Response of different grapevine cultivars to infection by Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Lasiodiplodia mediterranea

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Reis ◽  
Ana Gaspar ◽  
Artur Alves ◽  
Florence Fontaine ◽  
Cecilia Rego
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Lesion Length ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Lasiodiplodia Theobromae ◽  
Wood Discoloration ◽  
The World ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽  
Artificial Inoculations ◽  
The Impact

Botryosphaeria dieback is a grapevine trunk disease that affects all viticulture regions of the world. Species of the genus Lasiodiplodia have been reported as pathogenic towards grapevine in several growing regions and have also been previously reported from Portuguese vineyards. Species in this genus, particularly Lasiodiplodia theobromae, have been reported on previous studies to be more aggressive than other Botryosphaeriaceae species most commonly associated with Botryosphaeria dieback. The aim of this study was to assess the response of some of the more representative cultivars planted throughout Portuguese vineyards, Touriga Nacional, Touriga Franca, Alvarinho, Aragonez (=Tempranillo) and Cabernet Sauvignon, by performing artificial inoculations with Lasiodiplodia spp. collected in different geographic locations worldwide. Two experiments, one by inoculating two-year-old grapevines kept on a greenhouse-controlled conditions with six isolates of L. theobromae and one isolate of L. mediterranea and other by inoculating seven-year-old field grown grapevines with two isolates of L. theobromae, were conducted twice. Response of the cultivars was assessed by evaluating the lesion length caused by the isolates under study, five months after inoculation. The results showed that all isolates studied were able to infect the annual shoots since they were always re-isolated and produced internal wood discoloration. Significant differences were found for all isolate/cultivar combinations. For both experiments, Touriga Nacional showed the largest lesions while Aragonez recorded the smallest lesions amongst the whole lot of cultivars inoculated with Lasiodiplodia spp.. In general, Portuguese isolates were more aggressive than those from Peru, which demonstrated to be mildly aggressive. These results give a first insight on the response of selected Portuguese cultivars to Lasiodiplodia species, which are present in Portugal, but not commonly associated with Botryosphaeria dieback. This contributes to improve knowledge of the impact that Botryosphaeria dieback causal agents have on crucial national cultivars, which may help winegrowers not only to manage current cultural practices, but also to optimize decision making when planning the establishment of new vineyards.

Indigeneity

Anthropology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulette F. Steeves
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Historical Continuity ◽  
Regional Area ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

There are minimally 370 million Indigenous people in the world. The term Indigenous was not used to identify human groups until recently. Indigenous people are often identified as the First People of a specific regional area. Indigeneity as applied to First People came into use in the 1990s, as many colonized communities fought against erasure, genocide, and forced acculturation under colonial regimes. An often-cited definition of Indigenous peoples is one by Jose Martinez Cobo, special rapporteur for the UN Sub-Commission. Cobo’s 1986 report was completed for the United Nations Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights, Sub-Commission on Prevention and Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, thirty-fifth session, item 12 of the provisional agenda, titled, “Study of the Problem of Discrimination against Indigenous Populations.” Cobo described Indigenous people, communities, and nations as groups that have a “historical continuity with pre-colonial societies” within territories they developed, and as communities that “consider themselves distinct from other sectors of societies” now in their territories. Cobo further stressed that Indigenous people and communities are minorities within contemporary populations that work to preserve their ethnic identities and ancestral territories for future generations. It is important to include displaced people whom prior to colonization identified with specific land areas or regional areas as homelands, as well as Indigenous communities that have for decades been in hiding in areas away from their initial homeland areas. Many descendants of Indigenous people were forced to hide their identities for their own safety due to colonization and genocidal policies focused on physical and cultural erasure. That does not make them non-Indigenous. It makes them survivors of genocide, erasure, and forced acculturation. Many Indigenous people are just coming to terms with the impact of ethnic cleansing and the work to reclaim and revive their identities and cultures. Indigenous is both a legal term, and a personal, group, and pan-group identity. Scholars have argued there are at least four thousand Indigenous groups, but that number is likely very low. Indigeneity is not as simple as an opposition to identity erasure or a push back against colonization. Indigeneity is woven through diverse experiences and histories and is often described as a pan-political identity in a postcolonial time. However, that can be misleading, as the world does not yet exist in a postcolonial state, despite ongoing concerted efforts by Indigenous people and their allies in political and academic spheres to decolonize institutions and communities. Diverse Indigenous communities weave Indigeneity through a multifaceted array of space and time to revive identities and cultural practices and to regain or retain land, human rights, heritage, and political standing.

