variable 2 (VR2) sequencing, provides an estimate of the susceptibility of NmB isolates to killing by MenB-4C-induced antibodies. MATS assays or similar antigen phenotype analyses assume importance under conditions in which analyses of vaccine coverage predictions are not feasible with existing strategies, including large efficacy trials or functional antibody screening of an exhaustive strain panel. MATS screening of a panel of NmB U.S. isolates (n = 442) predicts high MenB-4C vaccine coverage in the United States.

scholarly journals First Report of Grapevine leafroll associated virus-3 in American Vitis spp. Grapevines in Washington State

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 1461-1461 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Soule ◽  
K. C. Eastwell ◽  
R. A. Naidu
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Washington State ◽  
The State ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
First Report ◽  
Table Grapes

Washington State is the largest producer of juice grapes (Vitis labruscana ‘Concord’ and Vitis labrusca ‘Niagara’) and ranks second in wine grape production in the United States. Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is the most wide spread and economically significant virus disease in wine grapes in the state. Previous studies (2) have shown that Grapevine leafroll associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3) is the predominant virus associated with GLD. However, little is known about the incidence and economic impact of GLD on juice and table grapes. Because typical GLD symptoms may not be obvious among these cultivars, the prevalence and economic impact of GLD in Concord and Niagara, the most widely planted cultivars in Washington State, has received little attention from the grape and nursery industries. During the 2005 growing season, 32 samples from three vineyards and one nursery of ‘Concord’ and three samples from one nursery of ‘Niagara’ were collected randomly. Petiole extracts were tested by single-tube reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR; 3) with primers LC 1 (5′-CGC TAG GGC TGT GGA AGT ATT-3′) and LC 2 (5′-GTT GTC CCG GGT ACC AGA TAT-3′), specific for the heat shock protein 70 homologue (Hsp70h gene) of GLRaV-3 (GenBank Accession No. AF037268). One ‘Niagara’ nursery sample and eleven ‘Concord’ samples from the three vineyards tested positive for GLRaV-3, producing a single band of the expected size of 546 bp. The ‘Niagara’ and six of the ‘Concord’ RT-PCR products were cloned in pCR2.1 (Invitrogen Corp, Carlsbad, CA) and the sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. DQ780885, DQ780886, DQ780887, DQ780888, DQ780889, DQ780890, and DQ780891) compared with the respective sequence of a New York isolate of GLRaV-3 (GenBank Accession No. AF037268). The analysis revealed that GLRaV-3 isolates from ‘Concord’ and ‘Niagara’ share nucleotide identities of 94 to 98% and amino acid identities and similarities of 97 to 98% with the Hsp70h gene homologue of the New York isolate of GLRaV-3. Additional testing by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) using antibodies specific to GLRaV-3 (BIOREBA AG, Reinach, Switzerland) further confirmed these results in the ‘Niagara’ and two of the ‘Concord’ isolates. GLRaV-3 has previously been reported in labrusca cvs. Concord and Niagara in western New York (4) and Canada (1), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of GLRaV-3 in American grapevine species in the Pacific Northwest. Because wine and juice grapes are widely grown in proximity to each other in Washington State and grape mealybug (Pseudococcus maritimus), the putative vector of GLRaV-3, is present in the state vineyards, further studies will focus on the role of American grapevine species in the epidemiology of GLD. References: (1) D. J. MacKenzie et al. Plant Dis. 80:955, 1996. (2) R. R. Martin et al. Plant Dis. 89:763, 2005. (3) A. Rowhani et al. ICGV, Extended Abstracts, 13:148, 2000. (4) W. F. Wilcox et al. Plant Dis. 82:1062, 1998.

scholarly journals First report of Coleus blumei viroid 1 in commercial Coleus blumei in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gardenia Orellana ◽  
Alexander V Karasev
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
The United States ◽  
Universal Primers ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Universal Primer ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
First Report ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Coleus Blumei

