Diversity of Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with Chinese hickory tree (Carya cathayensis) trunk cankers

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Zhuang ◽  
Q. W. Wang ◽  
Q. Q. Wu ◽  
Z. L. Qiu ◽  
B. C. Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Pathogen Diversity ◽  
New Information ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Carya Cathayensis ◽  
Botryosphaeriaceae Species

Tree trunk cankers (TRC) represent serious fungal diseases that pose significant threats to Chinese hickory trees (Carya cathayensis). To characterize the pathogen diversity associated with, diseased tissues were collected between 2016 and 2018 from the primary Chinese hickory plantation regions. A total of 97 cultures were isolated from trees in six towns (Longgang, Qingliangfeng, Changhua, Tuankou, Taiyang Town, and Lin’an urban area) within the Linan district, where 60% of Chinese hickory tree yields originate. The isolated cultures caused cankers on Chinese hickory tree branches, but infections did not occur on fruits or leaves under tested conditions. Combined morphological observations and phylogenetic analysis of multiple genes (ITS, β-tublin, and EF) indicated that five Botryosphaeriaceae species were recovered, including 89 isolates of Botryosphaeria dothidea, four isolates of B. fabicerciana, one isolate of B. qingyuanensis, one isolate of B. corticis, and two isolates of Lasiodiplodia theobromae. B. dothidea was the most prevalent, and this is the first report of B. corticis, B. qingyuanensis, and L. theobromae infections in Chinese hickory trees. We investigated the mycelial growth, spore germination, and pathogenicity of these species at different temperatures. L. theobromae grew the fastest and B. cortices grew the slowest on PDA. The optimum temperature of spore germination for all species was 30°C. L. theobromae was the most virulent species, followed by B. dothidea and B. qingyuanensis, then B. fabicerciana, and finally B. cortices. These new insights into fungal pathogen diversity provide critical new information to understand and manage TRC of Chinese hickory.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature on Conidial Germination of Botryosphaeriaceae Species Infecting Grapevines

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (12) ◽  
pp. 1476-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
José R. Úrbez-Torres ◽  
Emilie Bruez ◽  
José Hurtado ◽  
Walter D. Gubler
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Conidial Germination ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Diplodia Seriata ◽  
Neofusicoccum Parvum ◽  
Lasiodiplodia Theobromae ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Northern And Southern Hemispheres ◽  
Botryosphaeriaceae Species

Germination of conidia of eight botryosphaeriaceous fungi infecting grapevines was evaluated after 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h incubation under eight different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C). The effect of temperature on conidial germination was also evaluated in different stages (hyaline versus pigmented conidia) of the species Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Conidial germination of Botryosphaeriaceae species infecting grapevines was significantly affected by temperature. Overall, conidial germination increased significantly with longer incubation times, especially from 2 to 12 h. In most cases, germination of conidia was not significantly different between 12 and 24 h incubation. Conidia of botryosphaeriaceous species did not germinate (with the exception of Botryosphaeria dothidea and Neofusicoccum parvum) at 5°C, and only B. dothidea, Diplodia seriata, and L. theobromae showed high levels of conidial germination at 40°C. Optimum conidial germination temperatures (defined as the temperature in which germination reached at least 50% in the shortest incubation time) were 25°C for B. dothidea and Dothiorella iberica, 25 to 30°C for Spencermartinsia viticola, 30°C for Diplodia corticola, D. mutila, D. seriata, N. parvum, and hyaline L. theobromae, and 40°C for pigmented L. theobromae conidia. Successful conidial germination of species of Botryosphaeriaceae infecting grapevines was always observed between 10 and 35°C with the exception of Dothiorella iberica and pigmented L. theobromae conidia, neither of which germinated at 35 and 10°C, respectively. Results of this study show conidia of botryosphaeriaceous species infecting grapevines to be capable of germination under a broad range of temperatures including those considered to be extreme, which may explain the success of these species as grapevine pathogens throughout most of the grape-growing areas in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

scholarly journals Variability of Pestalotia spp. with special reference to the effect of media, temperature and light on their growth, sporulation and spore germination

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Ibrahim ◽  
M. M. Satour ◽  
E. M. Elakkad
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Continuous Darkness ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Host Tissues

Potalo dextrose and mango leaf extract agar media were found to be the most favourable for mycelial growth of <i>Pestalotia</i> spp. The optimum temperature for growth and sporulation was 25°C. Continuous light promoted mycelial growth and continuous darkness retarded it. The maximum percentage of germinated spores was obtained under intermittent daylight conditions. Germination of <i>Pestalotia</i> spores occurred at various stages of maturity. The percentage of germination decreased with the increase of the storage period in the host tissues, and after 12 months spores lost their viability completely. Mycelia in the same infected tissues, however, were found to be still alive and capable of producing new fructifications till 18 months. Morphological characters of the fungus, and mode of spore germination were also investigated.

