Tuber Rot of Potato Caused by Phytophthora nicotianae: Isolate Aggressiveness and Cultivar Susceptibility

A study was undertaken in 2008 and 2009 to examine potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivar susceptibility, the potential of other host species to act as sources of inoculum for potato infections, and other aspects of potato–Phytophthora nicotianae interactions. Twelve isolates of P. nicotianae collected from five leaf, one petiole, and six tuber infections of potato from five states, as well as isolates from a variety of other host species, were evaluated for ability to cause tuber rot of potato via inoculation studies. Additionally, the susceptibility of 27 potato cultivars commonly grown in the United States to tuber infection by P. nicotianae was determined. Eighty-three percent of the isolates recovered from potato were highly aggressive, infecting tubers at nearly four times greater incidences than isolates originating from nonpotato hosts. With the exception of two tobacco isolates, zoospores of all isolates recovered from nonpotato hosts were able to infect potato tubers. Russet cultivars were significantly less susceptible to P. nicotianae than red and white cultivars in 2008, and red cultivars in 2009. Umatilla Russet was the most resistant cultivar in both years, whereas Red Norland and Dakota Rose were the most susceptible in both years. Results of a survey for P. nicotianae conducted in four states from 2008 through 2010 confirmed previous observations of naturally occurring infections of potato in Missouri, Nebraska, and Texas, as well as infections of potato in Michigan (documented for the first time). All isolates recovered in the survey were sensitive to mefenoxam (EC50 < 1.0 μg/ml).

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The End of Empire and the Search for Justice

10.1093/oso/9780198753957.003.0003 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

John Linarelli ◽

Margot E Salomon ◽

Muthucumaraswamy Sornarajah

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

International Economic ◽

International Law ◽

International Economic Order ◽

The United States ◽

Economic Order ◽

Global Context ◽

Neoliberal Ideology ◽

First Time

This chapter is a study of the themes of the New International Economic Order (NIEO). It begins with the notion of justice that had been constructed in imperial law to justify empire and colonialism. The NIEO was the first time a prescription was made for justice in a global context not based on domination of one people over another. In its consideration of the emergence of a new notion of justice in international law, the chapter discusses the reasons for the origins of the NIEO, and goes on to describe the principles of the NIEO and the extent to which they came into conflict with dominant international law as accepted by the United States and European states. Next the chapter deals with the rise of the neoliberal ideology that led to the displacement of the NIEO and examines the issue of whether the NIEO and its ideals have passed or whether they continue to be or should be influential in international law. Finally, the chapter turns to the ideas of the NIEO alongside new efforts at promoting a fuller account of justice by which to justify and evaluate international law.

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Sources of Information About Gestational Weight Gain, Diet, and Exercise Among Brazilian Immigrant Women Living in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980021001798 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-41

Author(s):

Ana Cristina Lindsay ◽

Qun Le ◽

Denise Lima Nogueira ◽

Márcia M. T. Machado ◽

Mary L. Greaney

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

The United States ◽

The Internet ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Diet And Exercise ◽

First Time

Abstract Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess sources of information about gestational weight gain (GWG), diet, and exercise among first-time pregnant Brazilian women in the United States (US). Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Massachusetts, United States. Participants: First-time pregnant Brazilian women. Results: Eighty-six women, the majority of whom were immigrants (96.5%) classified as having low-acculturation levels (68%), participated in the study. Approximately two-thirds of respondents had sought information about GWG (72.1%), diet (79.1%), and exercise (74.4%) via the internet. Women classified as having low acculturation levels were more likely to seek information about GWG via the internet (OR = 7.55; 95% CI: 1.41, 40.26) than those with high acculturation levels after adjusting for age and receiving information about GWG from healthcare provider (doctor or midwife). Moreover, many respondents reported seeking information about GWG (67%), diet (71%), and exercise (52%) from family and friends. Women who self-identified as being overweight pre-pregnancy were less likely to seek information about diet (OR = 0.32; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.93) and exercise (OR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.96) from family and friends than those who self-identified being normal weight pre-pregnancy. Conclusions: This is the first study to assess sources of information about GWG, diet, and exercise among pregnant Brazilian immigrants in the US. Findings have implications for the design of interventions and suggest the potential of mHealth intervention as low-cost, easy access option for delivering culturally and linguistically tailored evidence-based information about GWG incorporating behavioral change practices to this growing immigrant group.

