scholarly journals Fusarium Canker of Bitternut Hickory Caused by Fusarium solani in the North-Central and Northeastern United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-H. Park ◽  
J. Juzwik
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Apical Cell ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Inner Bark

Multiple annual cankers were observed on the upper main stems of bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis) exhibiting top dieback in Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, and Wisconsin during a 2006 to 2008 survey of declining hickory. The top-killed trees had normal-sized, green leaves below and the cankers were oval, sunken, and bounded by heavy callus that seemed to arrest further canker expansion. Fusarium solani was consistently isolated from the margins of inner bark lesions or discolored sapwood of the cankers. When cultured on potato dextrose agar, the isolates grew rapidly with abundant aerial mycelium. On carnation leaf agar, thick-walled macroconidia with 4 to 5 septa were produced in cream, blue-green, or blue sporodochia. Macroconidia were generally cylindrical with a blunt or rounded apical cell and a rounded or foot-shaped basal cell. Microconidia were oval to kidney shaped with 0 to 1 septa and were produced in false heads on elongate monophialides. Chlamydospores were formed singly or in pairs. These morphological characteristics are consistent with descriptions of F. solani (2). The identities of 42 representative isolates were confirmed by sequencing the translation elongation factor (tef) 1-α gene. BLAST analysis of the sequences from each isolate against the GenBank and FUSARIUM-ID database found 98 to 100% similarities to F. solani isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. DQ246841, DQ247025, DQ247282, and DQ247436 and FUSARIUM-ID isolate FD01041). Two haplotypes (BB and BC) were distinguished based on the tef 1-α gene sequences that differed by 10 bp. Pathogenicity tests were conducted with two isolates of each haplotype on asymptomatic C. cordiformis (12 to 21 cm in diameter) in forest stands. In May 2009 in Wabasha County, MN, 0.1-ml spore suspensions (1 × 104 macroconidia/ml) or sterile water was placed in one of three holes (0.6 cm in diameter) drilled to the cambium of 12 trees. The holes were sealed with moist cotton and moldable putty. A duplicate trial, but with BB and BC isolates from Wisconsin, was initiated in Chippewa County, WI in June 2009. The extent of inner bark necrosis was assessed 13 months after inoculation in both sites. Inoculations with F. solani in Minnesota resulted in inner bark lesions with average lengths of 20 and 30 mm for the BB and BC haplotypes, respectively. In Wisconsin, BB and BC haplotypes caused inner bark lesions with average lengths of 34 and 38 mm, respectively. While sunken or open cankers were found for all the BC isolate inoculations, relatively small and callus-bounded cankers were found for BB isolate inoculations. All control wounds were callus-closed with average wound lengths of 12 and 23 mm in Minnesota and Wisconsin, respectively. The same haplotype of F. solani used for inoculation was recovered from each canker as confirmed by analysis of tef 1-α gene sequences. F. solani was not obtained from control wounds. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a canker caused by F. solani on bitternut hickory (1). The same fungus has been previously reported to cause cankers on stems of other hardwood tree genera in the eastern United States and Canada. We hypothesize that numerous main-stem cankers caused by F. solani lead to top dieback of bitternut hickory. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1989. (2) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA, 2006.

scholarly journals First Report of Fusarium Rot of Garlic Bulbs Caused by Fusarium proliferatum in North Carolina

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 1009-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Quesada-Ocampo ◽  
S. Butler ◽  
S. Withers ◽  
K. Ivors
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Apical Cell ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fusarium Proliferatum ◽  
First Report ◽  
Its Regions ◽  
Dry Conditions

