Sensitivity of Colletotrichum nymphaeae to six fungicides and characterization of fludioxonil resistant isolates in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hafiz Muhammad Usman ◽  
Qin Tan ◽  
Fei Fan ◽  
Mohammad Mazharul Karim ◽  
Weixiao Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistant Isolate ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Design Management ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Growth Rate Control

Colletotrichum nymphaeae is the dominant species causing anthracnose disease of peach in China. In this study, 140 isolates of C. nymphaeae were assessed for their sensitivity to six fungicides. It was found that C. nymphaeae was highly resistant to carbendazim, procymidone and boscalid but sensitive to pyraclostrobin and prochloraz. For fludioxonil, the fungus exhibited differential sensitivities, i.e., approximately 14% of isolates were resistant to fludioxonil and the resistance was stable. Fludioxonil-resistant isolates had a mean EC50 value of 2.2380 µg/ml, while the mean EC50 value was 0.0194 µg/ml in fludioxonil-sensitive isolates. The mean EC50 values of C. nymphaeae for pyraclostrobin and prochloraz were 0.0083 µg/ml and 0.002 µg/ml, respectively. No cross-resistance was observed between fungicides from different groups. Mycelial growth rate, control efficacy and osmotic stress responses were significantly different (P < 0.05) between fludioxonil sensitive (FluS) and resistant (FluR) isolates, but no significant difference was observed (P > 0.05) in virulence and sporulation between FluS and FluR isolates. No mutation was detected in coding regions of the CnOs-1, Cal, Hk1, Hog1, TPI and Mrr1 genes. Interestingly, with fludioxonil treatment, the expression of ABC transporter gene atrB was significantly over-expressed in some resistant isolates. However, over-expression of the atrB gene was not detected in one moderately and one highly resistant isolate, indicating that other unknown mechanisms may be involved. Current findings uncovered several effective chemicals and provided the foundation to design management strategies to practically control peach anthracnose with the most effective DMI and QoI fungicides.

scholarly journals Detection and Molecular Characterization of Resistance to the Dicarboximide and Benzamide Fungicides in Botrytis cinerea From Tomato in Hubei Province, China

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (7) ◽  
pp. 1299-1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Adnan ◽  
M. S. Hamada ◽  
G. Q. Li ◽  
C. X. Luo
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Fitness Parameters ◽  
The Mean

Altogether, 192 Botrytis cinerea isolates collected from tomato greenhouses at different locations in Hubei Province were evaluated for their sensitivity to fungicides procymidone and zoxamide. The mean effective concentration to cause 50% growth inhibition (EC50) values of procymidone for sensitive and resistant isolates were 0.25 and 3.60 μg/ml, respectively. The frequency of procymidone-resistant (ProR) isolates was 18%, and the highest frequency was recorded in Jingmen. Positive cross-resistance was observed for ProR isolates to other dicarboximide fungicides but not to phenylpyrroles. Significant differences were observed for fitness parameters (i.e., mycelial growth, osmotic sensitivity, and virulence between sensitive and resistant isolates). Amino acid sequence of the Bos1 gene revealed that ProR isolates carried either point mutations at codon 365 (I365S) or a pair of point mutations at codons 369 (Q369P) and 373 (N373S). For zoxamide, the mean EC50 values for sensitive and resistant isolates were 0.22 and 5.32 μg/ml, respectively. Approximately 14% of the isolates were found to be resistant to zoxamide, and the highest frequency of resistance was also observed in Jingmen. There was positive cross-resistance for zoxamide-resistant (ZoxR) isolates to carbendazim. No significant differences were observed for fitness parameters between zoxamide-sensitive and ZoxR isolates. Sequence analysis of the β-tubulin gene of Botrytis cinerea revealed two previously reported point mutations (E198A and E198K) and one new point mutation (T351I). This new mutation was detected in only those isolates which possessed the E198K but not E198A substitution. This study allows for a better understanding of the resistance development profile in Hubei Province. Results will be useful for the improvement of fungicide resistance management strategies.

scholarly journals Assessing Fear and Anxiety of Corona Virus Among Dental Practitioners

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
V.B.P. Suryakumari ◽  
Y. Pallavi Reddy ◽  
Sarjeev Singh Yadav ◽  
Dolar Doshi ◽  
V. Surekha Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dental Practitioners ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

