Root and Crown Rot Fungi Associated with Spring, Facultative, and Winter Wheat in Turkey

The objective of this study was to determine the distribution frequency of the fungi associated with wheat (Triticum aestivum) crowns and roots in cereal producing areas of Turkey through a targeted survey of 518 commercial fields over a 2-year period. More than 26% of the fields had one or more of the fungal species commonly reported as part of the dryland root rot complex, Fusarium culmorum (14%) > Bipolaris sorokiniana (10%) > F. pseudograminearum (2%). The fungi considered to be part of the high rainfall root rot complex were found at very low frequencies: 2% for Gaeumannomyces graminis and 3% for Pythium spp. Species of Rhizoctonia were found in 22% of the fields. Several Fusarium species considered to be less or nonpathogenic to cereals were also found in high frequencies at 11% (F. oxysporum, F. chlamydosporum), 10% (F. sporotrichioides), and 8% (F. avenaceum and F. solani). The mostly random distribution of cereal root-rotting species across the survey area suggests the fungi are not distributed in any distinct agroecological relationship. As a result, the relative economic importance of a given species on wheat will be determined by a number of factors, such as their fungal pathogenicity, host susceptibility/tolerance, and the seasonal conditions. Results from this study suggest that there are a wide range of fungal species associated with root and crown tissues of wheat.

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Identity and Pathogenicity of Fungi Associated with Crown and Root Rot of Dryland Winter Wheat in Azerbaijan

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-08-19-1799-re ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 104 (8) ◽

pp. 2149-2157

Author(s):

Göksel Özer ◽

Timothy C. Paulitz ◽

Mustafa Imren ◽

Mehtap Alkan ◽

Hafiz Muminjanov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Rot ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Fusarium Culmorum ◽

Elongation Factor ◽

Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽

Specific Pcr ◽

Wide Range ◽

Comprehensive Survey ◽

Crown And Root Rot ◽

Species Specific

A comprehensive survey was performed to assess fungal populations associated with crown and root rot of wheat throughout the main wheat-growing areas of Azerbaijan. Samples were taken from 76 fields; 630 fungal strains were isolated, identified, and evaluated for pathogenicity. The identification was conducted with morphological and molecular tools such as species-specific PCR and DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) loci. The fungus found in the greatest number of fields (44) was Fusarium culmorum with 192 isolates, followed by F. acuminatum. Other Fusarium spp. isolates were identified: F. equiseti, F. pseudograminearum, F. graminearum, F. incarnatum, F. avenaceum, F. hostae, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. algeriense, and F. brachygibbosum. Bipolaris sorokiniana, Curvularia spicifera, Exserohilum pedicellatum, Nigrospora oryzae, and Rhizoctonia spp. isolates were also identified, associated with underground parts of wheat. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and EF1-α sequences of the isolates showed that the isolates belonging to the same species were clearly separated in the dendrogram. Pathogenicity assays revealed that F. culmorum, F. pseudograminearum, and F. graminearum were most aggressive; F. avenaceum, F. hostae, F. algeriense, B. sorokiniana, C. spicifera, and R. solani isolates were moderately aggressive; C. inaequalis, E. pedicellatum, and N. oryzae were weakly aggressive; and others were nonpathogenic. The result of this study exhibited the existence of a wide range of species associated with crown and root rot of wheat in Azerbaijan. Additionally, this is the first report of F. hostae, F. algeriense, C. spicifera, C. inaequalis, and N. oryzae as pathogens on wheat in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan is the second country after Algeria in which F. algeriense was detected.

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Identification of fungal species associated with crown and root rots of wheat and evaluation of plant reactions to the pathogens in North Dakota

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-11-20-2412-re ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Subidhya Shrestha ◽

Roshan Sharma Poudel ◽

Shaobin Zhong

Keyword(s):