In August of 2013, garlic bulbs (Allium sativum) of the variety Chesnok Red grown and stored under dry conditions by a commercial producer in Buncombe County showed water-soaked, tan to salmon-pink lesions. Lesions on cloves became soft over time, slightly sunken, and had mycelium near the center of the bulb, which is characteristic of Fusarium rots on garlic (1,2). Approximately 10 to 20% of the bulbs inspected in the drying storage room were affected. Surface-sterilized tissue was excised from the margin of lesions on eight bulbs, plated onto acid potato dextrose agar (APDA), and incubated in the dark at room temperature (21°C). White to light pink colonies with abundant aerial mycelium and a purple pigment were obtained from all samples after 2 to 3 days of incubation. Inspection of colony morphology and reproductive structures under a microscope revealed that isolate characteristics were consistent with Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg. Microscopic morphological characteristics of the isolate included hyaline, septate hyphae; slender, slightly curved macroconidia with three to five septae produced in sporodochia; curved apical cell; and club-shaped, aseptate microconidia (measuring 3.3 to 8.3 × 1.1 to 1.3 μm) produced in chains by mono and polyphyalides. To further define the identity of the isolate, the beta-tubulin (Btub), elongation factor 1a (EF1a), and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were amplified and sequenced (3). The resulting sequences were compared against the GenBank nucleotide database by using a BLAST alignment, which revealed that the isolate had 100% identity with F. proliferatum for the Btub, EF1a, and ITS regions (GenBank Accession Nos. AF291055.1, JX118976.1, and HF930594.1, respectively). Sequences for the isolate were deposited in GenBank under accessions KJ128963, KJ128964, and KJ128965. While there have been other reports of F. proliferatum causing bulb rot of garlic in the United States (1), to our knowledge, this is the first report in North Carolina. The finding is significant since F. proliferatum can produce a broad range of mycotoxins, including fumonisins, when infecting its host, which is a concern for food safety in Allium crops. References: (1) F. M. Dugan et al. Plant Pathol. 52:426, 2003. (2) L. J. du Toit and F. M. Dugan. Page 15 in: Compendium of Onion and Garlic Diseases and Pests. H. F. Schwartz and S. K. Mohan, eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2008. (3) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.

scholarly journals First Report of Fusarium redolens Causing Root Rot of Soybean in Minnesota

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 1069-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Bienapfl ◽  
D. K. Malvick ◽  
J. A. Percich
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Apical Cell ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Report ◽  
Root Necrosis

Multiple Fusarium species have been found in association with soybean (Glycine max) plants exhibiting root rot in the United States (3). Soybean plants that lacked apparent foliar symptoms, but exhibited 2- to 5-mm brown, necrotic taproot lesions and lateral root necrosis were observed in Minnesota in one field each in Marshall and Otter Tail counties in July of 2007, as well as in one field in Marshall County in July of 2008. Sampling was conducted as part of a study investigating root rot in major soybean-production areas of Minnesota. Plants were arbitrarily dug up at the R3 growth stage. Root systems were washed, surface disinfested in 0.5% NaOCl for 3 min, rinsed in deionized water, and dried. Fusarium isolates were recovered from root sections with necrotic lesions embedded in modified Nash-Snyder medium (1). One resulting Fusarium colony from one plant per county was transferred to half-strength acidified potato dextrose agar (PDA) and carnation leaf agar (CLA) to examine morphological characteristics (4). Culture morphology on PDA consisted of flat mycelium with sparse white aerial mycelium. On CLA, thick-walled macroconidia with a hooked apical cell and a foot-shaped basal cell were produced in cream-colored sporodochia. Macroconidia ranged from 32.5 to 45.0 μm long. Microconidia were oval to cylindrical with 0 to 1 septa, ranged from 7.5 to 11.25 μm long, and were produced on monophialides. Chlamydospores were produced abundantly in chains that were terminal and intercalary in the hyphae of 4-week-old cultures. Morphological characteristics of the three isolates were consistent with descriptions of F. redolens (2,4). The identity of each isolate was confirmed by sequencing the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF) locus (4). BLAST analysis of the TEF sequences from each isolate against the FUSARIUM-ID database resulted in a 100% match for 17 accessions of F. redolens (e.g., FD 01103, FD 01369). Each F. redolens isolate was tested for pathogenicity on soybean. Sterile sorghum grain was infested with each isolate and incubated for 2 weeks. Sterile sorghum was used for control plants. Soybean seeds of cv. AG2107 were planted in 11.4-cm pots ~1 cm above a 25-cm3 layer of infested sorghum or sterile sorghum. Two replicate pots containing four plants each were used per treatment and the experiment was repeated once. Root rot was assessed 28 days after planting. Each F. redolens isolate consistently caused taproot necrosis on inoculated plants, whereas control plants did not exhibit root necrosis. Isolations were made from roots of inoculated and control plants and the isolates recovered from inoculated plants were identified as F. redolens based on morphological characteristics and TEF sequences. Fusarium species were not isolated from control plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. redolens causing root rot of soybean; however, it is possible F. redolens has been found previously and misidentified as F. oxysporum (2,4). Results from inoculations suggest that F. redolens may be an important root rot pathogen in Minnesota soybean fields. References: (1) J. C. Bienapfl et al. Acta Hortic. 668:123, 2004. (2) C. Booth and J. M. Waterston. No. 27 in: CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, England, 1964. (3) G. L. Hartman et al. Compendium of Soybean Diseases. 4th ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1999. (4) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA, 2006.