ABSTRACT Objective: Originating in China in December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapidly spread to more than 216 countries in the world by May 2020. Because dentists are at a higher risk of contracting the disease, the present study assessed the fear and anxiety among dental practitioners of becoming infected with COVID-19. Methods: An online cross-sectional questionnaire survey comprising of 9 questions was conducted among dental practitioners of Telangana. Age, gender, qualification, type of practice, years of practice, and place of residence were the demographic variables recorded. The response to each question was recorded in a YES or NO format, and mean fear score was calculated to categorize answers into low and high levels of fear. Comparison of mean fear score was done using t-test for 2 variables and analysis of variance for 3 or more than 3 variables. Multiple logistic regression analysis of the levels of fear with demographic variables was done. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean fear and anxiety score of this study population reported was high 6.57 ± 2.07, with 58.31% of the population presenting with a low level of fear and anxiety. Only qualification (P = 0.045) and gender (P = 0.035) revealed a significant difference in fear to Q7and Q8, respectively. Irrespective of the age, gender, qualification, type of practice, and years in practice, the levels of fear reported in the present study were very similar. Respondents between 41 and 60 y of age (6.70 ± 2.01 y) and those with individual practices (6.70 ± 2.06 y) exhibited high fear scores. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates cross-sectional data of fear and anxiety among dental practitioners during the COVID-19 outbreak. Heightened levels of fear observed in this study call for a nationwide analysis of fear among dentists and deliberate management strategies for the same.

scholarly journals Chemotherapy and Cancer Related Fatigue: A Prospective Study in Rural Cancer Survivors of Malwa Region of Punjab

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 899-904
Author(s):  
Shveta Sharma ◽  
Saurabh Kumar ◽  
Ankush Sharma ◽  
Ashish Tehraik
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
T Test ◽  
Cancer Related Fatigue ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B ◽  
A Prospective Study

The objective of this no interventional, 7 months observational study was to analyze the prevalence of cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in cancer patient populations who were receiving chemotherapy and those who were not receiving chemotherapy. This was an observational study. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 60 subjects (24 male and 36 females) diagnosed with cancer enrolled for the study, which was further allotted into group A (n=30) which was receiving chemotherapy and group B (n=30) which was not receiving chemotherapy. The data collection was performed by administering the validated Fatigue symptoms Inventory (FSI) scale after obtaining the informed consent. The mean age of Group A and B is 49 years and Group B 51 years, respectively. The mean FSI score of the group receiving chemotherapy was 35.70±17.14, whereas the mean FSI score of a group not receiving chemotherapy was 19.50±16.05. An Independent t-test was applied and the independent t value came out to be 2.18.  An equal variance t-test reveals, statistically indicating a significant difference in FSI scores in groups receiving chemotherapy and not receiving chemotherapy (p=0.042).  From the results, we concluded that Cancer-related fatigue is highly prevalent in patients who are receiving chemotherapy than those who are not receiving chemotherapy. The underlying causes of CRF are poorly understood and further research is warranted in order to assess CRF before and after treatment and develop effective, patient-centred management strategies and to improve quality of life.

scholarly journals P529 Natural history and management strategies of ulcerative colitis (UC) in a paediatric population: A 10-year review in a tertiary paediatric gastroenterology centre

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S454-S454
Author(s):  
M Sonnino ◽  
A Ocholi ◽  
A ElZein ◽  
E Saliakellis ◽  
L Pensabene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Remission Rate ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Concomitant Treatment ◽  
Early Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Late Group