North Dakota ◽

Great Plains ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽

Fungal Species ◽

The State ◽

Crown Rot ◽

Adult Plant ◽

Wheat Genotypes

Common root rot (CRR) and crown rot (CR), caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana and Fusarium species, respectively, can cause significant yield losses in cereal crops. To assess the prevalence, incidence, and severity of these diseases in North Dakota, wheat samples were collected from spring wheat fields across the state in 2012, 2013, and 2014. Based on sub-crown internode symptoms, a greater incidence and severity of CRR was observed in 2012 (warm and dry year) than in 2013 and 2014. Also, the Northwestern Glaciated Plains and Northwestern Great Plains ecoregions showed greater CRR incidence and severity compared to the Northern Glaciated Plains and Lake Agassiz Plains ecoregions in the state. Bipolaris sorokiniana and Fusarium species including F. acuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. equiseti, F. pseudograminearum, F. oxysporum, F. redolens, F. sporotrichioides, and F. solani were isolated and identified from the root and crown tissues of the wheat samples. B. sorokiniana was isolated more frequently than other fungal species in all sampled years and ecoregions of North Dakota. F. acuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. graminearum, F. pseudograminearum, and F. redolens were pathogenic causing infections on seedlings of the two wheat genotypes (ND652 and Alsen), whereas isolates of F. oxysporum and F. solani were non-pathogenic and considered as secondary invaders associated with the root and crown rot diseases. Evaluation of some spring wheat genotypes for reactions to one B. sorokiniana isolate at seedling and adult plant stages, and one F. culmorum isolate at the seedling stage indicated that susceptibility to these pathogens varied among different wheat genotypes tested. This study provides useful information on fungal species associated with root and crown rots of wheat in North Dakota and on resistant/susceptible reactions of some spring wheat lines to the different fungal isolates evaluated.

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Fungi associated with root and crown rot of wheat in the Kerman province of Iran

Plant Protection ◽

10.33804/pp.004.01.3207 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Maryam Rouzbeh ◽

Gholam Reza Baradaran

Keyword(s):

Root Rot ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Wheat Root ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Control Measures ◽

Crown Rot ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

Potato Dextrose Agar Medium ◽

Root And Crown Rot ◽

Crown And Root Rot

In the growing season of 2016-17, the fungal agents associated with crown and root rot of wheat in the Kerman province of Iran were identified. For this purpose, different fields were randomly selected for sampling and percentages of disease were estimated. Infected parts of root and crown were surface sterilized and cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar medium. A total of 260 isolates were obtained and identified on the basis of macroscopic and microscopic characters and valid keys. Of the total isolates, 212 belonged to Fusarium, 28 to Bipolaris and 20 isolates belonged to Drechslera species. Fungal species included F. oxysporum (96 isolates), F. nivale (20 isolates), F. poae (18 isolates), F. anthophilum (9 isolates), F. subglutinans (22 isolates), F. solani (32 isolates), F. culmorum (11 isolate), F. proliferatum (2 isolate), F. chlamydosporum (2 isolates), B. kusanoi (11 isolates), B. australiensis (17 isolates) and D. tetrarrhene (20 isolates). The pathogenicity test was conducted using greenhouse root dip technique. The pathogenicity confirmed five Fusarium species, two Bipolaris and one Drechslera species associated with wheat root and crown rot in Kerman province of Iran. It is concluded that wheat root and crown rot is fairly distributed in the Kerman province and showed virulence of varying degrees demanding strict control measures to minimize losses.

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Incidence and characterization of Fusarium species in crown rot of bananas

10.51415/10321/2854 ◽

2002 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Kumindra Devrajh Ramsunder

Keyword(s):

Costa Rica ◽

Health Effects ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Crown Rot ◽

Post Harvest ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

Adverse Health ◽

Economic Significance

Fusarium species produce toxic mycotoxins that are known to exert adverse health effects in humans and animals. No attempts have been made to establish mycotoxin-producing capabilities of isolates of Fusarium species from bananas exhibiting symptoms of crown rot. Crown rot is one of the most serious post harvest problems in banana and the disease is caused by different fungal species, principally Fusarium species. Banana, which is of great economic significance in growing countries (i.e. Costa Rica, Cameroon, Ecuador) is seriously affected by crown rot and is a major cause of fruit loss

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Pseudomonas synxantha 2-79 Transformed with Pyrrolnitrin Biosynthesis Genes Has Improved Biocontrol Activity Against Soilborne Pathogens of Wheat and Canola