scholarly journals Ceratocystis Canker of Bitternut Hickory Caused by Ceratocystis smalleyi in the North-Central and Northeastern United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-H. Park ◽  
J. Juzwik ◽  
L. M. Haugen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Spore Suspension ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
The North ◽  
Carya Cordiformis

Between 2006 and 2008, diffuse cankers without surrounding callus and callus-edged sunken cankers were observed on main stems of poletimber (13 to 28 cm in diameter at 1.4 m high) and sawtimber (>28 cm in diameter) bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis) in Iowa, Indiana, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Reddish, inner bark necrosis and reddish brown sapwood discoloration were associated with the cankers. Entry or exit holes of the hickory bark beetle (Scolytus quadrispinosus) were commonly associated with the cankers. Ceratocystis smalleyi was consistently isolated from the margins of cankers or discolored sapwood of assayed samples. When cultured on 2% malt yeast extract agar (MYEA), the isolates produced perithecia, ascospores, endoconidiophores, and conidia diagnostic of C. smalleyi (1). To confirm identification, the translation elongation factor (tef) 1-α gene and the internally transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were sequenced. DNA for both regions was extracted from mycelia growing on MYEA. The tef sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. GU201529–201539) and the ITS sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. GU190734–190745) were 98 to 100% similar to sequences of C. smalleyi isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. EF070408 and AY9907030–907032). Pathogenicity tests were conducted with local isolates (two per site) on healthy Carya cordiformis (13 to 28 cm in diameter) in forest stands in three states. In May 2007, one fungus-colonized MYEA disk or sterile MYEA agar was placed in one of two holes (0.6 cm in diameter) drilled to the cambium on stems of 10 trees in Allamakee County, IA. Sterile moist cotton and laboratory film held the disks in place. After 12 months, diffuse cankers were found for all but one fungus inoculation site; no cankers occurred with control inoculations. Reddish brown, inner bark necrosis (mean area 22.4 cm2) and sapwood discoloration (mean volume 38.1 cm3) were associated with the cankers. C. smalleyi was recovered from five of nine cankers, but not from the control wounds. In June 2008, 0.1 ml of spore suspension (1 × 104 ascospores/ml) of C. smalleyi or sterile dH20 was pipetted into four drilled holes (to the outer sapwood) of four trees in Chippewa County, WI. Holes were sealed with moist cotton and masking tape. Two months later, diffuse cankers with reddish inner bark (mean 49.7 cm2) surrounded 16 inoculation points; no cankers or inner bark necrosis was observed for the control points. In a similar trial, a spore suspension or sterile water was placed into four drilled holes covered with moist cotton and moldable putty on six trees in Olmstead County, MN. Fourteen months later, either diffuse or sunken cankers with reddish, inner bark necrosis (mean 22.3 cm2) were observed surrounding all inoculated points while all control points were callus closed. For the latter two trials, long, narrow discoloration (reddish brown) was found in the sapwood associated with each canker; no sapwood discoloration was observed for the control points. In addition, C. smalleyi was reisolated from all cankered stems in Wisconsin and from 21 of 24 cankers in Minnesota, but not from the controls. This report verifies the ability of C. smalleyi to cause a newly described canker disease on poletimber-sized hickories. We hypothesize that this disease is contributing to the death of hickory bark beetle-attacked Carya cordiformis in the eastern United States. Reference: (1) J. Johnson et al. Mycologia 97:1067, 2005.

scholarly journals First report of Fusarium falciforme (FSSC 3+4) causing root rot on chickpea in Mexico