Coleus scutellarioides (syn. Coleus blumei) is a widely grown evergreen ornamental plant valued for its highly decorative variegated leaves. Six viroids, named Coleus blumei viroid 1 to 6 (CbVd-1 to -6) have been identified in coleus plants in many countries of the world (Nie and Singh 2017), including Canada (Smith et al. 2018). However there have been no reports of Coleus blumei viroids occurring in the U.S.A. (Nie and Singh 2017). In April 2021, leaf tissue samples from 27 cultivars of C. blumei, one plant of each, were submitted to the University of Idaho laboratory from a commercial nursery located in Oregon to screen for the presence of viroids. The sampled plants were selected randomly and no symptoms were apparent in any of the samples. Total nucleic acids were extracted from each sample (Dellaporta et al. 1983) and used in reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR tests (Jiang et al. 2011) for the CbVd-1 and CbVd-5 with the universal primer pair CbVds-P1/P2, which amplifies the complete genome of all members in the genus Coleviroid (Jiang et al. 2011), and two additional primer pairs, CbVd1-F1/R1 and CbVd5-F1/R1, specific for CbVd-1 and CbVd-5, respectively (Smith et al. 2018). Five C. blumei plants (cvs Fire Mountain, Lovebird, Smokey Rose, Marrakesh, and Nutmeg) were positive for a coleviroid based on the observation of the single 250-nt band in the RT-PCR test with CbVds-P1/P2 primers. Two of these CbVd-1 positive plants (cvs Lovebird and Nutmeg) were also positive for CbVd-1 based on the presence of a single 150-nt band in the RT-PCR assay with CbVd1-F1/R1 primers. One plant (cv Jigsaw) was positive for CbVd-1, i.e. showing the 150-nt band in RT-PCR with CbVd1-F1/R1 primers, but did not show the ca. 250-bp band in RT-PCR with primers CbVds-P1/P2. None of the tested plants were positive for CbVd-5, either with the specific, or universal primers. All coleviroid- and CbVd-1-specific PCR products were sequenced directly using the Sanger methodology, and revealed whole genomes for five isolates of CbVd-1 from Oregon, U.S.A. The genomes of the five CbVd-1 isolates displayed 96.9-100% identity among each other and 96.0-100% identity to the CbVd-1 sequences available in GenBank. Because the sequences from cvs Lovebird, Marrakesh, and Nutmeg, were found 100% identical, one sequence was deposited in GenBank (MZ326145). Two other sequences, from cvs Fire Mountain and Smokey Rose, were deposited in the GenBank under accession numbers MZ326144 and MZ326146, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of CbVd-1 in the United States.

scholarly journals Cucumber Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Streak Virus, and Cucumber Mosaic Virus Satellite RNA Associated with Mosaic and Ringspot Symptoms in Ajuga reptans in Ohio

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (10) ◽  
pp. 1214-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Fisher ◽  
S. T. Nameth
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Streak Virus ◽  
Ajuga Reptans

Creeping bugleweed (Ajuga reptans L.) is a perennial ornamental commonly grown as a ground cover in temperate climates. Commercial samples of the A. reptans cultivars Royalty, var. Atropurpurea Bronze, Bronze Beauty, and Burgundy Glow showing mosaic and ringspot symptoms were tested for the presence of virus infection by direct antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and viral-associated double-stranded (ds) RNA analysis. Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) was detected by ELISA and dsRNA analysis in symptomatic samples of all cultivars tested. ELISA values were considered positive if the absorbance values were twice the negative control. Negative control values were established with asymptomatic tissue of the cv. Bronze Beauty. Tobacco streak ilarvirus (TSV) was detected only by ELISA in symptomatic samples of all cultivars except Royalty. No dsRNA suggestive of TSV was detected. Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) was detected by ELISA and dsRNA analysis in symptomatic samples of all cultivars tested except Royalty and var. Atropurpurea Bronze. dsRNA analysis also indicated the presence of a low molecular weight, possible satellite (sat) RNA associated with all symptomatic and asymptomatic Royalty and var. Atropurpurea Bronze plants tested. Northern (RNA) blot analysis with a digoxigenin-labeled full-length clone of the (S) CARNA-5 (-) CMV satRNA (ATCC no. 45124) confirmed that the low molecular weight RNA associated with the Royalty and var. Atropurpurea Bronze cultivars was indeed CMV satRNA. Only AMV has been previously reported in A. reptans in the United States (1). This is the first report of CMV and its satRNA, as well as TSV, in A. reptans in the United States. Reference: (1) W. T. Schroeder and R. Provvidenti. Plant Dis. Rep. 56:285, 1972.

scholarly journals First Report of Plum pox virus (Sharka Disease) in Prunus persica in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Levy ◽  
V. Damsteegt ◽  
R. Welliver
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Sandwich Elisa ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
The United States ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Plum Pox Virus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
First Report