The Jesuits and the Enlightenment

2018 ◽  
pp. 854-890
Author(s):  
Joan-Pau Rubiés
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
The Other ◽  
Religious Authority ◽  
Republic Of Letters ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural Accommodation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

How we think of the relationship between the Jesuits and the Enlightenment largely depends on how we conceptualize the latter. This chapter addresses it as a series of debates conducted in the context of a cosmopolitan Republic of Letters, and a number of specific cultural practices that made that very Republic possible. The Jesuits were, therefore, participants in, rather than enemies of, the Enlightenment. Because they combined theological conservatism with cultural modernity, the Jesuits were feared and resented with particular vehemence. Placed between two different modernities, one characterized by global structures of communication and learning, as well as by the practices of cultural accommodation, the other by the attack on superstition and religious authority, the Jesuits helped create the conditions for the Enlightenment, making important but paradoxical contributions to some of its central debates. Nowhere was this more obvious than in the impact of missionary ethnographies concerning the “Gentile” pagan peoples of the world.

scholarly journals The impact of fusarium ear rot in Poland and methods to reduce losses caused by the disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Seweryn Frasiński ◽  
Elżbieta Czembor ◽  
Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fusarium Ear Rot ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Genus Fusarium ◽  
Pink Rot ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

Maize has a significant economic impact all over the world. Fungi in the genus Fusarium that cause fusarium ear rot of maize have significant effect on the yeld quality and quantity. The main threat is the contamination of grain with the mycotoxins they produce - as these are harmful to humans and animals. Such mycotoxins are a group of secondary metabolites of varied structure, which belong mainly to trichothecenes, fumonisins and zearalenones. As no efficient chemical control read and pink rot in the field is possible, prevention relies on cultural practices and use resistant hybrids. Insects play an important role in the infection, which is why it is recommended to control their prevalence during growing season.

scholarly journals Broadening the Engineering Canon

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertrand Momo ◽  
Gordon Donald Hoople ◽  
Diana Chen ◽  
Joel Alejandro Mejia ◽  
Susan M Lord
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Education ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
Engineering Curriculum ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy ◽  
Engineering Sciences ◽  
Indigenous Pedagogy ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

Within engineering, Western, White, colonial knowledge has historically been privileged over other ways of knowing. Few engineering educators recognize the impact of ethnocentricity and masculinity of the engineering curriculum on our students. In this paper we argue for a new approach, one which seeks to create an engineering curriculum that recognizes the great diversity of cultural practices that exist in the world. We begin by reviewing key ideas from three pedagogies not typically incorporated in engineering education: Culturally Relevant/Responsive Pedagogy, Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy, and Indigenous Pedagogy. We then present our attempts to develop an engineering curricula informed by these practices. We describe interventions we have tried at two levels: modules within traditional engineering sciences and entirely new courses. We aim to convince readers that these pedagogies may be a key tool in changing the dominant discourse of engineering education, improving the experience for those students already here, and making it more welcoming to those who are not.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Rosario T. de Guzman ◽  
Jill Brown ◽  
Carolyn Pope Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Military Deployment ◽  
Geographic Scope ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

An increasing number of families around the world are living apart—defining and redefining their relationships, roles, and ways of maintaining a sense of cohesion across distance. This book uniquely highlights how families, both in times of crisis and within normative cultural practices, organize and configure themselves and their parenting across distance. Readers are given a unique peek into the lives of families globally that are affected by separation in a wide range of circumstances including migration, fosterage, divorce, military deployment, education, and orphanhood. Authors delve into the daily reality of members and help us understand why families live apart, how families are redefined across distance, and the impact on various members. This volume is unique in its representation of issues affecting families around the world, in its broad geographic scope of studies, and in the diverse representation of authors from fields such as psychology, anthropology, sociology, education, and geography.