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sixto Velarde Felix ◽  
Victor Valenzuela ◽  
Pedro Ortega ◽  
Gustavo Fierros ◽  
Pedro Rojas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
First Report

Chickpea (Cicer aretinium L.) is a legume crop of great importance worldwide. In January 2019, wilting symptoms on chickpea (stunted grow, withered leaves, root rot and wilted plants) were observed in three fields of Culiacan Sinaloa Mexico, with an incidence of 3 to 5%. To identify the cause, eighty symptomatic chickpea plants were sampled. Tissue from roots was plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Typical Fusarium spp. colonies were obtained from all root samples. Ten pure cultures were obtained by single-spore culturing (Ff01 to Ff10). On PDA the colonies were abundant with white aerial mycelium, hyphae were branched and septae and light purple pigmentation was observed in the center of old cultures (Leslie and Summerell 2006). From 10-day-old cultures grown on carnation leaf agar medium, macroconidias were falciform, hyaline, with slightly curved apexes, three to five septate, with well-developed foot cells and blunt apical cells, and measured 26.6 to 45.8 × 2.2 to 7.0 μm (n = 40). The microconidia (n = 40) were hyaline, one to two celled, produced in false heads that measured 7.4 to 20.1 (average 13.7) μm × 2.4 to 8.9 (average 5.3) μm (n = 40) at the tips of long monophialides, and were oval or reniform, with apexes rounded, 8.3 to 12.1 × 1.6 to 4.7 μm; chlamydospores were not evident. These characteristics fit those of the Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. species complex, FSSC (Summerell et al. 2003). The internal transcribed spacer and the translation elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1-α) genes (O’Donnell et al. 1998) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced from the isolate Ff02 and Ff08 (GenBank accession nos. KJ501093 and MN082369). Maximum likelihood analysis was carried out using the EF1-α sequences (KJ501093 and MN082369) from the Ff02 and Ff08 isolates and other species from the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC). Phylogenetic analysis revealed the isolate most closely related with F. falciforme (100% bootstrap). For pathogenicity testing, a conidial suspension (1x106 conidia/ml) was prepared by harvesting spores from 10-days-old cultures on PDA. Twenty 2-week-old chickpea seedlings from two cultivars (P-2245 and WR-315) were inoculated by dipping roots into the conidial suspension for 20 min. The inoculated plants were transplanted into a 50-hole plastic tray containing sterilized soil and maintained in a growth chamber at 25°C, with a relative humidity of >80% and a 12-h/12-h light/dark cycle. After 8 days, the first root rot symptoms were observed on inoculating seedlings and the infected plants eventually died within 3 to 4 weeks after inoculation. No symptoms were observed plants inoculated with sterilized distilled water. The fungus was reisolated from symptomatic tissues of inoculated plants and was identified by sequencing the partial EF1-α gene again and was identified as F. falciforme (FSSC 3 + 4) (O’Donnell et al. 2008) based on its morphological characteristics, genetic analysis, and pathogenicity test, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. The molecular identification was confirmed via BLAST on the FusariumID and Fusarium MLST databases. Although FSSC has been previously reported causing root rot in chickpea in USA, Chile, Spain, Cuba, Iran, Poland, Israel, Pakistan and Brazil, to our knowledge this is the first report of root rot in chickpea caused by F. falciforme in Mexico. This is important for chickpea producers and chickpea breeding programs.

scholarly journals First Report of Hiemalis begonias Wilt Disease Caused by Fusarium foetens in Canada

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (10) ◽  
pp. 1261-1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. L. Tian ◽  
M. Dixon ◽  
Y. Zheng
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
First Report ◽  
Fusarium Foetens ◽  
Light Orange

