Insects Visiting Drippy Blight Diseased Red Oak Trees Are Contaminated with the Pathogenic Bacterium Lonsdalea quercina

The focus of investigation in this study was to consider the potential of arthropods in the dissemination of the bacterium involved in drippy blight disease, Lonsdalea quercina. Arthropod specimens were collected and tested for the presence of the bacterium with molecular markers. The bacterium L. quercina was confirmed on 12 different insect samples from three orders (Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera) and eight families (Buprestidae, Coccinellidae, Dermestidae, Coreidae, Pentatomidae and/or Miridae, Apidae, Formicidae, and Vespidae). Approximately half of the insects found to carry the bacterium were in the order Hymenoptera. Estimates of the insects that are contaminated with the bacterium, and likely carry it between trees, is conservative because the documented insects represent only a subset of the insect orders that were observed feeding on the bacterium or present on diseased trees yet were not able to be tested. The insects contaminated with L. quercina exhibited diverse life histories, where some had a facultative relationship with the bacterium and others sought it out as a food source. These findings demonstrate that a diverse set of insects naturally occur on diseased trees and may disseminate L. quercina.

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Survival and growth of understory trees in oak forests of the Hudson Highlands, New York

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x81-095 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 689-695 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Craig G. Lorimer

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Red Oak ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Average Growth Rate ◽

Average Growth ◽

Red Oaks ◽

Oak Trees ◽

Survival And Growth ◽

Understory Trees

Mortality and growth rates of trees in various crown classes and size classes were analyzed from 40-year permanent plot records of slope and ravine forest dominated by chestnut oak (Quercusprinus L.) and northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.). Average 5-year mortality rates for suppressed trees ≥2.5 cm dbh of chestnut oak and red oak in the slope forest were 26 and 45%, respectively. None of the suppressed red oaks survived the 40-year period, compared with 14% of the chestnut oaks and 33% of the red maples (Acerrubrum L.). Mortality of oak trees in the intermediate crown class was less than half that of suppressed trees, but still much higher than that of maples and birches on the tracts. Survival was reasonably high for oaks as long as the top of the crown was receiving direct sunlight, but the expected 40-year survival rate of red oaks in such a position is only 20%, with an average growth rate of 1.0 mm in diameter per year. Curves and equations expressing average mortality and growth rates at various levels of competition are presented for each species.

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Biology and Control of Oak Wilt in Michigan Red Oak Stands

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/9.2.47 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 47-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Johann N. Bruhn ◽

Robert L. Heyd

Keyword(s):

Public Relations ◽

Control Measure ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Early Summer ◽

Red Oak ◽

Aerial Surveillance ◽

Oak Wilt ◽

Oak Trees ◽

And Control ◽

Sanitary Treatment

Abstract This paper explains the components of an integrated approach to oak wilt control which has strong potential for adaptation to red oak forests throughout the Lake States. Oak wilt epicenter containment involves (1) separating grafted root systems with a vibratory plow line or Vapam barrier, followed by (2) removal of all living red oaks inside the barrier, and sanitary treatment of wood capable of producing fungal mats. Use of a reference table developed for proper barrier location is described. Epicenters are established by insect vectors, often as a consequence of human activity. Establishment of epicenters can be prevented by: (1) sanitary treatment of diseased trees which may yet produce mats, (2) discouraging unsupervised movement of diseased wood, (3) minimizing the wounding of oaks during the spring and early summer, and (4) immediately painting all spring and summer wounds on oak trees with a tree wound dressing. Detection of new epicenters is important. Treatment of small epicenters minimizes site disturbance and the number of fungal mats produced, as well as the number of trees lost. Systematic aerial surveillance is useful for effective detection in large acre-ages of oak type. Prevention is the best control measure. Unfortunately, public relations are often inadequate. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):47-51

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Examination of the Arborsonic Decay Detector for Detecting Bacterial Wetwood in Red Oaks

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/24.1.6 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 6-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Zical Xu ◽

Theodor D. Leininger ◽

James G. Williams ◽

Frank H. Tainter

Keyword(s):