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-09-19-0367-r ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 110 (5) ◽

pp. 1010-1017

Author(s):

Jibin Zhang ◽

Dmitri V. Mavrodi ◽

Mingming Yang ◽

Linda S. Thomashow ◽

Olga V. Mavrodi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Rot ◽

Fusarium Culmorum ◽

Pythium Ultimum ◽

Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽

Wild Type ◽

Wheat Roots ◽

Recombinant Strains ◽

Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽

Take All

A four-gene operon (prnABCD) from Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5 encoding the biosynthesis of the antibiotic pyrronitrin was introduced into P. synxantha (formerly P. fluorescens) 2-79, an aggressive root colonizer of both dryland and irrigated wheat roots that naturally produces the antibiotic phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and suppresses both take-all and Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat. Recombinant strains ZHW15 and ZHW25 produced both antibiotics and maintained population sizes in the rhizosphere of wheat that were comparable to those of strain 2-79. The recombinant strains inhibited in vitro the wheat pathogens Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 8 (AG-8) and AG-2-1, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium culmorum, and F. pseudograminearum significantly more than did strain 2-79. Both the wild-type and recombinant strains were equally inhibitory of Pythium ultimum. When applied as a seed treatment, the recombinant strains suppressed take-all, Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat, and Rhizoctonia root and stem rot of canola significantly better than did wild-type strain 2-79.

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Distribution and Prevalence of Fusarium Crown Rot and Common Root Rot Pathogens of Wheat in Montana

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-11-10-0795 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 95 (9) ◽

pp. 1099-1108 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Ernesto A. Moya-Elizondo ◽

Lisa J. Rew ◽

Barry J. Jacobsen ◽

Andrew C. Hogg ◽

Alan T. Dyer

Keyword(s):

Root Rot ◽

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽

Crown Rot ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Common Root ◽

Fusarium Crown Rot ◽

Common Root Rot ◽

Isolation Methods ◽

First Time

Distribution of Fusarium crown rot (FCR) and common root rot (CRR) pathogens associated with wheat (Triticum aestivum) in 91 fields in Montana were determined during the 2008 and 2009 crop seasons using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and conventional isolation methods. Correlations (P < 0.001) were found between detection methods for both diseases. FCR was detected in 57% of the fields and CRR was detected in 93% of the fields surveyed. Percent incidence based on isolation from individual tillers was Bipolaris sorokiniana (15%), F. culmorum (13%), and F. pseudograminearum (8%). FCR populations were highly variable across the regions and were not detected in any fields from the Gb5 soil types of Judith Basin and Fergus counties. The spatial distributions of FCR and CRR were affected by elevation, soil type, and temperature. High FCR populations were associated with spring wheat crops rather than winter wheat based on qPCR (P < 0.001). FCR and CRR could produce yield losses in a range of 3 to 35%. This study is the first time that qPCR was used to survey these two pathogen groups, and the merits and weakness of qPCR relative to traditional isolation methods are discussed.

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Morphological and Molecular Characteristics of Fungal Species Associated with Crown Rot of Strawberry in South Korea

10.21203/rs.3.rs-713894/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Oliul Hassan ◽

Taehyun Chang

Keyword(s):

South Korea ◽

Root Rot ◽

Species Complex ◽

Sequence Data ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Crown Rot ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

Crown And Root Rot

Abstract Crown and root rot is the most important and destructive strawberry diseases in Korea as it causessubstantial economic loss. In August 2020, a severe outbreak of crown and root rot on strawberries (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.) was observed in the greenhouse at Sangju, South Korea. Infected plantlets displayed browning rot within the crown and root, stunted growth, and poor rooting. Thirty fungal isolates were procured from the affected plantlet. Isolates were identified based on morphological characteristics and pathogenicity test as well as sequence data obtained from internal transcribed spacer, large subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid, translation elongation factor,and RNA polymerase Ⅱ-second largest subunit. Results showed that thecrown and root rot of strawberry in Korea was caused by three distinct fungal species:Fusarium oxysporum species complex, F. solani species complex, andPlectosphaerella cucumerina. To the best of our knowledge,F. solani species complex andP. cucumerinaare reported for the first time as the causal agents of the crown and root rot of strawberryin South Korea.Pathogenicity tests confirmed that these isolates are pathogenic to strawberry.Understanding the composition and biology of the pathogen population will be helpful toprovide effectivecontrol strategies for the disease.

