scholarly journals Classifying the Relative Host Reaction in Potato Cultivars and Breeding Lines to the US-8 Strain of Phytophthora infestans in Minnesota

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (8) ◽  
pp. 983-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Jenkins ◽  
R. K. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spearman Rank Correlation ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Spearman Rank ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Tuber Blight ◽  
The Us

A total of 32 commercial cultivars grown in the United States and 15 potato breeding lines and non-U.S. cultivars were evaluated at Rosemount, MN for their reaction to the US-8 strain of Phytophthora infestans. Commercial red-, russet-, and white-skinned cultivars tested in the commercial cultivar trial (COMC) in 1996 and 1997 were susceptible (S) to moderately susceptible (MS) to this organism, except for Elba, which ranked as moderately resistant (MR). Yellow-fleshed cvs. Hertha, Santé, and Agria were screened in the late blight nursery (LB1) in 1997 and 1998 and classified as S to MS while Island Sunshine, Brador, and Aziza were classified as MR. The Scottish breeding line G6582-3 and U.S. breeding lines A90586-11, AWN86514-2, AWN85624-5, B0692-4, B0718-3, and B0767-2 were classified as resistant (R). Comparison among entries was based on the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Spearman rank correlation for AUDPC in the 1996 and 1997 COMC trials at 14 to 18 days after inoculation (r = 0.65, P < 0.01) was greater than any other interval tested. The Spearman rank correlation for AUDPC in the 1997 and 1998 LB1 trials at 14 to 18 days after inoculation was r = 0.87, P < 0.01 and increased only slightly in successive assessment dates, suggesting that, in Minnesota, effective evaluation of the foliar infection of late blight can occur at 18 days after inoculation or later. The average tuber blight incidence for the COMC trials at harvest was 10.0% in 1996 and 9.7% in 1997. The average tuber blight incidence for the LB1 trials at harvest was 4.3% in 1997 and 14.6% in 1998. Pearson correlations between tuber blight incidence and foliar disease for the COMC trials was very low; however, for the LBl trials, it was significant in both 1997 (r = 0.53, P < 0.01) and 1998 (r = 0.53, P < 0.01). Asymptomatic tubers harvested from the COMC trials developed additional tuber blight when stored 28 days at ambient temperatures and still more when stored for another 5 months at 5°C. Surviving tubers of nine entries were planted in field trials during 1997 and 1998 to determine if plants that develop from tubers exposed to P. infestans could manifest late blight in the subsequent season. Late blight failed to develop throughout the trials in either year.

scholarly journals Investigating the Host Range of the US-22, US-23, and US-24 Clonal Lineages of Phytophthora infestans on Solanaceous Cultivated Plants and Weeds

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 754-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna C. Seidl Johnson ◽  
Amanda J. Gevens
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Production Region ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
The Us ◽  
Bittersweet Nightshade

Phytophthora infestans causes late blight, one of the most important diseases of potato and tomato worldwide. Recently in the United States, three newly identified clonal lineages, US-22, US-23, and US-24, have become widespread. While potato and tomato are the most commonly infected solanaceous hosts for P. infestans, new lineages may have a broader or different host range. Under controlled conditions, we determined the host range of isolates representing US-22, US-23, and US-24 genotypes of P. infestans on detached tissues of cultivated solanaceous plants and solanaceous weeds common to the upper midwestern production region. None of the isolates representing the clonal lineages produced late blight symptoms or signs on foliage of selected cultivars of eggplant, pepper, tomatillo, or ground cherry in a detached leaf assay. Symptoms and signs were evident on the potato and tomato cultivars tested, although with the US-24 isolate, infection on tomato was limited. None of the isolates sporulated on the common weed black nightshade, but some sporulation and necrosis was observed with all representatives of the lineages on bittersweet nightshade and petunia. Hairy nightshade supported abundant sporulation and symptoms, and sporangial production was not significantly different than that on tomato for each of the isolates representing the three lineages, indicating the potential for this weed to be a source of inoculum and contribute substantially to late blight epidemics. Interestingly, black nightshade had the highest incidence of sporulation on berries, but the lowest on leaves, suggesting the importance of testing multiple plant organs when determining susceptibility of a species. Our results update knowledge of the host range of the ever-changing P. infestans populations and will help to improve late blight management strategies by targeting these additional hosts.

scholarly journals First Report of Late Blight Caused by Phytophthora infestans Clonal Lineage US-23 on Potato in Idaho