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First Report of Wisteria vein mosaic virus in Wisteria sinensis in the United States of America

Plant Health Progress ◽

10.1094/php-2008-0818-01-br ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 42 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rayapati A. Naidu ◽

Gandhi Karthikeyan

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

United States Of America ◽

The United States ◽

Home Gardens ◽

First Report ◽

Woody Perennial ◽

Wisteria Sinensis ◽

First Time ◽

Wisteria Vein Mosaic Virus

The ornamental Chinese wisteria (Wisteria sinensis) is a woody perennial grown for its flowering habit in home gardens and landscape settings. In this brief, the occurrence of Wisteria vein mosaic virus (WVMV) was reported for the first time in Chinese wisteria in the United States of America. Accepted for publication 18 June 2008. Published 18 August 2008.

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Wartime Prosperity? A Reassessment of the U.S. Economy in the 1940s

The Journal of Economic History ◽

10.1017/s0022050700010251 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 41-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Robert Higgs

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

World War Ii ◽

Performance Measures ◽

Well Being ◽

The United States ◽

World War ◽

Macroeconomic Performance ◽

Command Economy ◽

First Time ◽

The U.S

Relying on standard measures of macroeconomic performance, historians and economists believe that “war prosperity” prevailed in the United States during World War II. This belief is ill-founded, because it does not recognize that the United States had a command economy during the war. From 1942 to 1946 some macroeconomic performance measures are statistically inaccurate; others are conceptually inappropriate. A better grounded interpretation is that during the war the economy was a huge arsenal in which the well-being of consumers deteriorated. After the war genuine prosperity returned for the first time since 1929.

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COVID-19 and the Risk for Increased Intimate Partner Violence Among Gay, Bisexual and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260521997454 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088626052199745

Author(s):

Rob Stephenson ◽

Tanaka M.D. Chavanduka ◽

Matthew T. Rosso ◽

Stephen P. Sullivan ◽

Renée A. Pitter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Social Contact ◽

The United States ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sex With Men ◽

First Time

Stay at home orders–intended to reduce the spread of COVID-19 by limiting social contact–have forced people to remain in their homes. The additional stressors created by the need to stay home and socially isolate may act as triggers to intimate partner violence (IPV). In this article, we present data from a recent online cross-sectional survey with gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) in the United States to illustrate changes in IPV risks that have occurred during the U.S. COVID-19 epidemic. The Love and Sex in the Time of COVID-19 survey was conducted online from April to May 2020. GBMSM were recruited through paid banner advertisements featured on social networking platforms, recruiting a sample size of 696 GBMSM. Analysis considers changes in victimization and perpetration of IPV during the 3 months prior to the survey (March-May 2020) that represents the first 3 months of lockdown during the COVID-19 epidemic. During the period March-May 2020, 12.6% of participants reported experiencing any IPV with higher rates of emotional IPV (10.3%) than sexual (2.2%) or physical (1.8%) IPV. Of those who reported IPV victimization during lockdown, for almost half this was their first time experience: 5.3% reported the IPV they experienced happened for the first time during the past 3 months (0.8% physical, 2.13% sexual, and 3.3% emotional). Reporting of perpetration of IPV during lockdown was lower: only 6% reported perpetrating any IPV, with perpetration rates of 1.5% for physical, 0.5% for sexual, and 5.3% for emotional IPV. Of those who reported perpetration of IPV during lockdown, very small percentages reported that this was the first time they had perpetrated IPV: 0.9% for any IPV (0.2% physical, 0.2% sexual, and 0.6% emotional). The results illustrate an increased need for IPV resources for GBMSM during these times of increased stress and uncertainty, and the need to find models of resource and service delivery that can work inside of social distancing guidelines while protecting the confidentiality and safety of those who are experiencing IPV.

