Symptoms of an unknown foliar blight have been observed in zoysiagrass (Zoysia matrella, Z. japonica, and hybrids) landscapes in North Carolina since 2002. Disease activity is most common during spring and summer when temperatures are between 21 and 30°C. Affected leaves initially exhibit small, chocolate brown spots, followed by dieback of leaves from the tips, and eventually blighting of entire tillers. Symptoms appear in small, irregular patches as much as 15 cm in diameter, but numerous patches may coalesce to impact large sections of turf. Infected turf appears tan or brown from a distance, but often turns black during periods of wet or humid weather. Microscopic analysis revealed profuse sporulation of Curvularia spp. on the surface of symptomatic leaves. Leaf sections were surface disinfested in 10% Clorox for 1 to 2 min, blotted dry, then plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) containing 50 mg/l of tetracycline, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol. Twenty-eight fungal isolates were obtained from six locations. Examination of conidia produced in culture revealed 21 isolates of Curvularia, two isolates of Drechslera, one isolate of Nigrospora, and four unidentified sterile fungi. Curvularia isolates were identified to species on the basis of morphological characteristics (1) and ITS-rDNA sequences. Known isolates of C. eragrostidis, C. geniculata, C. inequalis, C. lunata, C. pallescens, and C. trifolii were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection for comparison. All unknown isolates produced conidia that were characteristic of C. lunata (lacking a protuberant hilum, smooth walled, tri-septate, predominantly curved, and mid- or dark brown, average dimensions 17 to 25 × 8 to 12 μm). Colonies on PDA lacked stroma or the zonate appearance indicative of C. lunata var. aeria. The pathogenicity of C. lunata isolates was tested on zoysiagrass cvs. El Toro (Z. japonica) and Emerald (Z. japonica × matrella). Cores (11.4 cm in diameter) of established zoysiagrass were potted in calcined clay (Turface Allsport; Profile Products LLC, Buffalo Grove, IL), and transferred to a greenhouse where the average temperature was 26°C. Five isolates were selected to represent the geographic range of Curvularia blight in North Carolina, and conidia were produced on PDA under continuous fluorescent illumination. Each isolate was inoculated to one pot of each zoysiagrass variety by spraying with 25 ml of a suspension containing 2 × 105 conidia/ml with an airbrush. Inoculated pots were placed in a sealed, nontransparent plastic container for 48 h at 28°C to encourage infection and then transferred back to the greenhouse bench. Pathogenicity tests were repeated four times over time. Isolates ZFB3 and ZFB28 were most virulent with initial symptoms of foliar dieback appearing within 1 week after inoculation. Continued disease progress resulted in necrosis of the entire plant. Other isolates induced symptoms within 2 to 3 weeks after inoculation; however, disease severity was lower as compared with ZFB3 and ZFB28 throughout each experiment. Cvs. Emerald and El Toro were equally susceptible to infection by C. lunata. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Curvularia blight of zoysiagrass in the United States. This disease was previously described in Japan where it is commonly referred to as ‘dog footprint’ (3) and Brazil (2). References: (1) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1971. (2) F. B. Rocha et al. Australas. Plant Pathol. 33:601, 2004. (3) T. Tani and J. B. Beard. Color Atlas of Turfgrass Diseases. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI, 1997.
First Report of Stem and Foliage Blight of Chrysanthemum Caused by Phytophthora drechsleri in the United States