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Wharton ◽  
P. Nolte ◽  
W. W. Kirk ◽  
S. Dangi ◽  
A. J. Gevens
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Clonal Lineage ◽  
Predominant Genotype ◽  
The Us ◽  
Pure Cultures

Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, is a destructive disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum) and tomato (S. lycopersicum) in the United States. Prior to 2007, the US-8 clonal lineage was the predominant genotype in the United States (4). Since 2007, a significant genetic change in the population of P. infestans occurred in the eastern United States with the appearance of new isolates with unique genotypes and epidemiological characteristics (3). These new genotypes US-22, US-23, and US-24 are sensitive to metalaxyl and represent mating types A2, A1, and A1, respectively (1,2). Prior to 2012, only US-8 had been documented in Idaho (5). In 2013, late blight was discovered in late August on potato crops (cv. Russet Norkotah) in Bingham and Madison counties, ID. Infected foliage (four samples from Bingham County and five from Madison) was sent to Michigan State University and the University of Wisconsin for confirmation of P. infestans and characterization of the isolates. Five sections from the leading edge of lesions were excised with a sterilized scalpel and placed on potato tuber slices (‘Dark Red Norkotah’). Pathogen sporulation on the excised lesions was enhanced by incubation in plastic boxes lined with moistened paper towels for 5 days at 18°C in the dark. The sporulating lesions were transferred onto pea agar medium (160 g peas, 5 g sucrose, 15 g agar, 700 ml distilled water) amended with 50 mg/ml vancomycin. Ten pure cultures were obtained for each of 4 isolates per county by hyphal tipping. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis was conducted to determine Gpi allozyme genotype of the 4 isolates (4). The allozyme banding patterns were 100/100 at the Gpi locus, consistent with previously reported analyses of the US-23 genotype (1,2). Genomic DNA was extracted from 10 pure cultures using the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germantown, MD), and SSR analyses were performed. Microsatellite markers Pi02, Pi4B, Pi63, PiG11, and D13 were used in SSR analyses. Pi02, Pi4B, and Pi63 had alleles of 162/164, 213/217, and 270/279 bp in size, respectively which is consistent with the reference US-23 genotype (1). However, heterozygosity was detected at locus D13 in the Idaho genotype with allele size of 134/210 bp and an additional allele of 140/155/176 bp at locus PiG11. This is different from the standard US-23 genotype (homozygous alleles 134/134 at locus D13 and two alleles 140/155 at locus PiG11). These allele changes indicate the isolates may be variants of US-23 isolates as all other phenotypic characteristics were similar to those of reference US-23 isolates. The Idaho genotypes were sensitive to metalaxyl both in vitro on rye A agar medium amended with metalaxyl at <0.1 ppm, and in vivo on Ridomil treated foliage tests at <0.1 ppm (1,2). Mating type assays confirmed the pathogen to be the A1 mating type. In the 2009 and 2010 late blight epidemics in the eastern United States, US-23 was the predominant genotype, but to our knowledge this genotype has never been reported previously in Idaho. Thus, this is the first known report of P. infestans genotype US-23 causing late blight on potato in Idaho, indicating a change in the population of P. infestans. In Idaho, the source of this genotype remains unknown, although infected tomatoes have been implicated in the widespread dissemination of this genotype of P. infestans in the eastern United States. References: (1) G. Danies et al. Plant Dis. 97:873, 2013. (2) C. Hu et al. Plant Dis. 96:1323, 2012. (3) K. Deahl. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 100:S161, 2010. (4) S. B. Goodwin et al. Plant Dis. 79:1181, 1995. (5) USAblight. Recent US Genotypes. Online: www.usablight.org/node/52 , retrieved 3 January 2014.

scholarly journals Cross-validation and robustness of daylight glare metrics

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 983-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Wienold ◽  
T Iwata ◽  
M Sarey Khanie ◽  
E Erell ◽  
E Kaftan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Spearman Rank Correlation ◽  
Spearman Rank ◽  
Main Input ◽  
Saturation Effects