Hiemalis begonias Fotsch (Begonia × hiemalis), a member of the family Begoniaceae, is a commercially important potted flowering plant in Europe and North America. In the spring of 2010, stunted growth and dull green leaves of H. begonias were observed in a commercial greenhouse in southern Ontario, Canada. Symptoms began with dull green foliage, followed by wilted leaves, then the stem base became water soaked with vascular discoloration, and finally, large macroconidial masses of a fungus developed on the collapsed stems and veins. A fungus was consistently isolated from the leaves, stems, and roots of symptomatic plants. Single conidia were isolated from sporodochia and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and oatmeal agar (OA) for 7 days. Isolates exhibited strong pungent odors on PDA and OA and a brownish orange colony on OA and a light orange colony on PDA. Masses of light orange and hemispherical-shaped conidia and stromata formed on OA. Conidiophores formed from aerial mycelium producing ellipsoidal microconidia without septation. Sporodochia formed on agar surface producing three-septate, slightly curved macroconidia. The cultural and conidial characteristics of the isolates were similar to those of Fusarium foetens Schroers (4). Partial translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF) gene was amplified and sequenced with primers ef1 and ef2. A comparison of a partial sequence has been deposited in GenBank (Accession No. HM748968) and showed a 100% match with F. foetens (2). Inoculations with F. foetens isolates were performed by injecting a 100-μl suspension of 1 × 106 conidia/ml into stems of five healthy plants near the ground or soaking the soil of five healthy 6-week-old H. begonias cv. Golden Edith with 50 ml of suspension. Control plants were similarly injected with sterile water or sown in sterile soil. After 4 weeks, all inoculated plants developed dark, wilting leaves and collapsed stems and veins similar to those observed in the commercial greenhouse. F. foetens was reisolated from diseased plants, and identification was reconfirmed by conidial characteristics and TEF 1-α sequence. Control plants were healthy and symptom free. F. foetens has recently been described in association with a new disease of H. begonias in Europe (3) and the United States (1). F. foetens can cause major economic losses to farmers and marketers of H. begonias in Europe and the United States. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. foetens causing wilt disease of H. begonias in Canada. References: (1) W.-H. Elmer et al. Plant Dis. 88:1287, 2004. (2) D.-M. Geiser et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110:473, 2004. (3) R. Schrage. Phytomed. Ges. 33:68, 2003. (4) H.-J. Schroers et al. Mycologia 96:393, 2004.

First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by Septoria villarsiae on Nymphoides peltata in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. PHP-12-20-0104-
Author(s):  
Monique De Souza ◽  
Raghuwinder Singh ◽  
Nathan E. Harms ◽  
John McPhedran ◽  
Alicyn N. Smart
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aquatic Weed ◽  
First Report ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Nymphoides Peltata

Nymphoides peltata, commonly known as yellow floating heart, is a freshwater aquatic plant with floating leaves. It is a highly invasive aquatic weed that has been introduced into several countries, including Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, and the United States. In September 2019, N. peltata plants exhibiting leaf spots were collected from a private pond near Buxton, York County, Maine. Leaf spots were present on a majority of plants, and pycnidia were observed in the center of the spots. Individual pycnidia were aseptically transferred to 1/4-strength potato dextrose agar. Dark gray to black slow-growing colonies were observed between 7 and 14 days. Based on the morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Septoria sp. Translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene was amplified, and a 570-bp sequence resulted in 100 and 99.74% homology with Septoria villarsiae strains CBS565.88 and CBS514.78 isolated from N. peltata in the Netherlands, respectively. Previously, S. villarsiae has been reported on Limnanthemum nymphoides from India and on N. peltata from Korea, Poland, Romania, and the Netherlands. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot caused by S. villarsiae on N. peltata in the United States.

System-wide seismic vulnerability of aging multiple-span multiple-girder bridges in low-to-moderate seismic hazard regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1626-1651
Author(s):  
John E Lens M.EERI ◽  
Mandar M Dewoolkar ◽  
Eric M Hernandez M.EERI
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Time History ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Database ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Girder Bridges ◽  
The Status

This article describes the approach, methods, and findings of a quantitative analysis of the seismic vulnerability in low-to-moderate seismic hazard regions of the Central and Eastern United States for system-wide assessment of typical multiple span bridges built in the 1950s through the 1960s. There is no national database on the status of seismic vulnerability of bridges, and thus no means to estimate the system-wide damage and retrofit costs for bridges. The study involved 380 nonlinear analyses using actual time-history records matched to four representative low-to-medium hazard target spectra corresponding with peak ground accelerations from approximately 0.06 to 0.3 g. Ground motions were obtained from soft and stiff site seismic classification locations and applied to models of four typical multiple-girder with concrete bent bridges. Multiple-girder bridges are the largest single category, comprising 55% of all multiple span bridges in the United States. Aging and deterioration effects were accounted for using reduced cross-sections representing fully spalled conditions and compared with pristine condition results. The research results indicate that there is an overall low likelihood of significant seismic damage to these typical bridges in such regions, with the caveat that certain bridge features such as more extensive deterioration, large skews, and varied bent heights require bridge-specific analysis. The analysis also excludes potential damage resulting from liquefaction, flow-spreading, or abutment slumping due to weak foundation or abutment soils.