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Characterization of Fusarium and Neocosmospora Species Associated With Crown Rot and Stem Canker of Pistachio Rootstocks in California

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-11-18-2012-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (8) ◽

pp. 1931-1939 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Maria Crespo ◽

Daniel P. Lawrence ◽

Mohamed T. Nouri ◽

David A. Doll ◽

Florent P. Trouillas

Keyword(s):

Rna Polymerase Ii ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Elongation Factor ◽

Stem Canker ◽

The United States ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Crown Rot ◽

Pathogenicity Tests ◽

Pistachio Trees

California produces 99.1% of pistachios grown in the United States, and diseases affecting pistachio rootstocks represent a constant challenge to the industry. Field surveys of fungi associated with pistachio rootstocks with symptoms of crown rot and stem canker in three central California counties followed by phylogenetic analyses of translation elongation factor 1-α and second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II gene fragments identified three Fusarium species (Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium proliferatum) and two Neocosmospora species (Neocosmospora falciformis and Neocosmospora solani). F. oxysporum and N. falciformis were the fungal species most frequently recovered from symptomatic pistachio trees. Inoculations of detached twigs of cultivar Kerman pistachio Pioneer Gold I and clonal University of California, Berkeley I (UCBI) rootstocks showed that all five species could colonize pistachio wood and cause vascular discolorations. Pathogenicity tests in potted pistachio trees completed Koch’s postulates and confirmed that F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, N. falciformis, and N. solani were capable of producing rot and discoloration in stems of clonal UCBI rootstocks, the most widely planted pistachio rootstock in California. To our knowledge, this study is the first to present insights into the biodiversity and biology of Fusarium and Neocosmospora species associated with pistachio trees in California.

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Root rot grain crops on Cereals caused by the phytopathogenic fungi

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201824511006 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 245 ◽

pp. 11006 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Nadezhda Grebenikova ◽

Alexander Korshunov ◽

Vasily Rud’ ◽

Ivan Savchenko ◽

Marcia Marques

Keyword(s):

Causative Agent ◽

Root Rot ◽

Fusarium Culmorum ◽

Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽

Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽

Grain Crops ◽

Root Rots

Researching the special and infraspecial structure in causative agent populations of the most dangerous diseases root rots of cereals in various regions of the Russjan Federation has been carried out. The defeat of cereals root rots old in Russia causes in the a complex patogenic. More often meet Fusarium culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc., F. oxysporum (Schlecht.) Snyd.et Hans., F. heterosporum Nees., F. sporotrichiella nom.nov. Bilai F. gibbosum App.et Wr.emend Bilai., F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. and Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem., Alternaria spp.

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INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PLANT AGE, ROOT-ROT INFECTION, AND COLD HARDINESS IN WINTER WHEAT

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b60-054 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 601-611 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

J. E. Andrews ◽

J. S. Horricks ◽

D. W. A. Roberts

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Root Rot ◽

Cold Hardiness ◽

Fusarium Culmorum ◽

Field Studies ◽

Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽

Plant Age ◽

Cold Injury ◽

Direct Result ◽

Cold Hardy

The effect of plant age and root rot caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana and Fusarium culmorum on the cold hardiness of winter wheat and the effect of cold injury on root-rot infection were studied during 3 years at Lethbridge, Alberta. The oldest and youngest plants were less cold hardy than those of an intermediate age. Root-rot damage predisposed plants to cold injury and, in turn, cold injury predisposed plants to root-rot damage. Winter wheat inoculated with B. sorokiniana and F. culmorum and seeded at the earliest dates had recovered from infection before exposure to the freezing treatment and, apparently because of delayed development, was more cold hardy than uninoculated wheat seeded on the same date. Results from cold-chamber and field studies indicated that the severe root-rot damage often observed in nearly mature winter wheat seeded early the previous year is not a direct result of heavy infection at or near the time of seeding but is secondary to winter injury that often occurs in early-seeded winter wheat.

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