This study evaluates the performance and robustness of 22 established and newly proposed glare prediction metrics. Experimental datasets of daylight-dominated workplaces in office-like test rooms were collected from studies by seven research groups in six different locations (Argentina, Denmark, Germany, Israel, Japan and the United States). The variability in experimental setups, locations and research teams allowed reliable evaluation of the performance and robustness of glare metrics for daylight-dominated workplaces. Independent statistical methods were applied to individual datasets and also to one combined dataset to evaluate the performance and robustness of the 22 glare metrics. As performance and robustness are not established in literature, we defined performance as: (1) the ability of the metric value to describe the glare scale (evaluated by Spearman rank correlation), and (2) the ability of the metric to distinguish between disturbing and non-disturbing situations (evaluated by diagnostic receiver operating characteristic curve analysis tests). Furthermore, we defined robustness as the ability of a metric to deliver meaningful results when applied to different datasets and to fail as few as possible statistical tests. Average Spearman rank correlation coefficients in the range of 0.55–0.60 as well as average prediction rates to distinguish between disturbing and non-disturbing glare of 70–75% for several of the metrics indicate their reliability. The results also show that metrics considering the saturation effect as a main input in their equation perform better and are more robust in daylight-dominated workplaces than purely contrast-based metrics or purely empirical metrics. In this study, the daylight glare probability (DGP) delivered the highest performance amongst the tested metrics and was also found to be the most robust. Future research should aim to optimise the terms of glare equations which combine contrast and saturation effects, such as DGP, PGSV or UGRexp, to achieve metrics that also perform reliably in dimmer lighting conditions than the ones explored in this study.

scholarly journals First Report of Late Blight Caused by Phytophthora infestans Clonal Lineage US-23 on Tomato and Potato in Atlantic Canada

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Wijekoon ◽  
R. D. Peters ◽  
K. I. Al-Mughrabi ◽  
L. M. Kawchuk
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Late Blight ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clonal Lineage ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
The Us

Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary has produced significant losses in potato and tomato yield and quality during recent late blight epidemics in North America. During the 1990s, more aggressive and genetically diverse P. infestans genotypes migrated to Canada and the United States (2). For example, US-8 became predominant and was found to be more aggressive in potato than previous clonal lineages of P. infestans. Recent P. infestans genotypes in potato and tomato plants from the United States and Canada include US-22, US-23, and US-24 representing clonal lineages with unique epidemiological characteristics (2,3,4). Characteristic phenotypic traits have been described for P. infestans clonal lineages US-8, US-22, US-23, and US-24 based on the mating type, mefenoxam sensitivity, pathogenicity, and rate of germination suggesting an association between phenotypic variations and the genotype (1,4). Analysis of P. infestans isolates collected in Canada during 2010 revealed the presence of the US-23 clonal lineage in four different areas of western Canada but not in eastern Canada (4). Isolates of P. infestans collected from eastern Canada for several years prior to 2011 were all US-8 A2 mating type. Isolation and analysis of 98 P. infestans isolates in 2011 from New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island followed standard procedures (2,3,4). Results confirmed the presence of the US-23 clonal lineage in Atlantic Canada on potato and tomato leaves with late blight symptoms, increasing the genetic complexity of P. infestans in eastern Canada. Allozyme banding patterns at the glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (Gpi) locus showed a 100/100 profile in 10 P. infestans isolates, consistent with the US-23 clonal lineage (2,3,4). Furthermore, in vitro mefenoxam sensitivity was observed in all 10 P. infestans US-23 isolates from New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. Mating type assays confirmed the isolates were of the A1 mating type. RFLP analysis of EcoR1-digested genomic DNA using the multilocus RG57 sequence as a probe produced the DNA pattern 1, 2, 5, 6, 10, 13, 14, 17, 20, 21, 24, 24a, 25, indicative of US-23 (2,4). Microsatellite analysis using polymorphic markers on New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island P. infestans isolates produced the Pi4B 213/217 bp, D13 134 bp, and PiG11 140/155 bp profile of P. infestans US-23 (1). These results show the presence of the P. infestans A1 and A2 mating types in New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, which increases the probability of sexual recombination. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. infestans clonal lineage US-23 causing late blight in New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, increasing the genetic diversity from previous years in eastern Canada and underscoring the annual fluctuation occurring in the population composition. References: (1) G. Danies et al. Plant Dis. 97:873, 2013. (2) S. B. Goodwin et al. Phytopathology 84:553, 1994. (3) C. H. Hu et al. Plant Dis. 96:1323, 2012. (4) M. L. Kalischuk et al. Plant Dis. 96:1729, 2012.