Abstract Background Paediatric UC can be severe with high colectomy rates. We describe clinical practice, management strategies and determine whether an accelerated approach can influence the natural history of UC. Methods Retrospective study reviewing paediatric UC patient’s records diagnosed January 2009–June 2019. Demographics, diagnosis, auxology, extra-intestinal manifestations, medical/surgical treatment and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) data were recorded. Results Fifty-two patients were diagnosed with UC, 23 females. Median age at diagnosis 10 years (range: 1–15). Median follow-up: 40.5 months (range: 1–125). At diagnosis, 85% received 5-aminosalicylates (5ASA), 82% steroids, 51% azathioprine. Within 1 year, 94% received steroids, 90% azathioprine and 69% biologics (Infliximab (IFX) and Adalimumab (ADA)), mean months after diagnosis: 18.4 ± 16.8. Seventy-six per cent were monitored with a proactive approach (TDM). Seventy-one per cent developed antibodies towards IFX after an average of 9.2 months (concomitant treatment with immunomodulators), 27% to ADA after an average of 15.2 months. Treatment at 1 year: 80% 5ASA, 70% AZA, 8% MTX, 13% IFX, 13% ADA and 4% sirolimus. At 1-year follow-up, steroid treatment dropped from 82% to 24% (p &lt; 0.001), steroid-free remission rate 76%. Rate of first relapse 19% within 3 months, 38% within 6 months and 61.5% within 12 months. The latest endoscopy available (mean: 41.6 ± 25.2 months): 19% mucosal remission, disease limited to rectum: 15%. Disease regression 40%, stable 23% and progression 6%. Extra-intestinal manifestations 27%; three cerebrovascular events. No patients manifested lymphoproliferative disease. Only three patients underwent surgery, colectomy rate 6%. We compared patients who initiated azathioprine at diagnosis (51%, early group) and after 1 month (44%, late group). No surgery in the early group, two in the late group. Steroid use was higher in the early group (95% vs. 61%, p = 0.013). There were no differences in the mean number of steroid courses, PUCAI, treatment escalation, flares, family history, UCEIS, blood exams at diagnosis and growth parameters. At 1-year follow-up, the mean PUCAI was double in the late group, CRP was double in the early group (18.3 ± 24.9 vs. 7.3 ± 10.0, p = 0.2). The need to escalate treatment at 2 years was correlated to ESR (p = 0.05) and PUCAI at 1 year (p = 0.04), steroid courses (p = 0.049) and AZA dose at 1 year (p = 0.04). We found a significant difference in patients receiving adalimumab (0 vs. 6, p = 0.005). AZA doses were similar in both groups. Conclusion We suggest that an accelerated step-up approach may reduce colectomy rates in paediatric UC patients. Further multi-centre studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Vowel Recognition Threshold as a Function of Temporal Segmentations

1970 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Powell ◽  
Oscar Tosi
Keyword(s):  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Recognition Threshold ◽  
Vowel Sound ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Vowel Recognition ◽  
Temporal Segment

Vowels were segmented into 15 different temporal segments taken from the middle of the vowel and ranging from 4 to 60 msecs, then presented to 6 subjects with normal hearing. The mean temporal-segment recognition threshold of 15 msecs with a range from 9.3 msecs for the /u/ to 27.2 milliseconds for the /a/. Misidenti-fication of vowels was most often confused with the vowel sound adjacent to it on the vowel-hump diagram. There was no significant difference between the cardinal and noncardinal vowels.

Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Blood Glycohemoglobin Levels in Young Diabetics

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (05) ◽  
pp. 183-188
Author(s):  
A. Aydrner ◽  
A. Oto ◽  
E. Oram ◽  
O. Gedik ◽  
C. F. Bekdik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Left Ventricular Function ◽  
Ventricular Function ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Filling Fraction ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hba1c Levels

Left ventricular function including regional wall motion (RWM) was evaluated by 99mTc first-pass and equilibrium gated blood pool ventriculography and glycohemoglobin (HbA1c) blood levels determined by a quantitative column technique in 25 young patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus without clinical evidence of heart disease, and in healthy controls matched for age and sex. Phase analysis revealed abnormal RWM in 19 of 21 diabetic patients. The mean left ventricular global ejection fraction, the mean regional ejection fraction and the mean 1/3 filling fraction were lower and the time to peak ejection, the time to peak filling and the time to peak ejection /cardiac cycle were longer in diabetics than in controls. We found high HbA1c levels in all diabetics. There was no significant difference between patients with and without retinopathy and with and without peripheral neuropathy in terms of left ventricular function and HbA1c levels.

Detection of Circulating Tissue Factor and Factor VII in a Normal Population

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (05) ◽  
pp. 772-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sybille Albrecht ◽  
Matthias Kotzsch ◽  
Gabriele Siegert ◽  
Thomas Luther ◽  
Heinz Großmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Factor ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
And Gender

SummaryThe plasma tissue factor (TF) concentration was correlated to factor VII concentration (FVIIag) and factor VII activity (FVIIc) in 498 healthy volunteers ranging in age from 17 to 64 years. Immunoassays using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were developed for the determination of TF and FVIIag in plasma. The mAbs and the test systems were characterized. The mean value of the TF concentration was 172 ± 135 pg/ml. TF showed no age- and gender-related differences. For the total population, FVIIc, determined by a clotting test, was 110 ± 15% and the factor VIlag was 0.77 ± 0.19 μg/ml. FVII activity was significantly increased with age, whereas the concentration demonstrated no correlation to age in this population. FVII concentration is highly correlated with the activity as measured by clotting assay using rabbit thromboplastin. The ratio between FVIIc and FVIIag was not age-dependent, but demonstrated a significant difference between men and women. Between TF and FVII we could not detect a correlation.