scholarly journals Genome sequence resource of Botryosphaeria dothidea CK16, a fungal pathogen causing Chinese hickory trunk canker disease

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxin Rao ◽  
Li Mei ◽  
Liqin Zhang ◽  
Hong Jiang ◽  
Liangjin Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Carya Cathayensis ◽  
High Quality Genome ◽  
Trunk Canker

Botryosphaeria dothidea is a latent fungal pathogen that causes cankers or diebacks on a variety of host woody plants worldwide. The symptomatic necrosis on the host plants can be triggered by the abiotic stress, such as drought and soil acidification. Here we report a high-quality genome assembly and announcement of the B. dothidea strain CK16 (CGMCC 19654) which causes trunk canker disease on Carya cathayensis in China. The genome sequence of strain CK16 will be useful for studying the evolution, host adaption and pathogenicity of B. dothidea, which will be beneficial for a better understanding of the mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction during the endophytic period.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature and Moisture on Various Aspects of Development, Growth, and Pathogenicity of Thielaviopsis paradoxa from Sugarcane in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-170
Author(s):  
Lii-Jang Liu ◽  
Amelia Cortés-Monllor
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Sugarcane Variety ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Temperature Range

It was found that the optimum temperature range for mycelial growth and spore germination of Thielaviopsis paradoxa lies between 28° and 32° C, with the maximum above 36° C. and the minimum below 12° C. Neither mycelial growth nor spore germination was obtained at 8° or at 40° C. Pathogenicity of T. paradoxa to sugarcane variety P.R. 1059 was favored by temperatures between 28° and 32° C. No infection of sugarcane by this fungus occurred at 8° or at 40° C. The highest rate of infection of sugarcane by T. paradoxa was obtained at the lowest soil moisture with a maximum temperature up to 32° C. It thus appears that low soil moisture has a profound effect on rate of infection during summer months in Puerto Rico.

scholarly journals Effects of Water Stress on Botryosphaeria Blight of Pistachio Caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
pp. 745-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhonghua Ma ◽  
David P. Morgan ◽  
Themis J. Michailides
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Germ Tube Elongation ◽  
Pistachio Trees

The effects of water potential (Ψ) on spore germination, germ tube elongation, mycelial growth of Botryosphaeria dothidea, and development of Botryosphaeria blight of pistachio caused by this fungus were studied in the laboratory and greenhouse. In laboratory tests, spore germination, germ tube elongation, and mycelial growth of B. dothidea increased as Ψ decreased from 0 to -2.0 MPa and declined as Ψ decreased below -2.0 MPa. Water stress (Ψ < -0.260 MPa) increased the severity of Botryosphaeria blight on young detached pistachio leaves. In greenhouse inoculation experiments, drought-stressed 2-year-old pistachio trees (leaf Ψ < -0.635 MPa) developed more severe Botryosphaeria blight disease than the nonstressed trees (Ψ > -0.485 MPa) in both 1999 and 2000 experiments. In a similar experiment using 1-year-old potted pistachio trees in 2000, withholding water treatments did not cause enough drought stress in pistachio leaves (Ψ > -0.584 MPa) and did not result in higher disease than the nonstressed trees (Ψ = -0.466 MPa). The correlation coefficient between Ψ and disease index for 1999 experiments was 0.954, and for 2000 experiments I and II was 0.981 and 0.939, respectively. These results indicate that drought stress can be a major predisposing factor of pistachio to infection by B. dothidea. Results from this study can be used to better understand the disease outbreaks in California pistachio orchards and to develop integrated management strategies by adjusting irrigation.