scholarly journals Media freedom in Melanesia: The challenges of researching the impact of national security legislation

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-85
Author(s):  
Marie M'Balla-Ndi Oelgemoeller ◽  
Levi Obijiofor
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
National Security ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Media Freedom ◽  
Regional Context ◽  
Global Context ◽  
The World ◽  
Democratic Principles ◽  
The Impact

Commentary: In a global context of national security anxiety, governments across the world are passing an increasing number of laws in response to terror-related threats. Often, national security laws undermine media freedom and infringe on democratic principles and basic human rights. Threats to media freedom and abuse of journalists are also increasing in Melanesia. This commentary argues that in a regional context of repetitive political coups, failures in governance, high levels of corruption, insurrections, or even media crises, the tensions between national security legislation and media freedom need to be examined cautiously. The authors suggest that strong methodological and theoretical frameworks that allow for serious consideration of cultural practices and protocols will be necessary to conduct research examining these tensions in Melanesia.

Exploring the World Trade Organisation's Trade and Environment/Public Health Jurisprudence as a Model for Incorporating a Trade–Labour Linkage into the Organisation's Multilateral Trade Regime: Should African Countries Accept a Policy Shift?

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-65
Author(s):  
Tapiwa V. Warikandwa ◽  
Patrick C. Osode
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Trade Regime ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
The World ◽  
Labour Standards ◽  
The Impact

The incorporation of a trade-labour (standards) linkage into the multilateral trade regime of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has been persistently opposed by developing countries, including those in Africa, on the grounds that it has the potential to weaken their competitive advantage. For that reason, low levels of compliance with core labour standards have been viewed as acceptable by African countries. However, with the impact of WTO agreements growing increasingly broader and deeper for the weaker and vulnerable economies of developing countries, the jurisprudence developed by the WTO Panels and Appellate Body regarding a trade-environment/public health linkage has the potential to address the concerns of developing countries regarding the potential negative effects of a trade-labour linkage. This article argues that the pertinent WTO Panel and Appellate Body decisions could advance the prospects of establishing a linkage of global trade participation to labour standards without any harm befalling developing countries.

Modernism, Empiricism, and Rationalism

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Squires
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern Poetry ◽  
Philosophical Perspective ◽  
Irish Poetry ◽  
Dimensional Spectrum ◽  
Culture History ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rule Out

Modernism is usually defined historically as the composite movement at the beginning of the twentieth century which led to a radical break with what had gone before in literature and the other arts. Given the problems of the continuing use of the concept to cover subsequent writing, this essay proposes an alternative, philosophical perspective which explores the impact of rationalism (what we bring to the world) on the prevailing empiricism (what we take from the world) of modern poetry, which leads to a concern with consciousness rather than experience. This in turn involves a re-conceptualisation of the lyric or narrative I, of language itself as a phenomenon, and of other poetic themes such as nature, culture, history, and art. Against the background of the dominant empiricism of modern Irish poetry as presented in Crotty's anthology, the essay explores these ideas in terms of a small number of poets who may be considered modernist in various ways. This does not rule out modernist elements in some other poets and the initial distinction between a poetics of experience and one of consciousness is better seen as a multi-dimensional spectrum that requires further, more detailed analysis than is possible here.

Mechanisms of liver damage in COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (19) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
T. V. Pinchuk ◽  
N. V. Orlova ◽  
T. G. Suranova ◽  
T. I. Bonkalo
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Function ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Analyze Data

At the end of 2019, a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was discovered in China, causing the coronavirus infection COVID-19. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic poses a major challenge to health systems around the world. There is still little information on how infection affects liver function and the significance of pre-existing liver disease as a risk factor for infection and severe COVID-19. In addition, some drugs used to treat the new coronavirus infection are hepatotoxic. In this article, we analyze data on the impact of COVID-19 on liver function, as well as on the course and outcome of COVID-19 in patients with liver disease, including hepatocellular carcinoma, or those on immunosuppressive therapy after liver transplantation.

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