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The Invisible Hand of Diplomacy

Pacific Historical Review ◽

10.1525/phr.2021.90.3.345 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 90 (3) ◽

pp. 345-376

Author(s):

Elizabeth O’Brien Ingleson

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Invisible Hand ◽

Manufacturing Companies ◽

Political Transformations ◽

History Of ◽

The Cold War ◽

First Time ◽

Simple Narrative ◽

The U.S

In December 1977, a tiny group of U.S. glove makers—most of whom were African American and Latina women—launched a petition before the U.S. International Trade Commission calling for protection from rising imports. Their target was China. Represented by the Work Glove Manufacturers Association, their petition called for quotas on a particular kind of glove entering the United States from China: cotton work gloves. This was a watershed moment. For the first time since the Communist Party came to power in 1949, U.S. workers singled out Chinese goods in pursuit of import relief. Because they were such a small group taking on a country as large as China, their supporters championed the cause as one of David versus Goliath. Yet the case has been forgotten, partly because the glove workers lost. Here I uncover their story, bringing the history of 1970s deindustrialization in the United States into conversation with U.S.-China rapprochement, one of the most significant political transformations of the Cold War. The case, and indeed the loss itself, reveals the tensions between the interests of U.S. workers, corporations, and diplomats. Yet the case does not provide a simple narrative of U.S. workers’ interests being suppressed by diplomats and policymakers nurturing globalized trade ties. Instead, it also underscored the conflicting interests within the U.S. labor movement at a time when manufacturing companies were moving their production jobs to East Asia.

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Music for Cello and Piano

10.31022/a008 ◽

1982 ◽

Author(s):

Arthur Foote

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Musical Training ◽

The United States ◽

American Composers ◽

International Reputation ◽

Arthur Foote ◽

First Time ◽

To Receive

Arthur Foote (1853–1937) was one of the first American composers to receive his entire musical training in the United States and to go on to establish an international reputation. These seven works for cello and piano include a major romantic sonata and six smaller pieces. All are newly edited from the manuscript sources and original editions, and three are published here for the first time.

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“Painful, yet Beautiful, Moments”: Pathways Through Infant Feeding and Dynamic Conceptions of Breastfeeding Success

Qualitative Health Research ◽

10.1177/10497323211032158 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 104973232110321

Author(s):

Mackenzie D. M. Whipps ◽

Hirokazu Yoshikawa ◽

Jill R. Demirci ◽

Jennifer Hill

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Infant Feeding ◽

The United States ◽

High Income ◽

First Year ◽

Cultural Narratives ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Written Narratives ◽

Intensive Mothering ◽

First Time

What is breastfeeding “success”? In this article, we challenge the traditional biomedical definition, instead centering visions of success described by breastfeeding mothers themselves. Using semi-structured interviews, quantitative surveys, and written narratives of 38 first-time mothers in the United States, we describe five common pathways through the first-year postpartum, a taxonomic distinction far more complex than a success–failure dichotomy: sustained breastfeeding, exclusive pumping, combination feeding, rapid weaning, and grinding back to exclusivity. We also explore the myriad ways in which mothers define and experience breastfeeding success, and in the process uncover the ways that cultural narratives—especially intensive mothering—color those experiences. Finally, we discuss how these experiences are shaped by infant feeding pathway. In doing so, we discover nuance that has gone unexplored in the breastfeeding literature. These findings have implications for supporting, promoting, and protecting breastfeeding in the United States and other high-income countries.

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Consumer Preferences for Oyster Attributes: Field Experiments on Brand, Locality, and Growing Method

Agricultural and Resource Economics Review ◽

10.1017/age.2017.21 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 315-337 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Maik Kecinski ◽

Kent D. Messer ◽

Lauren Knapp ◽

Yosef Shirazi

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Consumer Preferences ◽

Revealed Preference ◽

The United States ◽

Dichotomous Choice ◽

Production Methods ◽

The Past ◽

Oyster Aquaculture ◽

First Time

Oyster aquaculture has experienced tremendous growth in the United States over the past decade, but little is known about consumer preferences for oysters. This study analyzed preferences for oysters with varied combinations of brands, production locations, and production methods (aquaculture vs. wild-caught) using dichotomous choice, revealed preference economic field experiments. Results suggest significant and distinct differences in behavior between first-time and regular oyster consumers. While infrequent oyster consumers were drawn to oysters labeled as wild-caught, experienced oyster consumers preferred oysters raised via aquaculture. These findings will be valuable for growers and policymakers who invest in aquaculture to improve surrounding ecosystems.

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