South Carolina ◽

Signal Amplitude ◽

Red Oak ◽

Ultrasound Wave ◽

Limited Ability ◽

Red Oaks ◽

Oak Trees ◽

Study Sites ◽

Linear Regressions ◽

Land Manager

Abstract The Arborsonic Decay Detector (ADD; Fujikura Europe Limited, Wiltshire, England) was used to measure the time it took an ultrasound wave to cross 280 diameters in red oak trees with varying degrees of bacterial wetwood or heartwood decay. Linear regressions derived from the ADD readings of trees in Mississippi and South Carolina with wetwood and heartwood decay yielded significantly different lines for some combinations and locations. The results of this study suggest that the ADD cannot yet be used to detect wetwood in oak trees with enough certainty to be of practical use to a forester or land manager. However, regression lines describing ADD readings of trees with wetwood at both study sites were located between those of healthy trees and decayed trees suggesting some, albeit limited, ability to differentiate wetwood trees. The use of ultrasound to detect bacterial wetwood in red oaks may be improved by designing a system that allows measurement of signal amplitude and evaluation of waveform patterns. The ability to successfully detect trees with heartwood decay was better, especially for trees with advanced decay. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1):6-10.

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Vessel element development in the earlywood of red oak (Quercus rubra)

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b69-288 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 47 (12) ◽

pp. 1965-1971 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

John C. Zasada ◽

Robert Zahner

Keyword(s):

Shoot Elongation ◽

Main Stem ◽

Red Oak ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Oak Trees ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Bark Peeling ◽

Extreme Care ◽

Earlywood Vessels ◽

Cell Zone

Earlywood formation was observed in 60-year-old forest-grown red oak trees in southern Michigan. Extreme care in removing samples from the cambial region of the main stem at 1.4 m and 18 m, and from small branches at about 24 m, permitted the following conclusions. First vessel elements were initiated in the second or third xylem derivative radially removed from the previous year's latewood, possibly in overwintering derivatives, simultaneously throughout the bole and branches of the tree, some 2 weeks before bud enlargement. Vessel elements enlarged first in the tangential dimension (to about 200 μ.) within a few days after initiation of differentiation. Enlargement in the radial direction required up to 2 weeks to grow 300 μ, occurring as the entire xylem mother cell zone was displaced outward by cambial growth to either side—tangentially—of the vessel element. The duration of earlywood formation was about 10 weeks, while the duration of shoot elongation was less than 2 weeks. First earlywood vessels were fully mature about 5 weeks after initiation, coinciding with the unfolding of first leaves. All foliage was mature several weeks before complete maturation of later formed earlywood vessels. Detailed stem analysis and bark peeling studies revealed that stem sections clear of branching contained few lateral junctions between axial vessels. There were many such junctions where twigs joined larger limbs and where limbs joined the main stem; all such junctions were between adjacent vessels from the same limb.

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Three Colopterus Beetle Species Carry the Oak Wilt Fungus to Fresh Wounds on Red Oak in Missouri

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-92-2-0270 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 92 (2) ◽

pp. 270-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Maya Hayslett ◽

Jennifer Juzwik ◽

Bruce Moltzan

Keyword(s):

Abundant Species ◽

Pathogen Transmission ◽

Red Oak ◽

Beetle Species ◽

Vector Species ◽

Oak Wilt ◽

Ceratocystis Fagacearum ◽

Oak Trees ◽

The Family ◽

Nitidulid Beetles

Beetles in the family Nitidulidae can transmit the oak wilt fungus, Ceratocystis fagacearum, to fresh wounds on healthy oak trees, leading to infection and disease development. Historically, nitidulid beetles have not been considered important vectors of the pathogen in Missouri. Studies were conducted in the spring of 2005 and 2006 to determine frequencies of nitidulid beetle species contaminated with C. fagacearum visiting fresh wounds on red oak trees in central Missouri. Colopterus truncatus, C. niger, and C. semitectus were the most abundant species collected from fresh wounds and the only species found to be contaminated with Ceratocystis fagacearum. Of 230 beetles assayed for C. fagacearum, 23 yielded the fungus. Contamination frequencies were higher for beetles collected in April than May; no beetles collected in June were contaminated. We hypothesize that Colopterus truncatus, C. niger, and C. semitectus are principal nitidulid beetle vector species in Missouri during spring. The risk for pathogen transmission by these beetles appears to be greatest in April and least in June.