Force, Fraud, and Coercion—What Do They Mean? A Study of Victimization Experiences in a New Destination Latino Sex Trafficking Network

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 456-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Copley Sabon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Social Constructionism ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Latina Immigrants ◽  
Strict Interpretation ◽  
New Destination

In response to increasing Latino new destination migration in the United States, Latino sex trafficking networks have emerged in many of these areas. This article examines victimization experiences of Latina immigrants trafficked by a regional network operating in the Eastern United States drawn from law enforcement records and interviews with legal actors involved in the criminal case. The stories shared with law enforcement by the Latina victims gives insight into their lives, experiences in prostitution, and the operation of a trafficking/prostitution network (all lacking in the literature). Through the analytical frame of social constructionism, this research highlights how strict interpretation of force, fraud, coercion, and agency used to define “severe forms of trafficking” in the TVPA limits its ability to recognize many victimization experiences in trafficking situations at the hands of traffickers. The forms of coercion used in the criminal enterprise under study highlights the numerous ways it can be wielded (even without a physical presence) and its malleability as a concept despite legal definitional rigidity. The lack of legal recognition of the plurality of lived experiences in which agency and choice can be mitigated by social forces, structural violence, intersectional vulnerabilities, and the actions of others contributes to the scholarly critique of issues prosecuting trafficking cases under the TVPA and its strict legal definitions.

Effects of temporal variations in seismicity on seismic hazard

1981 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 321-334
Author(s):  
Robin K. McGuire ◽  
Theodore P. Barnhard
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Seismic Activity ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Seismogenic Zone ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Ground Shaking

abstract The accuracy of stationary mathematical models of seismicity for calculating probabilities of damaging shaking is examined using the history of earthquakes in China from 1350 A.D. to 1949 A.D. During this time, rates of seismic activity varied periodically by a factor of 10. Probabilities of damaging shaking are calculated in 62 cities in North China using 50 yr of earthquake data to estimate seismicity parameters; the probabilities are compared to statistics of damaging shaking in the same cities for 50 yr following the data window. These comparisons indicate that the seismic hazard analysis is accurate if: (1) the maximum possible earthquake size in each seismogenic zone is determined from the entire seismic history rather than from a short-time window; and (2) the future seismic activity can be estimated accurately. The first condition emphasizes the importance of realistically estimating the maximum possible size of earthquakes on faults. The second indicates the need to understand possible trends in seismic activity where these exist, or to develop an earthquake prediction capability with which to estimate future activity. Without the capability of estimating future seismicity, stationary models provide less accurate but generally conservative indications of seismic ground-shaking hazard. In the United States, the available earthquake history is brief but gives no indication of changing rates of activity. The rate of seismic strain release in the Central and Eastern United States has been constant over the last 180 yr, and the geological record of earthquakes on the southern San Andreas Fault indicates no temporal trend for large shocks over the last 15 centuries. Both observations imply that seismic activity is either stationary or of such a long period that it may be treated as stationary for seismic hazard analyses in the United States.

Diagnostic characteristics of Dirofilaria subdermata in cross sections

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 2097-2103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yezid Gutierrez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Erethizon Dorsatum ◽  
Border States ◽  
Diagnostic Characteristics ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissues

A study of morphological characteristics in cross sections of Dirofilaria subdermata adults from the subcutaneous tissues of the Canadian porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) is reported. A useful diagnostic feature which differentiates D. subdermata from a closely related filarid, D. ursi, occurring in bears, was found to be the number of longitudinal ridges. The relevance of these findings are discussed in relation to the human subcutaneous infections found in the United States and Canadian border states and provinces with D. ursi.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document