HUBUNGAN BEBAN KERJA PERAWAT DENGAN KELENGKAPAN PENGISIAN DOKUMENTASI ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 588
Author(s):  
Etlida Wati ◽  
Ulva Arini
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Care ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Spearman Rank Correlation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Weight Category ◽  
Spearman Rank ◽  
Hospital Room ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Nurse Workload

<p>Documentation is an activity of recording, reporting or recording an event and activities carried out in the form of providing services that are considered important and valuable. One factor that can influence documentation is the nurse's workload. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between nurses' workload and the application of documentation in the Hj. Anna Lasmanah Banjarnegara. This  research is quantitative with a cross sectional approach descriptive correlation design. Samples were taken with a total sampling of 65 nurses. Instruments to measure documentation using observation sheets. While the nurse workload instrument uses a questionnaire sheet. The analysis technique uses Spearman Rank correlation. Based on the research results of the workload of a nurse in the hospital room , most of them are in the weight category, as many as 46 respondents (70.8%). Application of nursing care documentation in the hospital room Hj. Anna Lasmanah Banjarnegara, most of them are respondents in the incomplete category as many as 63 respondents (96.9%). There is a significant relationship between nurse workload with the application of documentation, this is evidenced by the results of the Spearman Rank correlation bivariate analysis, which is r = 0.688 with p = 0.000 &lt;0.05. It is hoped that management will motivate nurses to complete the documentation of nursing care</p>

scholarly journals Does continuity in nursing staff matter? A pilot study on correlation of central line-associated bloodstream infections and employee turnover

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Scheier ◽  
Stefan P. Kuster ◽  
Mesida Dunic ◽  
Christian Falk ◽  
Hugo Sax ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Staff ◽  
Employee Turnover ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Central Line ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Nursing Personnel ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Spearman Rank Correlation ◽  
Spearman Rank

Abstract Background Understaffing has been previously reported as a risk factor for central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI). No previous study addressed the question whether fluctuations in staffing have an impact on CLABSI incidence. We analyzed prospectively collected CLABSI surveillance data and data on employee turnover of health care workers (HCW) to address this research question. Methods In January 2016, a semiautomatic surveillance system for CLABSI was implemented at the University Hospital Zurich, a 940 bed tertiary care hospital in Switzerland. Monthly incidence rates (CLABSI/1000 catheter days) were calculated and correlations with human resources management-derived data on employee turnover of HCWs (defined as number of leaving HCWs per month divided by the number of employed HCWs) investigated. Results Over a period of 24 months, we detected on the hospital level a positive correlation of CLABSI incidence rates and turnover of nursing personnel (Spearman rank correlation, r = 0.467, P = 0.022). In more detailed analyses on the professional training of nursing personnel, a correlation of CLABSI incidence rates and licensed practical nurses (Spearman rank correlation, r = 0.26, P = 0.038) or registered nurses (r = 0.471, P = 0.021) was found. Physician turnover did not correlate with CLABSI incidence (Spearman rank correlation, r =  −0.058, P = 0.787). Conclusions Prospectively determined CLABSI incidence correlated positively with the degree of turnover of nurses overall and nurses with advanced training, but not with the turnover of physicians. Efforts to maintain continuity in nursing staff might be helpful for sustained reduction in CLABSI rates.

scholarly journals In vivo calibration of the T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance method at 1.5 T for estimation of cardiac iron in a minipig model of transfusional iron overload

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Diedrich Jensen ◽  
Asbjørn Haaning Nielsen ◽  
Carsten Wiberg Simonsen ◽  
Ulrik Thorngren Baandrup ◽  
Svend Eggert Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Iron Loading ◽  
Spearman Rank Correlation ◽  
Calibration Equation ◽  
Spearman Rank ◽  
Cardiac Iron ◽  
In Vivo Calibration ◽  
Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient

Abstract Background Non-invasive estimation of the cardiac iron concentration (CIC) by T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has been validated repeatedly and is in widespread clinical use. However, calibration data are limited, and mostly from post-mortem studies. In the present study, we performed an in vivo calibration in a dextran-iron loaded minipig model. Methods R2* (= 1/T2*) was assessed in vivo by 1.5 T CMR in the cardiac septum. Chemical CIC was assessed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy in endomyocardial catheter biopsies (EMBs) from cardiac septum taken during follow up of 11 minipigs on dextran-iron loading, and also in full-wall biopsies from cardiac septum, taken post-mortem in another 16  minipigs, after completed iron loading. Results A strong correlation could be demonstrated between chemical CIC in 55 EMBs and parallel cardiac T2* (Spearman rank correlation coefficient 0.72, P < 0.001). Regression analysis led to [CIC] = (R2* − 17.16)/41.12 for the calibration equation with CIC in mg/g dry weight and R2* in Hz. An even stronger correlation was found, when chemical CIC was measured by full-wall biopsies from cardiac septum, taken immediately after euthanasia, in connection with the last CMR session after finished iron loading (Spearman rank correlation coefficient 0.95 (P < 0.001). Regression analysis led to the calibration equation [CIC] = (R2* − 17.2)/31.8. Conclusions Calibration of cardiac T2* by EMBs is possible in the minipig model but is less accurate than by full-wall biopsies. Likely explanations are sampling error, variable content of non-iron containing tissue and smaller biopsies, when using catheter biopsies. The results further validate the CMR T2* technique for estimation of cardiac iron in conditions with iron overload and add to the limited calibration data published earlier.

scholarly journals Field Evaluations of Leaf Spot Resistance and Yield in Peanut Genotypes in the United States and Bolivia

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Gremillion ◽  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
D. W. Gorbet ◽  
B. G. Mullinix ◽  
R. N. Pittman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Cercospora Arachidicola ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Progress Curve

Field experiments were conducted in 2002 to 2006 to characterize yield potential and disease resistance in the Bolivian landrace peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cv. Bayo Grande, and breeding lines developed from crosses of Bayo Grande and U.S. cv. Florida MDR-98. Diseases of interest included early leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora arachidicola, and late leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercosporidium personatum. Bayo Grande, MDR-98, and three breeding lines, along with U.S. cvs. C-99R and Georgia Green, were included in split-plot field experiments in six locations across the United States and Bolivia. Whole-plot treatments consisted of two tebuconazole applications and a nontreated control. Genotypes were the subplot treatments. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for percent defoliation due to leaf spot was lower for Bayo Grande and all breeding lines than for Georgia Green at all U.S. locations across years. AUDPC for disease incidence from one U.S. location indicated similar results. Severity of leaf spot epidemics and relative effects of the genotypes were less consistent in the Bolivian experiments. In Bolivia, there were no indications of greater levels of disease resistance in any of the breeding lines than in Bayo Grande. In the United States, yields of Bayo Grande and the breeding lines were greater than those of the other genotypes in 1 of 2 years. In Bolivia, low disease intensity resulted in the highest yields in Georgia Green, while high disease intensity resulted in comparable yields among the breeding lines, MDR-98, and C-99R. Leaf spot suppression by tebuconazole was greater in Bolivia than in the United States. This result indicates a possible higher level of fungicide resistance in the U.S. population of leaf spot pathogens. Overall, data from this study suggest that Bayo Grande and the breeding lines may be desirable germplasm for U.S. and Bolivian breeding programs or production.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Characterization of Recent Clonal Lineages of Phytophthora infestans in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 873-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Danies ◽  
I. M. Small ◽  
K. Myers ◽  
R. Childers ◽  
W. E. Fry
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Late Blight Disease ◽  
Blight Disease

Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight disease, has been reported in the United States and Canada since the mid-nineteenth century. Due to the lack of or very limited sexual reproduction, the populations of P. infestans in the United States are primarily reproducing asexually and, thus, show a simple genetic structure. The emergence of new clonal lineages of P. infestans (US-22, US-23, and US-24) responsible for the late blight epidemics in the northeastern region of the United States in the summers of 2009 and 2010 stimulated an investigation into phenotypic traits associated with these genotypes. Mating type, differences in sensitivity to mefenoxam, differences in pathogenicity on potato and tomato, and differences in rate of germination were studied for clonal lineages US-8, US-22, US-23, and US-24. Both A1 and A2 mating types were detected. Lineages US-22, US-23, and US-24 were generally sensitive to mefenoxam while US-8 was resistant. US-8 and US-24 were primarily pathogenic on potato while US-22 and US-23 were pathogenic on both potato and tomato. Indirect germination was favored at lower temperatures (5 and 10°C) whereas direct germination, though uncommon, was favored at higher temperatures (20 and 25°C). Sporangia of US-24 released zoospores more rapidly than did sporangia of US-22 and US-23. The association of characteristic phenotypic traits with genotype enables the prediction of phenotypic traits from rapid genotypic analyses for improved disease management.

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