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Consumption of Foliage of Juvenile and Mature Red Oak Trees by Late Instar Gypsy Moth Larvae12

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/71.3.425 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

pp. 425-426 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R. R. Braham ◽

J. A. Witter

Keyword(s):

Gypsy Moth ◽

Red Oak ◽

Oak Trees ◽

Late Instar

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Patterns of variation in the yeast florae of exudates in an oak community

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b83-335 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 61 (12) ◽

pp. 2984-2995 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Jane M. Bowles ◽

Marc-André Lachance

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Species Composition ◽

Significant Variation ◽

Quercus Rubra ◽

Yeast Species ◽

Physical Characteristics ◽

Red Oak ◽

Oak Trees ◽

Physiological Structure

Yeasts associated with exudates of 16 red oak trees (Quercus rubra) were sampled repeatedly over a 2-year period. The 210 yeasts isolated were assigned to 28 species whose frequencies were characteristic of each habitat. Significant variation among the habitats was detected in the species diversity, composition, nutritional breadth, and physiological specificity of their yeasts. Some exudates were recognized as "typical" sap fluxes by their physical characteristics and their similar yeast florae. Others differed to various degrees in their yeast species composition, or in the physiological structure of their yeast communities. Among the factors linked to the observed variation were features of the adjacent vegetation, colonization by ants, or growth in open parts of the study area.

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Studies of Cryphonectria parasitica (MURR.) BARR subpopulations on Quercus petraea in Ukraine

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/43/2640 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 70-75

Author(s):

László Radócz ◽

Gábor Tarcali ◽

László Irinyi ◽

Gábor Görcsös

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Castanea Sativa ◽

Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽

Quercus Petraea ◽

Carpathian Basin ◽

Chestnut Blight ◽

Oak Trees ◽

Compatibility Group ◽

Laboratory Examinations ◽

Blight Disease

Chryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr, the casual agent of chestnut blight disease, which is one of the most important fungal pathogens of chestnut (Castanea sativa). The disease seriously affected the chestnut in Northern-America and in Europe as well. It is important to mention that the pathogen does not only infect the chestnut but oak species (Quercus spp.) also. In the Carpathian-Basin, the chestnut is endemic in the Mecsek mountains, in Zala, in Somogy counties but it also can be found in the Danube-Bend. In the Carpathian-Basin (outside Hungary) the chestnut is found in Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania. In our study bark samples infected by Cryphonectria parasitica were collected from Bobovyshche, Serednje and Rostovjatica (Ukraine). The rate of infected chestnut tree were higher than 90% around Bobovyshche and beside chestnut, the symptoms were detected on oak trees as well. We collected bark samples from chestnut and oak as well and then we isolated the pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica in the lab of University of Debrecen. Symptomatological observations, laboratory examinations on fungus morphology, as well as comparisons of ITS sequency homology were made and approved that the causal agent of new disease was Cryphonectria parasitica. Our results proved that the Cryphonectria. parasitica infects oak trees beside chestnut in the Carpathian-Basin. Further studies are needed to determine the VCG (Vegatative Compatibility Group) group of the Cryphonectria parasitica found on oak trees.

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Identification of Rice Genotypes Resistant To Bacterial Leaf Blight Disease Using Ssr Markers

Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science ◽

10.3126/jiaas.v35i1.22521 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 113-120

Author(s):

A. Acharya ◽

N. R. Adhikari ◽

R. B. Amgain ◽

A. Poudel ◽

R. Yadav ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Markers ◽

Resistance Gene ◽

Bacterial Blight ◽

Gene Pyramiding ◽

Bacterial Pathogen ◽

Leaf Blight ◽

Bacterial Leaf Blight ◽

Resistant Varieties ◽

Blight Disease ◽

Almost All

Bacterial blight disease of rice is a growing and challenging concern in Nepal. Since bacterial pathogen (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) is difficult to manage by other means effectively, development of host plant resistance is the most effective mean to control this disease. This study was carried out to identify the bacterial leaf blight resistant genotypes of rice by using of molecular markers linked with bacterial blight resistant genes. Sixty genotypes of rice were screened at glass house for BB resistance and they were tested for the presence of Xa4, Xa5, Xa7 and Xa21 genes using markers MP, RM122, M5 and pTA248 respectively. IRBB 60 and Jumli Marshi were used as resistant and susceptible check respectively. Twenty five genotypes of rice were detected with presence of Xa4 gene, 24 genotypes with Xa5 gene and fourteen genotypes with Xa7 gene. Twenty four genotypes did not showed presence of any gene. Twenty four genotypes showed the presence of more than one gene with the specific molecular markers. Almost all genotypes that did not show presence of any gene were found highly susceptible in greenhouse conditions with both inoculums. Genotypes having more than one BB resistance gene were found resistant in greenhouse conditions with both inoculums suggesting combination of BB resistance gene through gene pyramiding will provide BB resistant varieties in rice breeding.

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