Multi-Center Study of Thromboplastin Calibration Precision – Influence of Reagent Species, Composition, and International Sensitivity Index (ISI)

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (01) ◽  
pp. 035-040 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M H P van den Besselaar ◽  
R M Bertina
Keyword(s):  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
International Normalized Ratio ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
International Sensitivity Index

SummaryFour thromboplastin reagents were tested by 18 laboratories in Europe, North-America, and Australasia, according to a detailed protocol. One thromboplastin was the International Reference Preparation for ox brain thromboplastin combined with adsorbed bovine plasma (coded OBT/79), and the second was a certified reference material for rabbit brain thromboplastin, plain (coded CRM 149R). The other two thromboplastin reagents were another rabbit plain brain thromboplastin (RP) with a lower ISI than CRM 149R and a rabbit brain thromboplastin combined with adsorbed bovine plasma (RC). Calibration of the latter two reagents was performed according to methods recommended by the World Health Organization (W. H. O.).The purpose of this study was to answer the following questions: 1) Is the calibration of the RC reagent more precise against the bovine/combined (OBT/79) than against the rabbit/plain reagent (CRM 149R)? 2) Is the precision of calibration influenced by the magnitude of the International Sensitivity Index (ISI)?The lowest inter-laboratory variation of ISI was observed in the calibration of the rabbit/plain reagent (RP) against the other rabbit/plain reagent (CRM 149R) (CV 1.6%). The highest interlaboratory variation was obtained in the calibration of rabbit/plain (RP) against bovine/combined (OBT/79) (CV 5.1%). In the calibration of the rabbit/combined (RC) reagent, there was no difference in precision between OBT/79 (CV 4.3%) and CRM 149R (CV 4.2%). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the precision of the ISI of RC obtained with CRM 149R (ISI = 1.343) and the rabbit/plain (RP) reagent with ISI = 1.14. In conclusion, the calibration of RC could be performed with similar precision with either OBT/79 or CRM 149R, or RP.The mean ISI values calculated with OBT/79 and CRM 149R were practically identical, indicating that there is no bias in the ISI of these reference preparations and that these reference preparations have been stable since their original calibration studies in 1979 and 1987, respectively.International Normalized Ratio (INR) equivalents were calculated for a lyophilized control plasma derived from patients treated with oral anticoagulants. There were small but significant differences in the mean INR equivalents between the bovine and rabbit thromboplastins. There were no differences in the interlaboratory variation of the INR equivalents, when the four thromboplastins were compared.

Incubation Temperature Influences the Duration of Egg Hatching and Early Development in the Boreal Digging Frog, Kaloula Borealis

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. ACCEPTED
Author(s):  
Rho-Jeong Rae
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hatching Rates

This study investigated the boreal digging frog, Kaloula borealis, to determine the egg hatching period and whether the hatching period is affected by incubation temperature. The results of this study showed that all the eggs hatched within 48 h after spawning, with 28.1% (±10.8, n=52) hatching within 24 h and 99.9% (±0.23, n=49) within 48 h after spawning. A significant difference was noted in the mean hatching proportion of tadpoles at different water temperatures. The mean hatching rates between 15 and 24 h after spawning was higher at a water temperature of 21.1 (±0.2) °C than at 24.1 (±0.2) °C. These results suggest that incubation temperature affected the early life stages of the boreal digging frog, since they spawn in ponds or puddles that form during the rainy season.

OVARIAN ASCORBIC ACID DEPLETION TEST FOR LUTEINIZING HORMONE

1967 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Jacob Koed ◽  
Christian Hamburger
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Dose Response Curve ◽  
Human Origin ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Different Levels

ABSTRACT Comparison of the dose-response curves for LH of ovine origin (NIH-LH-S8) and of human origin (IRP-HMG-2) using the OAAD test showed a small, though statistically significant difference, the dose-response curve for LH of human origin being a little flatter. Two standard curves for ovine LH obtained with 14 months' interval, were parallel but at different levels of ovarian ascorbic acid. When the mean ascorbic acid depletions were calculated as percentages of the control levels, the two curves for NIH-LH-S8 were identical. The use of standards of human origin in the OAAD test for LH activity of human preparations is recommended.

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