Peanut Web Blotch: I. Cultural Characteristics and Identity of Causal Fungus1

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Taber ◽  
R. E. Pettit ◽  
G. L. Philley
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
Foliar Disease ◽  
The Usa

Abstract A foliar disease of peanuts, previously unreported in the USA, was found in Texas in 1972. The pathogen was identified as a species of Ascochyta. Further cultural studies have revealed this fungus to be Phoma arachidicola Marasas, Pauer, and Boerema. Pycnidia form profusely at 20 C and 25 C. Pycnidiospores are borne on short pycnidiosphores and are predominantly one-celled in culture. Spores produced in pycnidia on infected leaflets become 1 septate. Large 1-septate spores, as well as an occasional 2-septate spore, may form in culture. Optimum temperature for mycelial growth in 20 C; little or no growth occurs at 5 C or above 30 C. The teleomorphic state develops in the field on fallen leaflets and can be induced to form in the laboratory on sterilized peanut leaflets between 15 and 20 C. Cultures derived from single ascospores form pseudothecia. Pycnidiospores, ascospores, and chlamydospores are all infective units. Because this fungus produces hyaline ascospores and pseudoparaphyses, it has been transferred to the genus Didymella as Didymella arachidicola (Choch.) comb. nov. Comparisons with 15 isolates causing web blotch of peanut in the USA, Argentina, and South Africa indicate that web blotch symptoms are produced by the same fungal species.

A Review of Corynespora cassiicola and Its Increasing Relevance to Tomato in Florida

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keevan J. MacKenzie ◽  
Leilani G. Sumabat ◽  
Katia V. Xavier ◽  
Gary E. Vallad
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Corynespora Cassiicola ◽  
Varietal Resistance ◽  
Vegetable Crop ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Pathogen Diversity ◽  
Target Spot ◽  
Insight Into

Corynespora cassiicola is a highly diverse fungal pathogen that can infect more than 500 species of plants, including many economically important crops such as cotton, soybean, tomato, and cucumber. In Florida, the number one vegetable crop by market value are fresh-market tomatoes, which generate nearly half a billion dollars annually. Florida’s subtropical to tropical climate is conducive to infection and development of the target spot pathogen on tomato caused by C. cassiicola. There is no varietal resistance available for target spot of tomato, and preventative fungicide treatments are the primary method for control. In the last decade, C. cassiicola has been more frequently reported by Florida tomato growers, appearing not only more aggressive but also increasingly insensitive to various fungicides. This review brings together the most recent C. cassiicola literature, providing a history and understanding of the immense pathogen diversity and its relevance to tomato. It also provides insight into fungicide resistance development and pathogen survivability, which are important factors in providing effective control recommendations and in understanding the epidemiology of this disease, respectively.

scholarly journals Predatory activity of Arthrobotrys oligospora and Duddingtonia flagrans on pre-parasitic larval stages of cyathostominae under different constant temperatures

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 839-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clóvis de Paula Santos ◽  
Terezinha Padilha ◽  
Maria de Lurdes de Azevedo Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Duddingtonia Flagrans ◽  
Arthrobotrys Oligospora ◽  
Egg Development ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Predatory Activity ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Reduction Percentage

The effect of different temperatures on the predatory activity of Arthrobotrys oligospora and Duddingtonia flagrans on the free-living larval stages of cyathostomes were evaluated in an experiment where feces of horses containing the parasites’ eggs were treated with these fungi and incubated under different constant temperatures (10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C and 30°C ). The results indicated that the optimum temperature for egg development was 25°C. At 10°C the number of L3 recovered was practically zero, and at 15°C and 20°C, the percentage of larvae recovered was less than 3% of the total number of eggs per gram of feces. When these cultures subsequently were incubated for an additional period of 14 days at 27°C, they allowed the development of L3. In all the cultures inoculated with fungi a significant reduction in the number of larvae was observed. When incubated at 25°C or 30°C, the fungi caused reductions above 90%, in the number of L3. The samples cultivated at 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C and 30°C, when incubated for an additional period of 14 days at 27°C the reduction percentage of larvae was above 90% for A. oligospora. However, the same did not occur for D. flagrans. Here a reduction percentage between 47.5% and 41.8% was recorded when the cultures were incubated at 10°C and 20°C, respectively. The two species of fungi tested showed to be efficient in reducing the number of L3 when mixed with equine feces and maintained at the same temperature for the development of larval pre-parasitic stages of cyathostomes.

scholarly journals Suppression of Stem-End Rot on Avocado Fruit Using Trichoderma spp. in the Central Highlands of Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
E. K. Wanjiku ◽  
J. W. Waceke ◽  
J. N. Mbaka
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Lasiodiplodia Theobromae