Plum pox (Sharka) is the most important virus disease of Prunus in Europe and the Mediterranean region and is caused by Plum pox potyvirus (PPV). In September 1999, PPV-like symptoms were observed in peach fruit culls in a packinghouse in Pennsylvania. All symptomatic fruit originated from a single block of peach (P. persica cv. Encore) in Adams County. Trees in the block exhibited ring pattern symptoms on their leaves. A potyvirus was detected in symptomatic fruit using the Poty-Group enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test from Agdia (Elkhart, IN). Reactions for symptomatic peach fruit and leaves also were positive using triple-antibody sandwich ELISA with the PPV polyclonal antibody from Bioreba (Carrboro, NC) for coating, the Poty-Group monoclonal antibody (MAb; Agdia) as the intermediate antibody, and double-antibody sandwich ELISA with PPV detection kits from Sanofi (Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur, Marnes-La-Coquette, France) and Agdia and the REAL PPV kit (Durviz, Valencia, Spain) containing universal (5B) and strain typing (4DG5 and AL) PPV MAbs (1). PPV also was identified by immunocapture-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (IC-RT-PCR) amplification and subsequent sequencing of the 220-bp 3′ noncoding region (2) (>99% sequence homology to PPV) and by IC-RT-PCR amplification of a 243-bp product in the coat protein (CP) gene (1). The virus was identified as PPV strain D based on serological typing with strainspecific MAbs and on PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the CP IC-RT-PCR product with Rsa1 and Alu1 (1). This is the first report of PPV in North America. References: (1) T. Candresse et al. Phytopathology 88:198, 1998. (2) L. Levy and A. Hadidi. EPPO Bull. 24:595, 1994.

Relative Immunogenicity of Commonly Allergenic Foods versus Rarely Allergenic and Nonallergenic Foods in Mice

2002 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 1988-1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
NEIL BIRMINGHAM ◽  
SIRINART THANESVORAKUL ◽  
VENU GANGUR
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
First Time

Food allergies affect 6 to 8% of children and 2% of adults in the United States. For reasons that are not clear, eight types of food account for a vast majority (~90%) of food-induced hypersensitivity reactions. In this study, C57Bl/6 mice were used to test the hypothesis that commonly allergenic foods are intrinsically more immunogenic than rarely allergenic or nonallergenic foods in allergy-susceptible hosts. Groups of mice (n = 4 to 5) were injected intraperitoneally with the protein extracts (plus alum as an adjuvant) from chicken eggs, peanuts, almonds, filberts-hazelnuts, walnuts, soybeans, and wheat (commonly allergenic foods) and coffee, sweet potatoes, carrots, white potatoes, cherries, lettuce, and spinach (rarely allergenic and non-allergenic foods). Primary and secondary immune responses (as measured by specific IgG1 antibody serum levels) were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Proteins from peanuts, almonds, filberts, sweet potatoes, cherries, and spinach elicited robust primary and/or secondary immune responses. Proteins from eggs, walnuts, and lettuce elicited poor primary responses but significant secondary responses. In contrast, wheat, soybeans, coffee, carrots, and white potatoes elicited barely detectable to poor primary and secondary immune responses. The order of the immunogenicity levels of these foods in mice is as follows: almonds = filberts > spinach (Rubisco) > peanuts ≥ sweet potatoes > cherries > lettuce > walnuts > chicken eggs > carrots ≥ white potatoes > wheat = coffee = soybeans. In summary, these data demonstrate for the first time that: (i) foods vary widely with regard to their relative immunogenicity in allergy-susceptible hosts and (ii) intrinsic immunogenicity in mice does not distinguish commonly allergenic foods from rarely allergenic or nonallergenic foods.

scholarly journals Bovine leukemia virus seroprevalence among cattle presented for slaughter in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 704-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando V. Bauermann ◽  
Julia F. Ridpath ◽  
David A. Dargatz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Bovine Leukemia Virus ◽  
Leukemia Virus ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
The United States ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Dairy Animals ◽  
Mountain West

Infection with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) results in economic loss because of reduced productivity, especially reduced milk production, and early culling. In the United States, studies in 1996, 1999, and 2007 showed BLV infection to be widespread, especially in dairy herds. We updated information herein on BLV seroprevalence in the United States, using samples submitted for testing and found negative for antibodies for Brucella by the Kentucky Eastern Regional Federal Brucellosis Laboratory. From October 2014 through August 2015, 2,000 samples from all regions of the contiguous United States were selected and tested for BLV antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The overall percentage of samples positive for BLV antibody was 38.6%. Based on the animal’s origin, the percent positive by region ranged from 32.5% (Mountain West region) to 54.3% (Northeast region; p < 0.05). The positive rate for slaughter plants that processed mainly dairy animals (dairy plants; 47.6%) was higher than the positive rate at slaughter plants that processed mainly beef animals (beef plants; 33.6%; p < 0.05). The results suggest that BLV infection remains widespread in all regions of the United States and that rates may differ between beef and dairy cattle.

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