Demand for organic avocado fruits, together with stringent food safety standards in the global market, has made producers to use alternative, safe, and consumer-friendly strategies of controlling the postharvest fungal disease of avocado fruits. This study assessed the in vitro efficacy of Trichoderma spp. (T. atroviride, T. virens, T. asperellum, and T. harzianum) against isolated avocado stem-end rot (SER) fungal pathogens (Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Neofusicoccum parvum, Nectria pseudotrichia, and Fusarium solani) using a dual culture technique. The Trichoderma spp. were also evaluated singly on postharvest “Hass” avocado fruits. Spore suspension at 5 × 104 conidial/ml of the Trichoderma spp. was applied on the avocado fruits at three time points, twenty-four hours before the fungal pathogen (preinoculation), at the same time as the fungal pathogen (concurrent inoculation), and 24 hours after the fungal pathogen (postinoculation). In the in vitro study, T. atroviride showed the highest mycelial growth inhibition against N. parvum (48%), N. pseudotrichia (55%), and F. solani (32.95%), while T. harzianum had the highest mycelial growth inhibition against L. theobromae. Trichoderma asperellum was the least effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of all the pathogens. Similarly, T. virens showed the highest mycelial growth inhibition against N. pseudotrichia at 45% inhibition. On postharvest “Hass” fruits, T. atroviride showed the highest efficacy against N. parvum, N. pseudotrichia, and F. solani in all the applications. Trichoderma virens and T. harzianum were most effective against all the pathogens during postinoculation, while Lasiodiplodia theobromae was best controlled by T. virens, T. harzianum, and T. asperellum during postinoculation. Both T. atroviride and T. harzianum present a potential alternative to synthetic fungicides against postharvest diseases of avocado fruits, and further tests under field conditions to be done to validate their efficacy. The possibility of using Trichoderma spp. in the management of SER on avocado fruits at a commercial level should also be explored.

scholarly journals First Report of Wood Canker Caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, Neofusicoccum parvum, and Lasiodiplodia theobromae on Grapevine in Turkey

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Akgul ◽  
N. G. Savas ◽  
A. Eskalen
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Western Turkey ◽  
Diplodia Seriata ◽  
Neofusicoccum Parvum ◽  
Lasiodiplodia Theobromae ◽  
First Report ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Botryosphaeriaceae Species

The Aegean region (western Turkey) is the center of table, raisin, and wine grape cultivation. During the 2012 growing season, wood canker symptoms were observed in vineyards in Manisa city. Symptoms adjacent to pruning wounds, including shoot dieback and wedge-shaped wood discolorations observed in cross section, were among the most prevalent symptoms of the vines. To identify the causal agents, symptomatic woody tissues were surface disinfested with 95% ethanol and flame-sterilized and the discolored outer bark was cut away. The internal tissues (0.5 cm2) were excised from cankers of vines and plated onto potato dextrose agar amended with tetracycline (0.01%) (PDA-tet). The most frequently isolated fungi, based on general growth pattern, speed of growth, and colony color, resembled species in the Botryosphaeriaceae family. According to morphological characteristics, four different groups have been identified based on visual discrimination. After DNA extraction, ribosomal DNA fragments (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) (2) amplified with ITS4 and ITS5 primers were sequenced and sequences were compared with those deposited in NCBI GenBank database. Four different Botryosphaeriaceae isolates were identified, including Botryosphaeria dothidea (MBAi25AG), Diplodia seriata (MBAi23AG), Lasiodiplodia theobromae (MBAi28AG), and Neofusicoccum parvum (MBAi27AG) (Accession Nos. KF182329, KF182328, KF182331, and KF182330, respectively) with species nomenclature based on Crous et al. (1). Pathogenicity tests were conducted under greenhouse conditions (24°C, 16/8-h day/night, 70% RH) on 1-year-old own rooted grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cv. Sultana Seedless seedlings using one isolate from each of the Botryosphaeriaceae species specified above. Stems of grapevine seedlings were wounded by removing bark with 4-mm cork borer and fresh mycelial plugs were inoculated into the holes and covered with Parafilm. Sterile PDA plugs were placed into the wounds of control seedlings. Five vines were inoculated per isolate. The experiment was repeated twice. After 4 months of incubation, grapevine seedlings were examined for the extent of vascular discoloration and recovery of fungal isolates. Mean lesion lengths on wood tissues were 85.3, 17.2, 13.9, and 13.1 mm for N. parvum, B. dothidea, L. theobromae, and D. seriata, and 6.3 mm for control. Each fungal isolate was successfully re-isolated from inoculated seedlings to fulfill Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of multiple species in the Botryosphaeriaceae causing wood canker and dieback on grapevine in Turkey. These results are significant because Botryosphaeriaceae species are known causal agents of grapevine trunk disease worldwide (3). References: (1) P. W. Crous et al. Stud. Mycol. 55:235, 2006. (2) B. Slippers et al. Mycologia 96:83, 2004. (3) J. R. Urbez-Torres. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 50:S5, 2011.

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